TABLE OF CONTENTS
As confidentially submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 22, 2020.
This draft registration statement (amendment no. 3) has not been publicly filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and all information herein remains strictly confidential.
Registration No. 333-
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form F-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
France | | | 2834 | | | Not applicable |
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization) | | | (Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code Number) | | | (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.) |
Nanobiotix S.A.
60, rue de Wattignies
75012 Paris, France
+33 1 40 26 04 70
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)
Nanobiotix Corporation
210 Broadway
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
+1 617 712 1568
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)
Copies to:
Peter E. Devlin
Jones Day
250 Vesey Street
New York, New York 10281
+1 212 326 3939 | | | Renaud Bonnet
Jean-Gabriel Griboul
Jones Day
2, rue Saint-Florentin
75001 Paris, France
+33 1 56 59 39 39 | | | Brian F. Leaf
David C. Boles
Divakar Gupta
Courtney T. Thorne
Katie A. Kazem
Cooley LLP
55 Hudson Yards
New York, NY 10001
+1 212 479 6000 | | | Arnaud Duhamel
Guilhem Richard
Gide Loyrette Nouel A.A.R.P.I.
15, rue de Laborde
75008 Paris, France
+33 1 40 75 00 00 |
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☐
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.
Emerging growth company ☒
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
Ordinary Shares, €0.03 nominal value per share(1) | | | US$ | | | US$ |
(1)
| All ordinary shares will be in the form of American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) in the offering in the United States. ADSs issuable upon deposit of the ordinary shares registered hereby will be registered pursuant to a separate registration statement on Form F-6. Each ADS represents ordinary shares. |
(2)
| Includes the additional ordinary shares, which may be represented by ADSs, that the registrant may issue at the option of the underwriters. See “Underwriting.” |
(3)
| Includes ordinary shares that are being offered in a private placement in Europe and other countries outside of the United States but which may be resold from time to time in the United States in transactions requiring registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or pursuant to an exemption therefrom. The total number of ordinary shares in the U.S. offering and the private placement outside of the United States is subject to reallocation among them. |
(4)
| Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the amount of the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act. |
The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), shall determine.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not offer these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED , 2020
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS
Ordinary Shares
(Including Ordinary Shares In the Form of American Depositary Shares)
€ per Ordinary Share
$ per American Depositary Share
Nanobiotix S.A. is offering ordinary shares in a global offering consisting of a public offering in the United States and a private placement in Europe and other countries outside the United States. In the United States, the shares are being offered in the form of American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), each representing ordinary shares. Our ordinary shares are listed on the regulated market of Euronext in Paris (“Euronext Paris”) under the symbol “NANO.” This is our initial public offering in the United States. We have applied to list our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “NBTX.” On , 2020, the last reported sale price of our ordinary shares on Euronext Paris was € per ordinary share, equivalent to a price of $ per ADS, assuming an exchange rate of €1.00 = $ .
The U.S. offering and the non-U.S. private placement are collectively referred to in this prospectus as the offering. The total number of ordinary shares (including those in the form of ADSs) in the U.S. offering and the non-U.S. private placement is subject to reallocation between them. The final offering price per ADS in U.S. dollars will be determined through negotiations between us and the representatives of the underwriters, and by reference to the prevailing market prices of our ordinary shares on Euronext Paris after taking into account market conditions and other factors.
We are an “emerging growth company” as that term is used in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act of 2012 and, as such, have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements.
Investing in the ordinary shares (including those in the form of ADSs) involves risks that are described in the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page
15 of this prospectus.
Initial public offering price | | | € | | | $ | | | $ |
Underwriting commissions(1) | | | € | | | $ | | | $ |
Proceeds to Nanobiotix (before expenses) | | | € | | | $ | | | $ |
(1)
| We refer you to “Underwriting” beginning on page 203 of this prospectus for additional information regarding underwriting compensation. |
We have agreed to issue, at the option of the underwriters, within 30 days from the date of this prospectus, up to an aggregate of additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) to be sold to the several underwriters at the applicable offering price. If the underwriters exercise this option in full, the total underwriting commissions payable by us will be € ($ ) and the total proceeds to us, before expenses, will be € ($ ).
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any U.S. state or other securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
For the U.S. offering, the ADSs will be ready for delivery on or about , 2020 through the book-entry facilities of The Depository Trust Company. For the non-U.S. private placement, the ordinary shares will be ready for delivery on or about , 2020 through the book-entry facilities of Euroclear France.
Jefferies | | | Evercore ISI | | | UBS Investment Bank |
The date of this prospectus is , 2020.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
We are responsible for the information contained in this prospectus and any free-writing prospectus we prepare or authorize. We and the underwriters have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information, and we and the underwriters take no responsibility for any other information others may give you. We are not, and the underwriters are not, making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than its date.
For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor any of the underwriters have done anything that would permit the offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the ADSs and ordinary shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.
We are incorporated in France, and a majority of our outstanding securities are owned by non-U.S. residents. Under the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), we are currently eligible for treatment as a “foreign private issuer.” As a foreign private issuer, we will not be required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as domestic registrants whose securities are registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Our financial statements are presented in euros and, unless otherwise specified, all monetary amounts presented in this prospectus are in euros. All references in this prospectus to “$,” “dollars” and “USD” mean U.S. dollars and all references to
TABLE OF CONTENTS
“€” mean euros. In various places throughout this prospectus, we show financial amounts in both U.S. dollars and euros. Unless otherwise noted, these translations, which are provided solely for convenience, are made at the exchange rate of €1.00 = $1.1237, the noon buying rate of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on June 30, 2020. Throughout this prospectus, references to ADSs mean ADSs or ordinary shares represented by such ADSs, as the case may be.
MARKET, INDUSTRY AND OTHER DATA
Unless otherwise indicated, information contained in this prospectus concerning our industry and the markets in which we operate, including our general expectations and market position, market opportunity and market size estimates, is based on information from independent industry analysts, third-party sources and management estimates. Management estimates are derived from publicly available information released by independent industry analysts and third-party sources, as well as data from our internal research, and are based on assumptions made by us based on such data and our knowledge of such industry and market, which we believe to be reasonable. In addition, while we believe the market opportunity information included in this prospectus is generally reliable and is based on reasonable assumptions, such data involves risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors.”
TRADEMARKS AND SERVICE MARKS
We own various trademark registrations and applications, and unregistered trademarks and service marks. “Nanobiotix,” “NBTX” (including, among others, referring to NBTXR3), the Nanobiotix logo and other trademarks or service marks of Nanobiotix S.A. appearing in this prospectus are the property of Nanobiotix S.A. or its subsidiaries. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this prospectus are listed without the ® and ™ symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. All other trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners. We do not intend to use or display other companies’ trademarks and trade names to imply any relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
This summary provides an overview of selected information contained elsewhere in this prospectus and does not contain all of the information you should consider before investing in our ordinary shares (including those represented by ADSs). You should carefully read this prospectus and the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part in their entirety before investing, including the information discussed under “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto that appear elsewhere in this prospectus. As used in this prospectus, the terms “we,” “our,” “us,” “Nanobiotix,” or the “Company” refer to Nanobiotix S.A. and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, unless the context otherwise requires it.
Overview
We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing first-in-class product candidates that use our proprietary nanotechnology to transform cancer treatment by increasing the efficacy of radiotherapy. Our lead product candidate, NBTXR3, is an aqueous suspension of functionalized crystalline hafnium oxide nanoparticles designed for injection directly into a malignant tumor prior to standard radiotherapy. When exposed to ionizing radiation, NBTXR3 amplifies the localized, intratumor killing effect of that radiation and may also prime the body’s immune response to fight the cancer. NBTXR3 is designed to enhance the overall efficacy of radiotherapy without resulting in additional side effects on the surrounding healthy tissues.
As of the date of this prospectus, we have administered NBTXR3 to more than 230 patients. We and our collaborators are currently conducting a total of eight clinical trials worldwide to evaluate NBTXR3 as a potential treatment in various cancer indications. In December 2018, we entered into a collaboration with the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (“MD Anderson”) pursuant to which we intend to launch a total of nine NBTXR3 clinical trials across several cancer types in the United States, with a total of approximately 340 patients expected to be enrolled across the nine clinical trials. The first clinical trial under this collaboration—a Phase I study in patients with locally advanced or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer—has commenced enrollment with the first patient dosed during September 2020.
We achieved a major proof-of-concept milestone for NBTXR3 with the completion of our randomized, controlled Phase II/III clinical trial in the European Union (the “EU”) for the treatment of patients with locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma (“STS”) of the extremities and trunk wall. This trial yielded positive results and, in April 2019, we completed the regulatory process for the CE mark of NBTXR3, thereby allowing the product to be commercialized in the 27 EU countries for the treatment of locally advanced STS under the brand name Hensify®.
We are now prioritizing the development of NBTXR3 in the United States and the EU for the treatment of patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers ineligible for chemotherapy, which we believe presents a significant opportunity for NBTXR3 because of the high incidence of these cancers and the significant unmet medical need for such patients. More than half of locally advanced head and neck cancers include large primary tumors which may invade underlying structures, spread to regional nodes or both. Moreover, approximately 50% of patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer succumb to their cancer within 12 months from the start of radiotherapy. Further, because treatment of locally advanced forms of head and neck cancer ordinarily requires aggressive, concerted measures, the subpopulation of elderly patients generally suffers from limited therapeutic options. Accordingly, we believe NBTXR3 could represent a significant benefit for this patient population with the potential to extend survival and improve quality of life. In our Phase I trial in elderly patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers ineligible for chemotherapy, both parts — the Phase I dose escalation (“Study 102 Escalation”) and Phase I expansion (“Study 102 Expansion”) — showed that NBTXR3 has been well tolerated, and preliminary data from the Study 102 Expansion has shown a high response rate (83.9% overall response rate in 31 evaluable patients).
Radiotherapy, also called radiation therapy, involves the use of X-rays or other high-energy particles or rays to kill cancer cells in tumors. It is among the most common cancer treatments, both as a standalone therapy and in
TABLE OF CONTENTS
combination with surgery, chemotherapy or biological therapies. In developed countries with access to radiotherapy, approximately 60% of all cancer patients will receive radiotherapy at least once, either alone or as a part of a more complex treatment protocol. Nevertheless, many of these patients still die from the progression of their cancer because, among other reasons, they are not able to receive a high enough radiation dose to completely destroy their tumor without resulting in an unacceptable level of damage to surrounding healthy tissues. We believe that by mitigating these limitations, NBTXR3 may improve the survival rate and quality of life for cancer patients.
Our pioneering approach uses nanophysics to bring a physical mode of action to destroy cancer cells. Unlike traditional chemotherapies or biologics, NBTXR3 has a broadly applicable mechanism of action that has the potential to be used in the treatment of all solid tumor types in conjunction with radiotherapy. Our nanoparticles have a high electron density, which allows a tumor that contains NBTXR3 to absorb more energy than could otherwise be absorbed by the cancer cells alone. This controlled concentration of energy leads to greater localized cancer cell destruction. When exposure to radiation ceases, the nanoparticles return to their inactive, inert state.
We believe that NBTXR3’s mode of action could improve outcomes for patient populations across all solid tumors that may be treated with radiotherapy. These patient populations represent a significant market opportunity for NBTXR3. Moreover, we believe NBTXR3 could bring new opportunities to patients with cancers that cannot currently be treated with radiotherapy because of the radiosensitivity, or other characteristics, of the tissues near the tumor. The three most advanced indications for which we have announced positive clinical trial results are locally advanced STS (for which we can already legally commercialize NBTXR3 in the EU), locally advanced head and neck cancers (for which the FDA has granted Fast Track designation for the treatment of elderly patients ineligible for platinum-based chemotherapies, a patient population being enrolled in a global Phase III clinical trial) and liver cancers.
We initially evaluated and established our proof-of-concept with NBTXR3 for the treatment of patients with locally advanced STS. Our Phase II/III clinical trial achieved its primary endpoint showing approximately twice as many STS patients who received NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy achieved a pathological complete response, which is defined as less than 5% residual viable cancer cells in the tumor, compared to patients who received radiotherapy alone. This result was statistically significant and served as the basis to obtain the right to legally commercialize the product in the EU. In April 2019, we completed the regulatory process for the CE mark of NBTXR3, thereby allowing the product to be commercialized in the 27 EU countries for the treatment of locally advanced STS of the extremity and chest wall. We are currently preparing to conduct a post-registrational trial (“Study 301”) that will continue evaluating the safety and efficacy of NBTXR3, now approved for commercial sale for the treatment of locally advanced STS in the EU under the brand name, Hensify®, and provide patients with access to the product. Following evaluation of the results from Studies 102 and 312, we intend to undertake a strategic review and to determine where we believe we are best positioned to pursue commercialization, including our commercialization strategy with respect to Hensify®.
Our current strategic priority is the development of NBTXR3 in the United States and the EU for the treatment of patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers. In 2018, we concluded an initial dose escalation phase of our Phase I clinical trial in elderly patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers who are ineligible for chemotherapy or intolerant to cetuximab, a patient population that is typically treated with radiotherapy alone. In the initial phase of the trial, nine out of the 16 evaluable patients who received NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy achieved a complete response according to the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (“RECIST 1.1”), a set of published rules that define whether tumors in cancer patients have improved, stayed the same or worsened during treatment. Of the seven patients who received radiation plus the two highest doses of NBTXR3 and who were alive at the 12-month cut-off date, five of seven patients were still alive at 24 months following treatment. Patients who received NBTXR3 in this trial also have not experienced any serious adverse events associated with treatment. Based on these encouraging results, we commenced Study 102 Expansion to obtain additional preliminary efficacy data. As of August 13, 2020, there were 31 evaluable patients in the Study 102 Expansion.
In addition, we have designed a global Phase III clinical trial for elderly head and neck cancer patients ineligible for platinum-based (cisplatin) chemotherapy (“Study 312”). In February 2020, we received Fast Track designation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
from the FDA for NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers. Fast Track designation is a process designed to facilitate development and accelerate the review of treatments for serious conditions that have the potential to address unmet medical needs. We are in the process of making final protocol refinements in response to FDA feedback and intend to initiate Study 312 in the United States in 2021 with a portion of the proceeds from this offering.
We are also currently evaluating, independently and through our collaborations with MD Anderson and PharmaEngine, Inc. (“PharmaEngine”), NBTXR3 activated by radiation therapy for the treatment of patients across several other cancer indications, as discussed below under “—NBTXR3 Development Pipeline.”
Alongside our core NBTXR3 development program, we are also pursuing a development program to explore the use of radiotherapy-activated NBTXR3 in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors across several solid tumor indications. In recent years, significant attention has been focused on the potential of immuno-oncology (“I-O”) treatments, and in particular, checkpoint inhibitors. Checkpoint inhibitors are a type of immunotherapy that function to block proteins that stop the immune system from attacking cancer cells. In doing so, they enable the patient’s T cells to recognize cancer cells that would otherwise be invisible to immune attack. However, many tumors exhibit little or no response to checkpoint inhibition (these tumors are referred to as “cold” tumors). Our preclinical and preliminary clinical results suggest that NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy may prime the immune response, thereby rendering otherwise cold tumors more prone to recognition by the patient’s immune system (making them “hot tumors”) and therefore potentially more responsive to I-O treatments such as checkpoint inhibitors.
As part of our checkpoint inhibitor combination development program, we are conducting a Phase I basket trial for NBTXR3 in combination with the anti PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab (Opdivo) or pembrolizumab (Keytruda) in patients with locoregional recurrent (“LRR”) or recurrent and metastatic (“R/M”) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (“HNSCC”) or with lung or liver metastases from any primary cancer that is eligible for anti-PD-1 therapy. As part of our clinical collaboration with MD Anderson, we plan to evaluate NBTXR3 in combination with various checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4) in patients across several indications, including inoperable, locally advanced head and neck cancer, R/M HNSCC, stage IV lung cancer, advanced solid tumors, and metastatic lung or liver cancer.
We were founded as a spin-off from the State University of New York, Buffalo in 2003. We have nearly two decades of experience developing our technology and believe that we are a pioneer and leader in the field of nanomedicine. We have built an integrated, multidisciplinary team that combines expertise in physics, biology and medicine. We believe that our unique expertise in nanotechnology will provide us with opportunities to expand our product pipeline and to advance the development of our product candidates, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties. Our corporate headquarters and manufacturing facilities are located in Paris, France, with U.S. operations in New York City, New York and Cambridge, Massachusetts.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NBTXR3 Development Pipeline
As a result of nearly two decades of experience developing our technology and our broad collaboration with MD Anderson, we have a robust development pipeline, as summarized in the table below. Of the nine clinical trials we intend to conduct in collaboration with MD Anderson, seven are identified in the chart below. We are currently in discussions with MD Anderson to determine the indications for the remaining two trials. Additional detail regarding the most advanced clinical trials is provided below under “—Our Clinical Programs.”
*
| Study 312, a global Phase III clinical trial for elderly patients with locally-advanced head and neck cancer who are ineligible for platinum-based (cisplatin) chemotherapy, will be initiated as a U.S. Phase III clinical trial. For its evaluation of Study 312, the FDA has accepted the available data from our European dose-escalation study, Study 102 Escalation. NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers received Fast Track designation from the FDA in February 2020. We are in the process of making final protocol refinements in response to FDA feedback and intend to initiate Study 312 in the United States in 2021 with a portion of the proceeds from this offering. |
†
| PharmaEngine controls Asia-Pacific development / commercialization strategy. |
The first clinical trial under our collaboration with MD Anderson—a Phase I study in patients with locally advanced or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer—has commenced enrollment with the first patient dosed during September 2020. We expect each of the other clinical trials identified in the pipeline chart as conducted in collaboration with MD Anderson to commence in the next 12 months, subject to potential delays as a result of the impact of COVID-19. As we continue to actively advance our clinical programs, we are in close contact with our principal investigators and clinical sites and are assessing the impact of COVID-19 on the expected development timelines and costs of our clinical trials. In light of recent developments relating to the COVID-19 global pandemic, the focus of healthcare providers and hospitals on addressing COVID-19, and consistent with the FDA’s updated industry guidance for conducting clinical trials issued on March 18, 2020, we are experiencing delays in the enrollment of patients and collection of results from certain of our trials, including Study 301, and our preclinical studies. Accordingly, the anticipated clinical milestones discussed in this prospectus are subject to the potential impact of COVID-19 on our business and may be delayed as a result. See the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus for more information about the ways in which we may be impacted by COVID-19.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Our Competitive Strengths
Our mission is to significantly improve patient outcomes and address areas of high unmet medical need with our nanotechnology-based therapies. We believe the following strengths will allow us to accomplish this mission and to position our company as a leader in the development of nanomedicine:
⯀ | Advanced pipeline with promising clinical data in numerous cancer indications. As of the date of this prospectus, we have administered NBTXR3 to more than 230 patients across multiple cancer indications. In our completed Phase II/III clinical trial in patients with STS of the extremities and trunk wall, we observed a statistically significant improvement in complete pathological response rate following treatment with NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy as compared to treatment with radiotherapy alone. Based on these results, we obtained the right to CE mark, and therefore to commercialize, on an accelerated basis NBTXR3 in the European Union as a treatment for locally advanced STS. Our preliminary results from other clinical trials suggest that NBTXR3 could generate durable, complete responses and extend patient survival in numerous solid tumor indications for patients who otherwise have limited treatment options. In our clinical trials conducted to date, treatment with NBTXR3 has been well tolerated. |
⯀ | Significant market opportunity in solid tumors. In developed countries with access to radiotherapy, approximately 60% of all cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy at some point in their treatment regimen. We believe that NBTXR3’s mode of action could improve outcomes for patient populations across all cancer indications currently treated with radiotherapy. In addition, NBTXR3 could bring opportunities to patients with solid tumor cancers that cannot otherwise be treated with radiotherapy because of sensitivities of the tissues near the tumor. |
⯀ | Improved benefit-risk ratio through intratumoral injection. NBTXR3 is administered by a physician through a single injection in which the solution is injected directly into the tumor prior to the first radiotherapy session. Using this method, we are able to create high concentrations of our product candidate inside the tumor while minimizing the systemic exposure that results from other methods, such as intravenous administration. In addition, NBTXR3 is only active while exposed to ionizing radiation and remains inert in the body until further radiation exposure. |
⯀ | Highly compatible with, and complementary to, existing standard of care. NBTXR3 can be easily incorporated into the current standard of care in radiotherapy. Hospitals and medical facilities where radiotherapy is delivered do not need any new equipment or to otherwise make significant capital investments in new technology in order to deliver NBTXR3 to patients. |
⯀ | Robust intellectual property protection with significant know-how creating barriers to entry. Our technology and product candidates are protected by more than 300 issued or pending patents and patent applications in over 20 patent families across the world, and none of the patents specifically covering injectable NBTXR3 in the United States are expected to expire until at least November 2031 (2029 in other countries with patents issued). Specifically, once issued, the patent covering the use of NBTXR3 in immuno-oncology is not expected to expire until at least 2036 in the United States and other countries. In addition, we maintain a significant level of proprietary know-how in the design and manufacture of nanoparticles. We believe that our intellectual property position protects us from potential competition by other companies seeking to use metal-based nanoparticles in the enhancement of radiotherapy. |
⯀ | Established manufacturing facility with substantial production capacity. We currently manufacture NBTXR3 at a third-party facility in France. In 2017, we opened our own manufacturing site near Paris. We expect that our owned facility will allow us to expand our production capacity to more than 200,000 doses of NBTXR3 per year, which we believe will be sufficient to produce NBTXR3 for our current and contemplated clinical trials. We have designed our manufacturing process so that additional production lines can be added without significant capital investment. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Our Strategy
Our goal is to become a leader in the biotechnology industry, with a fully integrated chain of operations, based on the systematic combination of NBTXR3 and radiotherapy in the treatment of solid tumors. The key elements of our strategy to achieve this goal include the following:
⯀ | Complete the development of, and satisfy applicable EU and U.S. regulatory requirements for, NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers. Based on encouraging results from Study 102 Escalation, we have commenced the Study 102 Expansion to collect additional preliminary efficacy data. In an interim analysis of efficacy data for 31 evaluable patients in the Study 102 Expansion presented in October 2020 at the annual meeting of the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO), researchers observed a high objective response rate (83.9% according to RECIST 1.1) at a median evaluation time of five months after NBTXR3 was administered. We intend to evaluate final Study 102 Escalation data in mid-2021 and could potentially use positive efficacy data, if observed, to obtain the right to CE mark, and therefore to commercialize, on an accelerated basis in the EU at such time. |
In the United States, we plan to commence Study 312, a global Phase III clinical trial for elderly patients with head and neck cancer who are ineligible for platinum-based chemotherapy. In February 2020, we received Fast Track designation from the FDA for NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers, which we believe could allow for expedited clinical development. We expect approximately 500 patients to be treated in this global Phase III trial. The initial readout will be based on event-driven progression-free survival (“PFS”), and the final readout will be based on overall survival (“OS”). A futility analysis is expected at 18 months after the first patient is randomized, and the interim analysis for PFS superiority is expected at 24-30 months. The final analysis will report on PFS and OS. We may also potentially pursue Breakthrough Therapy designation from the FDA for NBTXR3 in this indication. However, there can be no assurance that we will obtain this designation or that, even if we do, it will lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process or increase the likelihood that NBTXR3 will receive regulatory approval.
⯀ | Complete post-approval trials for NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced STS in the EU. Following positive results from our Phase II/III clinical trial, in April 2019 NBTXR3 became the first ever radioenhancer to have a CE mark, allowing it to be commercialized for the treatment of locally advanced STS under the brand name Hensify®. We are currently preparing Study 301 to continue evaluating safety and efficacy while providing patients in the EU with access to Hensify®. Following evaluation of the results from Studies 102 and 312, we intend to undertake a strategic review and to determine where we believe we are best positioned to pursue commercialization, including our commercialization strategy with respect to Hensify®. |
⯀ | Expand the opportunity for NBTXR3 as a treatment for solid tumor indications. We believe that NBTXR3’s physical mode of action could make it broadly applicable across a multitude of solid tumor indications. In addition to head and neck cancers and STS, we intend to continue to develop and pursue NBTXR3 for other indications, and we are already progressing clinical trials in liver cancers in the EU, prostate cancer in the United States and, through our collaboration with PharmaEngine, rectal cancer and head and neck cancers both in combination with chemotherapy, in multiple countries in Asia. In addition, in December 2018 we entered into a collaboration with MD Anderson as part of which we intend to conduct a total of nine clinical trials in the United States to evaluate NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy across several cancer types. The first clinical trial under this collaboration, in patients with pancreatic cancer, has commenced enrollment with the first patient dosed during September 2020. The FDA has also indicated that the second and third clinical trials under this collaboration for lung cancer and esophageal cancer, respectively, may proceed. The co-development with MD Anderson of four clinical trials within our I-O development program is ongoing. The design of the two remaining trials under the MD Anderson collaboration has yet to be determined. We expect to enroll a total of approximately 340 patients across the nine planned clinical |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
trials. If we are able to demonstrate the applicability of NBTXR3 to solid tumor cancers in our current and planned clinical trials, we believe we would be able to increase the addressable patient population of NBTXR3 to encompass a significant portion of the patients who receive radiotherapy as part of their solid tumor cancer treatment.
⯀ | Establish NBTXR3 as a complementary product to immune checkpoint inhibitors. We are conducting, and continue to further develop, a global I-O development program to explore the use of NBTXR3 as a complement to immune checkpoint inhibitors across several solid tumor indications. In preclinical studies, NBTXR3 activated by radiation therapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrated potential to convert checkpoint inhibitor non-responders into responders, provide better local and systemic control and increase survival. We are conducting a Phase I basket trial of NBTXR3 in combination with anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors in patients with LRR or R/M HNSCC or with lung or liver metastases from any primary cancer eligible for anti-PD-1 therapy. In addition, pursuant to our collaboration with MD Anderson, we are planning to evaluate NBTXR3 in combination with various checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, and anti-CTLA-4) across several cancer indications. |
⯀ | Build an effective clinical development program and establish a global commercial infrastructure for NBTXR3. We have conducted clinical trials involving multiple therapeutic areas throughout the United States and the EU, in which more than 400 physicians have been involved. In addition, our global medical science liaison team has consulted closely with a number of physicians, hospitals, clinics, and cancer treatment centers in the United States and key European markets to better understand their needs as clinicians and institutions and to tailor NBTXR3 accordingly. We plan to focus our commercialization and marketing efforts for NBTXR3 in Europe and the United States, if approved. We have entered into an agreement with PharmaEngine for the development and potential commercialization of NBTXR3 in the Asia-Pacific region. We retain development and commercial rights to NBTXR3 in all other geographies, and we may develop and commercialize NBTXR3 in specific regions, independently or through third-party collaborators. |
Corporate Information
We were incorporated as a société anonyme on March 4, 2003.
We are registered at the Paris Registre du Commerce et des Sociétés under the number 447 521 600 00034. Our principal executive offices are located at 60, rue de Wattignies, 75012 Paris, France, and our telephone number is +33 1 40 26 04 70. Our agent for service of process in the United States will be our U.S. subsidiary, Nanobiotix Corporation. Our ordinary shares began trading on Euronext Paris in October 2012. We also maintain a website at http://www.nanobiotix.com/en/. The reference to our website is an inactive textual reference only and the information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website or any other website cited in this prospectus is not a part of this prospectus.
Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:
⯀ | an exemption from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002; |
⯀ | an exemption from compliance with any requirement that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) may adopt regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements; and |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | to the extent that we no longer qualify as a foreign private issuer, (1) reduced disclosure about the company’s executive compensation arrangements, and (2) exemptions from the requirements to obtain a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation or a shareholder approval of any golden parachute arrangements. |
We may take advantage of these provisions for up to five years or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company if we have more than $1.07 billion in annual revenue, have more than $700.0 million in market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates or issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period. We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these reduced burdens.
In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This provision allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of some accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. Given that we currently report and expect to continue to report under International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) we are not able to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required by the IASB.
We have taken advantage of reduced reporting requirements in this prospectus. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold equity securities.
Implications of Being a Foreign Private Issuer
Upon consummation of the offering, we will report under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) as a non-U.S. company with “foreign private issuer” status. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, as long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we will be exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including:
⯀ | certain rules under the Exchange Act that regulate disclosure obligations and procedural requirements related to the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; |
⯀ | the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; |
⯀ | the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, and current reports on Form 8-K, upon the occurrence of specified significant events; and |
⯀ | Regulation Fair Disclosure, or Regulation FD, which regulates selective disclosures of material information by issuers. |
We may take advantage of these foreign private issuer exemptions until such time as we are no longer a foreign private issuer. We would cease to be a foreign private issuer at such time as more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are held by U.S. residents and any of the following three circumstances applies: (a) the majority of our executive officers or directors are U.S. citizens or residents, (b) more than 50% of our assets are located in the United States or (c) our business is administered principally in the United States.
We have taken advantage of certain of these reduced reporting and other requirements in this prospectus. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different from the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold equity securities.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Offering
Offering
ordinary shares offered by us, comprising ordinary shares in the form of ADSs offered in the U.S. offering, and ordinary shares offered in the non-U.S. private placement. The total number of ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) in the U.S. offering and non-U.S. private placement is subject to reallocation between them.
U.S. offering (ADSs)
ADSs, each representing ordinary shares.
Non-U.S. private placement (ordinary shares)
ordinary shares.
Option to purchase additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) in the offering
ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs).
Ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) to be outstanding after the offering
ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) or ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) if we issue additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option.
American Depositary Shares
Purchasers of ADSs in the U.S. offering will have the rights of an ADS holder as provided in the deposit agreement among us, the depositary and all holders and beneficial owners of ADSs issued thereunder. To better understand the terms of the ADSs, you should carefully read the section in this prospectus titled “Description of American Depositary Shares.” We also encourage you to read the deposit agreement, which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement that includes this prospectus.
Depositary
Citibank, N.A.
Use of proceeds
We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from the offering of approximately € ($ ) million, assuming an offering price of € per ordinary share ($ per ADS), the closing price of our ordinary shares on Euronext Paris on , 2020, after deducting estimated underwriting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We intend to apply the net proceeds we receive from the offering, together with our existing resources, to fund the clinical development of NBTXR3 and, in particular, to advance Study 312 in the United States and the European Union for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers and for working capital funding and other general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds” for more information.
Risk factors
You should read the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus for a discussion of factors to consider carefully before deciding to invest in the ordinary shares or the ADSs.
Proposed Nasdaq Global Market trading symbol for our ADSs
“NBTX”
Euronext Paris trading symbol for our ordinary shares
“NANO”
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The number of ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) that will be outstanding after the offering is based on 22,731,122 ordinary shares outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and excludes:
⯀ | 1,978,145 new ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of founders’ warrants (BSPCE), share warrants (BSA), and stock options (OSA) granted but not exercised as of June 30, 2020, at a weighted average exercise price of €10.55 per share; |
⯀ | 452,750 free shares granted as of June 30, 2020, subject to future vesting; |
⯀ | 6,000 ordinary shares granted as free shares prior to June 30, 2020, which vested and were issued on July 27, 2020; |
⯀ | 3,300,000 ordinary shares issued pursuant to a private placement on July 30, 2020; |
⯀ | 700,000 ordinary shares reserved for future issuance under our share-based compensation plans and other delegations of authority from our shareholders upon the completion of this offering; and |
⯀ | 8,366,666 ordinary shares reserved pursuant to a delegation of authority from our shareholders for share capital increases by us through rights issuances and public or private offerings, which number of shares will be reduced by the number of shares issued in this offering. |
As of September 30, 2020, there were 26,037,122 ordinary shares outstanding, which reflects the 6,000 ordinary shares granted as free shares prior to June 30, 2020, which vested and were issued on July 27, 2020, and the 3,300,000 ordinary shares issued in a private placement completed on July 30, 2020 (the “July 2020 Private Placement”).
Except as otherwise noted, the information in this prospectus assumes:
⯀ | No exercise of the BSPCE, BSA and options or vesting of the free shares listed above; and |
⯀ | No issuance by us of additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) pursuant to the exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional ADSs and/or ordinary shares in this offering. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary Consolidated Financial Data
The following summary statement of consolidated operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).
The following summary statement of consolidated operations data for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 and summary statement of consolidated financial position data as of June 30, 2020 have been derived from our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements as of June 30, 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 included elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements were prepared in accordance with IAS 34, Interim Financial Reporting.
The following summary consolidated financial data for the periods and as of the dates indicated are qualified by reference to, and should be read in conjunction with, our consolidated financial statements and related notes beginning on page F-
1 of this prospectus, as well as the sections titled “Selected Consolidated Financial Data” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Our historical results for any prior period do not necessarily indicate our results to be expected for any future period and our results for the six months ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2020.
Statement of consolidated operations data:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Revenues | | | 68 | | | 76 | | | 116 | | | 37 | | | 42 | | | 37 |
Other income | | | 2,473 | | | 2,779 | | | 3,363 | | | 1,411 | | | 1,586 | | | 1,786 |
Total revenues and other income | | | 2,541 | | | 2,855 | | | 3,479 | | | 1,448 | | | 1,627 | | | 1,823 |
Operating expenses:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Research and development expenses | | | (30,411) | | | (34,173) | | | (20,893) | | | (13,077) | | | (14,695) | | | (13,280) |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | | | (18,909) | | | (21,248) | | | (12,653) | | | (6,755) | | | (7,591) | | | (8,910) |
Total operating expenses | | | (49,320) | | | (55,421) | | | (33,546) | | | (19,832) | | | (22,285) | | | (22,290) |
Operating loss | | | (46,779) | | | (52,566) | | | (30,067) | | | (18,384) | | | (20,658) | | | (20,467) |
Financial loss | | | (4,133) | | | (4,644) | | | (277) | | | (2,194) | | | (2,465) | | | (3,452) |
Income tax | | | (3) | | | (3) | | | — | | | (1) | | | (1) | | | — |
Net loss | | | (50,915) | | | (57,213) | | | (30,345) | | | (20,579) | | | (23,125) | | | (23,920) |
Basic and diluted loss per share | | | (2.35) | | | (2.64) | | | (1.55) | | | (0.91) | | | (1.02) | | | (1.15) |
Weighted average number of outstanding ordinary shares used for calculating basic and diluted loss per share | | | 21,631,514 | | | 21,631,514 | | | 19,633,373 | | | 22,608,408 | | | 22,608,408 | | | 20,844,245 |
(1)
| We applied the new IFRS 16 standard — Leases starting January 1, 2019 following the modified retrospective method. Accordingly, financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 are not restated under the new IFRS 16 standard. |
(2)
| Translated solely for convenience into U.S. dollars at an exchange rate of €1.00 = $1.1237, the noon buying rate of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on June 30, 2020. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Statement of consolidated financial position data:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents(5) | | | 26,590 | | | 29,879 | | | 50,390 | | | 56,623 | | | | | | |
Total assets(5) | | | 44,765 | | | 50,302 | | | 68,565 | | | 77,046 | | | | | | |
Total shareholders’ equity(5) | | | (22,194) | | | (24,939) | | | (3,394) | | | (3,814) | | | | | | |
Total non-current liabilities(5) | | | 49,819 | | | 55,982 | | | 54,819 | | | 61,600 | | | | | | |
Total current liabilities | | | 17,140 | | | 19,260 | | | 17,140 | | | 19,260 | | | | | | |
(1)
| The pro forma summary consolidated statement of financial position data reflects (i) the 6,000 ordinary shares granted as free shares prior to June 30, 2020, which vested and were issued on July 27, 2020, (ii) a €5.0 million non-dilutive, state guaranteed loan from Bpifrance Financement, a subsidiary of Banque publique d’investissement (“Bpifrance,” and such loan the “Bpifrance PGE Loan”) received in July 2020 and (iii) the 3,300,000 ordinary shares issued in the July 2020 Private Placement, resulting in net proceeds of €18.8 million. |
(2)
| The pro forma as adjusted summary consolidated statement of financial position data further reflects our issuance and sale of ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) in the offering at an assumed offering price of € per ordinary share (corresponding to $ per ADS, assuming an exchange rate of €1.00 = $ ), the closing price of our ordinary shares on Euronext Paris on , 2020, corresponding to € per ordinary share in the non-U.S. private placement (assuming an exchange rate of €1.00 = $ ), after deducting estimated underwriting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. |
(3)
| The pro forma as adjusted summary consolidated statement of financial position data is illustrative only and will change based on the actual offering price, the actual number of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) offered by us and other terms of the offering determined at pricing. The pro forma as adjusted information is unaudited and is not derived from our audited financial statements. Each €1.00 ($ ) increase or decrease in the assumed offering price of $ per ADS in the U.S. offering would increase or decrease the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, total assets and total shareholders’ equity by € million ($ million), assuming that the number of ordinary shares offered by us (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs), as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting commissions. Each 1,000,000 increase or decrease in the total number of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) sold in the offering would increase or decrease the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, total assets and total shareholders’ equity by € million ($ million), assuming the offering price remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting commissions. |
(4)
| Translated solely for convenience into U.S. dollars at an exchange rate of €1.00 = $1.1237, the noon buying rate of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on June 30, 2020. |
(5)
| Actual cash and cash equivalents, total assets and total shareholders’ equity as of June 30, 2020 exclude the net proceeds of the July 2020 Private Placement and actual total cash and cash equivalents, total assets and total non-current liabilities as of June 30, 2020 exclude the proceeds of the Bpifrance PGE Loan. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary of Risks Associated with Our Business
An investment in our ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) involves numerous risks described in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. You should carefully consider these risks before making a decision to invest in our securities. Key risks include, but are not limited to, the following:
⯀Risks Related to Our Business
⯀Our operating history, which has focused primarily on research and development and advancing the clinical trial program for NBTXR3, makes it difficult to assess our future prospects.
⯀We have not generated significant revenues and have incurred significant operating losses since our inception. While the amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the amount of our future operating expenses and our ability to obtain funding, we anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.
⯀Because each of our ongoing and contemplated clinical trials involves NBTXR3, we are heavily dependent on the successful development and commercialization this lead product candidate.
⯀We face significant competition in our discovery, development and commercialization activities from competitors who may have significantly greater resources than we do.
⯀The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting deterioration of worldwide economic conditions adversely impacts our business, financial condition, and operating results will depend on future developments, which are difficult to predict.
⯀We will require additional funding, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all, and certain financing instruments—such as the finance contract for the EIB loan (as defined herein)—may impose certain restrictions on the operation of our business.
⯀Risks Related to the Development of Our Product Candidates
⯀Our product candidates must undergo clinical trials that are time-consuming and expensive, the outcomes of which are unpredictable and for which there is a high risk of failure, and which are susceptible under a variety of circumstances to additional costs, delays, suspensions and terminations.
⯀We rely on third parties to assist in our discovery, development, commercialization and manufacturing of our product candidates and issues relating to such third parties, or their activities, could result in additional costs and delays and hinder our research, development and commercialization prospects.
⯀In connection with collaboration agreements with third parties for the development and commercialization of our product candidates, we may be unable to identify suitable collaboration partners, and once a collaboration partner is secured, we have limited control over the attention that our commercialization partner devotes to our product candidates.
⯀Risks Related to Obtaining Regulatory Approval or Certification for Our Product Candidates
⯀Our business is governed by a rigorous, complex and evolving regulatory framework, including stringent clinical trial regulations, pre-marketing regulatory requirements, pricing, reimbursement and cost-containment regulations, and rigorous ongoing regulation of approved products. This regulatory framework results in significant compliance costs, makes the development and approval of our product candidates time intensive and unpredictable, and may reduce the ultimate economic value and prospects for our product candidates.
⯀A Fast Track or Breakthrough Therapy designation by the FDA may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive regulatory approval.
⯀Risks Related to the Production and Manufacturing of Our Product Candidates
⯀Because we depend on third parties for the supply of various materials that are necessary to produce our product candidates for clinical trials, the loss of key suppliers, the unavailability of raw materials, or disruptions in manufacturing processes could increase production costs or result in delays in our product development.
⯀Our and our subcontractors’ manufacturing facilities are subject to significant government regulations and approvals and any compliance failures could lead to significant delays in the availability of products for commercial sale or clinical trials, may result in the termination of or a hold on a clinical trial, or may delay or prevent filing or approval of marketing applications or the completion of pre-marketing certification procedures, as applicable, for our products.
⯀Risks Related to the Commercialization of Our Product Candidates
⯀Even if we successfully complete clinical trials for certain of our product candidates, those candidates may not be commercialized or achieve commercial success for a variety of reasons, including a lack of acceptance by the medical community, the imposition of post-marketing regulatory restrictions, the costs and burdens associated with post-marketing regulatory requirements, or unanticipated problems with our products following regulatory approval.
⯀If we are unable to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for our product candidates, we may not be successful in commercializing those product candidates if and when they are approved or duly CE marked.
⯀Risks Related to Human Capital Management
⯀We may encounter difficulties in managing our development and expansion, including challenges associated with our ability to attract and retain executive management and supervisory board members as a U.S. public company.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀Our business could be harmed if we lose key management personnel on whom we depend or if we cannot attract and retain other qualified personnel.
⯀Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including violating applicable regulatory standards and requirements or engaging in insider trading, which could significantly harm our business.
⯀Risks Related to Operational Compliance and Risk Management
⯀We use hazardous chemicals in our business, and any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time-consuming and costly.
⯀The risk of product liability claims is inherent in the development and commercialization of therapeutic products, and product liability or other lawsuits could divert management and financial resources, result in substantial liabilities and reduce the commercial potential of our product candidates.
⯀We are subject to extensive healthcare laws and regulations impacting, among other things, our research and proposed sales, marketing and education programs of product candidates that successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements, and which may require substantial compliance efforts. Any regulatory compliance failures could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.
⯀Risks Related to Intellectual Property
⯀Because our commercial success depends, in part, on obtaining and maintaining proprietary rights to our and our licensors’ intellectual property, our ability to compete may decline if we fail to obtain protection for our products, product candidates, processes and technologies or do not adequately protect our intellectual property.
⯀Our competitive position may be adversely impacted as a result of a variety of factors, including potentially adverse determinations of complex legal and factual questions involved in patents and patent applications or insufficiently long patent lifespans in one or more jurisdictions where we obtain intellectual property protection.
⯀Because it is cost prohibitive to seek intellectual property protection on a global basis, our intellectual property protection in certain jurisdictions many not be as robust as in the United States, which may adversely impact our competitive position.
⯀Third parties may assert ownership or commercial rights to inventions we develop or otherwise regard as our own, or assert that our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets.
⯀A dispute concerning the infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property rights or the intellectual property rights of others could be time-consuming and costly, and an unfavorable outcome could harm our business.
⯀Risks Related to the Offering and Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares and ADSs
⯀An active trading market for our ADSs may not develop, and the market price for our ADSs may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance or other factors.
⯀We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our securities, and under French law may be limited in our ability to do so in the future.
⯀Purchasers in this offering will experience substantial and immediate dilution.
⯀Purchasers of ADSs in the U.S. offering will not be directly holding our ordinary shares and may be subject to limitations on the transfer of their ADSs and certain voting and withdrawal rights of the underlying ordinary shares as well as limitations on their ability to exercise preferential subscription rights or receive share dividends.
⯀We are an emerging growth company and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to us will make our ADSs less attractive to investors.
⯀Risks Related to Our Status as a Non-U.S. Company
⯀The rights of shareholders in companies subject to French corporate law differ in material respects from the rights of shareholders of corporations incorporated in the United States.
⯀As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from a number of rules under the U.S. securities laws and the Nasdaq’s corporate governance standards. We expect to follow certain home country practices in relation to certain corporate governance matters, which may afford less protection than would be provided if we fully complied with the Nasdaq requirements.
⯀Our By-laws and French corporate law contain provisions that may delay or discourage a takeover attempt.
⯀If we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year, there may be adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders.
⯀Our international operations may be exposed to foreign exchange risks, U.S. federal income tax risks, and additional risks, and our exposure to these risks will increase as our business continues to expand.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Investing in our ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before deciding whether to purchase our securities. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our securities could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.
Risks Related to Our Business
Our operating history makes it difficult to assess our future prospects.
Our operating history has been focused primarily on research and development and the advancement of the clinical trial program for our lead product candidate, NBTXR3. A key element of our strategy is to use and expand our proprietary technology to continue to develop our innovative product candidates designed to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy and to progress these candidates through clinical development for the treatment of a wide variety of cancers, including STS, head and neck cancers, liver cancers, prostate cancer and rectal cancer. The nanotechnology underlying our product candidates, specifically the use of nanosized radiation enhancers as a cancer treatment method, is novel. Although in April 2019, we successfully completed the applicable conformity assessment procedure for affixing the CE marking to our NBTXR3 device for the treatment of locally advanced STS, enabling commercialization of the product in the European Union for such indication, we have not yet commercialized the product nor generated any revenues from the sale of any approved products and we may ultimately not be able to generate substantial revenue from the commercialization of approved products.
We have encountered, and will continue to encounter, risks and difficulties frequently encountered by growing companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly as we seek to utilize nanotechnology to provide solutions to unmet therapeutic needs in oncology. Consequently, the ability to predict our future operating results or business prospects is more limited than if we had a portfolio of approved products on the market.
We may not be able to fully implement or execute on our commercial strategy or realize, in whole or in part or within our expected time frames, the anticipated benefits of our growth strategies. You should consider our business and prospects in light of the risks and difficulties we face as a growing company focused primarily on the development and advancement of clinical trials.
We have incurred significant losses and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.
We have not generated significant revenues and have incurred significant operating losses since our inception. To date, our revenues and other income have been derived primarily from payments under our exclusive license and collaboration agreement with PharmaEngine and research tax credits. We have not generated revenues to date from product sales or royalties, and we do not expect to generate significant revenues from product sales or royalties unless and until our product candidates are successfully commercialized following regulatory approval. We incurred net losses of €20.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and €50.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the amount of our future operating expenses and the pace at which they are incurred and our ability to obtain funding through our commercialization activities, through equity or debt financings or through research grants or collaborative partnerships. As of the date of this prospectus, our losses are primarily attributable to expenditures committed to developing our nanotechnology and our clinical and preclinical programs. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that such expenses and capital requirements will increase substantially as we:
⯀ | continue our preclinical and clinical programs currently in progress; |
⯀ | expand the scope of our current clinical trials and commence new clinical trials to research new oncological applications for our nanotechnology; |
⯀ | expand our manufacturing capabilities for the production of our product candidates and maintain compliance with applicable manufacturing regulatory requirements; |
⯀ | seek regulatory and marketing approvals, or initiate the necessary conformity assessment procedures, as applicable, for our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements; |
⯀ | advance our research and development efforts, which may include the acquisition of new technologies, products or licenses; |
⯀ | maintain, protect and expand our intellectual property portfolio; |
⯀ | attract new and retain existing skilled personnel; and |
⯀ | incur legal, accounting and other expenses as a U.S. public company. |
The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from year-to-year such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance. In any particular period or periods, our operating results could be below the expectations of securities analysts or investors, which could cause the price of our ordinary shares and ADSs to decline.
We are heavily dependent on the successful development and commercialization of NBTXR3.
Our business and future success depends heavily on our ability to develop and commercialize our lead product candidate, NBTXR3, for indications for which there is an attractive market opportunity, and to satisfy the necessary regulatory requirements for its marketing and sale. Our development programs of NBTXR3 for the treatment of different cancer indications are at varying stages. Because each of our ongoing and contemplated trials involves NBTXR3, if one of these preclinical or clinical trials reveals safety and/or therapeutic efficacy issues, the validity of our nanotechnology platform itself could be questioned, which could potentially require additional time and investment in research and development to attempt to remedy the issues identified. The development of each application of NBTXR3 could subsequently be impacted, potentially having a significant negative impact on our business prospects, financial situation and anticipated growth.
Although we successfully completed the applicable conformity assessment procedure for affixing the CE marking to our NBTXR3 device for the treatment of locally advanced STS, enabling the commercialization of the product in the European Union for such indication, NBTXR3 remains in clinical development for other indications, and we cannot be certain that NBTXR3 will receive regulatory approval or successfully complete the necessary conformity assessment procedures, as applicable, or be successfully commercialized, for any additional cancer indications, even if we successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements. Any failure or delay in the development or commercialization of NBTXR3 could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.
We face competition and our competitors may have significantly greater financial, technical and other resources than we do, which may result in others discovering, developing, receiving approval for, or commercializing products before or more successfully than us.
The development of treatments for cancer is subject to rapid technological change. Many companies, academic research institutions, governmental agencies and public and private research institutions are pursuing the development of medicinal products, devices and other therapies that target the same conditions that we are targeting. Certain companies are developing treatments to increase sensitivities of tumors to radiation and other sources of energy. Like us, these companies are pursuing various technologies that involve substances that work to destroy tumor cells from the inside without causing additional damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Any product candidates that we develop and commercialize may compete with existing therapies, as well as new therapies that may become available in the future, including therapies with a mode of action similar to that of NBTXR3.
Many of our competitors, either alone or with their collaboration partners, may have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, preclinical testing, clinical trials, manufacturing, and marketing than we do. Future collaborations and mergers and acquisitions may result in further resource concentration among a smaller number of competitors. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified research and development and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Smaller or early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with more established companies.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The key competitive factors affecting the success of NBTXR3 and any other product candidates that we develop, if approved, are likely to be their efficacy, safety, convenience, price and the availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payors. We must also protect our proprietary technology used in the development of our product candidates. Our commercial opportunity could be reduced if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are more effective or demonstrate a more favorable safety profile than any products that we may develop. Our competitors may also successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements for their products more rapidly than us.
The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting deterioration of worldwide economic conditions adversely impacts our business, financial condition, and operating results will depend on future developments, which are difficult to predict.
In December 2019, a new strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, identified as the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged. Since then, SARS-CoV-2 and the resulting disease COVID-19 has spread to many countries, including each of the countries in which our clinical trials are planned or ongoing.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, governmental authorities have implemented and are continuing to implement numerous and rapidly evolving measures to try to contain the virus, such as travel bans and restrictions, limits on gatherings, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders, and business shutdowns. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and in accordance with governmental orders, we have also modified our business practices and implemented proactive measures to protect the health and safety of employees, including restricting employee travel, requiring remote work arrangements for non-laboratory employees, implementing social distancing and enhanced sanitary measures in our facilities, and cancelling attendance at in-person events and conferences. Many of the suppliers and service providers on whom we rely have made similar modifications. There is no certainty that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by, or the impacts and disruptions of, the COVID-19 pandemic.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, disruptions and adverse impacts to our business, including delays in certain clinical trial activities. Although the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business is not determinable at this stage, the operational and functional impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic could be material, including:
⯀ | Disruptions, interruptions or delays of our clinical trial activities, whether conducted by us or in collaboration with our partners (such as MD Anderson or PharmaEngine), due in particular to delays or difficulties in recruiting patients, challenges from quarantines, site closures, supply chain interruptions, limitations or redirection of human or material resources normally allocated to these clinical trials, interruptions in data collection, monitoring and/or processing, more limited access to physicians, delays in receiving, or shortages of, the supplies and materials necessary for the performance of clinical trials, or travel restrictions imposed or recommended by local authorities; |
⯀ | Changes in local regulations due to the measures taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which could require us to modify the conditions of our clinical trials, potentially resulting in unforeseen costs or the interruption of our trials; |
⯀ | Delays in obtaining from regulatory authorities the approvals required to launch our contemplated clinical trials, as well as delays in the necessary interactions with local authorities or other important organizations and third-party partners; |
⯀ | The refusal of regulatory authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), the Agence Nationale de la Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé (“ANSM”) or other competent authorities or certification bodies such as the Notified Bodies in the European Union to accept data from clinical trials conducted in geographic areas affected by the COVID-19 pandemic; |
⯀ | Overall reduced operational productivity, including interruptions to our research and development activity, resulting from challenges associated with remote work arrangements and limited resources available to employees working remotely; or |
⯀ | Challenges in accessing, in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, financing opportunities as a result of dislocations in the capital markets, liquidity constraints on potential commercial partners, and general disruptions to global and regional economies. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
While recruitment and monitoring in our clinical trials have slowed due to the pandemic and based on current circumstances, we expect that the receipt and reporting of data in head and neck cancer and immuno-oncology (“I-O”) clinical trials that were underway prior to the pandemic will generally proceed as planned based on the number of patients that had already been recruited. We anticipate that, as a result of the disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic, protocol development and review processes and enrollment are likely to be delayed or to progress more slowly than originally anticipated. Moreover, given recruitment barriers, we expect delays in launching these trials even after regulatory clearance to proceed is obtained.
The degree to which COVID-19 ultimately impacts our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including, but not limited to, the severity, duration and geographic spread of the outbreak, and the global, national and regional actions to contain the virus and address its impact. The resumption of normal business operations after interruptions caused by COVID-19 may be delayed or constrained by lingering effects of COVID-19 on us or our suppliers and third-party service providers, respectively. Even after the COVID-19 outbreak has subsided, we may experience material and adverse impacts as a result of the global economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak.
The impact of COVID-19 may also exacerbate other risks discussed in this prospectus, any of which could have a material effect on us. This situation is changing rapidly and additional impacts may arise that we are not aware of currently.
Due to our limited resources and access to capital, our decisions to prioritize development of certain product candidates or certain indications to pursue with the product candidates that we are developing may adversely affect our business prospects.
Because we have limited resources and access to capital to fund our operations, we must decide which product candidates to pursue and the amount of resources to allocate to each. In addition, for product candidates under development, such as NBTXR3, we must decide for which indications we intend to develop the product candidate for treatment. As such, we are currently primarily focused on the development of NBTXR3, particularly for the treatment of patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers. Our decisions concerning the allocation of research, collaboration, management and financial resources toward particular product candidates, oncological indications or therapeutic areas may not lead to the development of viable commercial products and may divert resources away from other more promising opportunities. Similarly, our potential decisions to delay, terminate or collaborate with third parties with respect to some of our product development programs may also prove not to be optimal and could cause us to miss valuable opportunities. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights. If we make incorrect determinations regarding the market potential of our product candidates or misread trends in the field of cancer treatment, our business prospects could be harmed.
We will require additional funding, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product development efforts or other operations.
The process of developing our product candidates is expensive, lengthy and risky. We expect our research and development expenses to increase substantially as we continue to develop NBTXR3 through our clinical development programs and identify new product candidates for development. Further, as a result of our increasing commercialization efforts with respect to NBTXR3 and the costs of operating as a U.S. public company, our selling, general and administrative expenses will increase significantly in the next several years.
As of June 30, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of €26.6 million, which does not include the €5.0 million Bpifrance PGE Loan or €18.8 million of net proceeds from a private placement that we completed in July 2020 (the “July 2020 Private Placement”). We believe our cash and cash equivalents, together with the aggregate proceeds of the Bpifrance PGE Loan, the July 2020 Private Placement and the net proceeds from the offering, will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least months. However, in order to continue our ongoing research and development efforts, pursue regulatory approval and certification, and advance our commercialization efforts, we will require substantial additional funding. Also, our operating plan, including our product candidate development plans, may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings, government or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other strategic alliances and licensing arrangements, or a combination of these approaches.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of additional equity or convertible securities, your ownership interest may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a shareholder. Debt financing, if available, would result in increased fixed payment obligations and a portion of our operating cash flows, if any, being dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on such indebtedness. In addition, debt financing may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that impose operating restrictions, such as restrictions on the incurrence of additional debt, the making of certain capital expenditures or the declaration of dividends. To the extent that we raise additional funds through arrangements with research and development partners or otherwise, we may be required to relinquish some of our technologies, product candidates or revenue streams, license our technologies or product candidates on unfavorable terms, or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us. Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management’s attention from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or in light of specific strategic considerations.
If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, our growth prospects could be impaired, the price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may decline, and we may be required to, among other things:
⯀ | delay or reduce the number or extent of our preclinical and clinical trials or eliminate them entirely; |
⯀ | grant licenses to our technology to collaborative partners or third parties; or |
⯀ | enter into new collaboration agreements upon less favorable conditions than we would have been able to obtain under different circumstances. |
Covenants in the Finance Contract governing the EIB loan impose restrictions on the operation of our business.
The Finance Contract governing the EIB loan contains covenants that impose restrictions on the operation of our business. For example, without the approval of the European Investment Bank (“EIB”), the restrictions in the Finance Contract limit our and our subsidiaries’ ability, among other things, to:
⯀ | dispose of any part of our business or assets outside of arm’s-length ordinary course transactions; |
⯀ | restructure or make substantial changes to the nature of our business; |
⯀ | enter into certain merger or consolidation transactions; |
⯀ | dispose of our shareholdings in our material subsidiaries; |
⯀ | pursue acquisitions or investments; |
⯀ | incur any indebtedness in excess of €1.0 million in the aggregate; |
⯀ | provide guarantees in respect of liabilities or other obligations; |
⯀ | engage in certain hedging activities; |
⯀ | grant security over our assets; |
⯀ | pay dividends or repurchase our shares; and |
⯀ | impair our intellectual property rights. |
As a result of these covenants and restrictions, we are limited in how we conduct our business. Although the restrictions in the Finance Contract contain several exceptions and carve-outs and may be waived by EIB, as a result of the restrictions we may be unable to raise additional financing after this offering or pursue new business opportunities that we believe would be beneficial to our business objectives.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Risks Related to the Development of Our Product Candidates
Our product candidates must undergo clinical trials that are time-consuming and expensive, the outcomes of which are unpredictable, and for which there is a high risk of failure. If clinical trials of our product candidates fail to satisfactorily demonstrate safety and efficacy, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of these product candidates.
In order to obtain requisite regulatory approvals and to successfully complete the necessary conformity assessment procedures, as applicable, we conduct preclinical and clinical programs for our product candidates with the goal of ultimately marketing therapeutic solutions to transform cancer treatments that utilize radiotherapy. NBTXR3, our lead product candidate, is currently being evaluated in a total of eight clinical trials worldwide as a potential treatment in various cancer indications. In January 2019 we announced a collaboration with MD Anderson which provides for approximately 340 patients to be enrolled across a total of nine clinical trials to be conducted in the United States to evaluate NBTXR3 across several cancer types. Because we are conducting clinical trials for NBTXR3 in multiple cancer indications, an unfavorable outcome in one or more trials may call into question the safety or efficacy in trials with respect to other cancer indications, and potentially undermine the validity of our nanotechnology platform.
Further, preclinical testing and clinical trials are long, expensive and unpredictable processes that can encounter extensive delays. We cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. For example, one patient who participated in our clinical trial evaluating NBTXR3 in patients with late-stage cancers died from his cancer before any observation of response to treatment. Although this death was determined to be unrelated to the treatment, such setbacks could cause delays in our clinical trials. It may take several years to complete the preclinical testing and clinical development necessary to commercialize a product candidate, and delays or failure can occur at any stage. The design of a clinical trial can determine whether its results will support approval and certification of a product, as applicable, and flaws in the design of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced. An unfavorable outcome in one or more trials would be a major setback for our product candidates and for us. Due to our limited financial resources, an unfavorable outcome in one or more trials may require us to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more product development programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition and on the value of our ordinary shares or ADSs.
In connection with clinical testing and trials, we face a number of risks, including risks that:
⯀ | a product candidate is ineffective, inferior to existing approved treatments, unacceptably toxic, or has unacceptable side effects (both immediate or long-term); |
⯀ | patients may die or suffer other adverse effects for reasons that may or may not be related to the product candidate being tested; |
⯀ | extension studies on long-term tolerance could invalidate the use of our product; |
⯀ | the results may not confirm the positive results of earlier testing or trials; |
⯀ | the independent data monitoring committee assigned to review our testing and trials could identify potential flaws in, or recommend against advancement of or adjustments to, any particular trial or trial design; and |
⯀ | the results may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or other regulatory agencies to establish the safety and efficacy of our product candidates. |
The results of preclinical studies do not necessarily predict clinical success, and larger and later-stage clinical trials may not produce the same results as earlier-stage clinical trials. To date, clinical trials of NBTXR3 in certain oncological indications have generated favorable data; however, we may have different enrollment criteria in our future clinical trials and certain clinical trials have only yielded preliminary data. As a result, we may not observe similar results as in our prior clinical trials or in our preliminary data. Frequently, product candidates developed by pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and nanomedicine companies have shown promising results in preclinical studies or early clinical trials, but have subsequently suffered significant setbacks or failed in later clinical trials. Further, clinical trials of potential products often reveal that it is not possible or practical to continue development efforts for these product candidates.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
We cannot guarantee that our current or future product development efforts will be successful, or completed within our anticipated time frames. If we do not successfully complete preclinical and clinical development, we will be unable to pursue required market authorization to market and sell our product candidates and generate revenues. Even if we do successfully complete clinical trials, those results are not necessarily predictive of results of additional trials that may be needed before submitting marketing applications to the FDA, or initiating necessary conformity assessment procedures, as applicable. Although there are a large number of drugs and medical devices in development in Europe, the United States and other countries, only a small percentage result in the submission of a marketing application or the initiation of a conformity assessment procedure, even fewer are approved for commercialization, and only a small number achieve widespread physician and consumer acceptance following regulatory approval or successful completion of the conformity assessment procedure, as applicable. If our clinical trials are substantially delayed or fail to prove the safety and effectiveness of our product candidates in development, we may not successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements for any of these product candidates and our business and financial condition will be materially harmed.
Delays, suspensions and terminations in our clinical trials could result in increased costs to us and delay or prevent our ability to generate revenues.
Human clinical trials are very expensive, time-consuming, and difficult to design, implement and complete. Commencement of our clinical trials for our product candidates may be delayed for a variety of reasons, including delays in:
⯀ | demonstrating sufficient preclinical safety and efficacy to obtain regulatory approval to commence a clinical trial; |
⯀ | validating test methods to support quality testing of the product candidate; |
⯀ | manufacturing sufficient quantities of the product candidate necessary to conduct clinical trials; |
⯀ | obtaining institutional review board approval to conduct a clinical trial at a prospective clinical trial site; |
⯀ | determining dosing and clinical trial design; and |
⯀ | patient enrollment, which is a function of many factors, including the size of the patient population, the nature of the protocol, the proximity of patients to clinical trial sites, the availability of effective treatments for the relevant oncological indication and the eligibility criteria for the clinical trial. |
The completion of our clinical trials for our product candidates may be delayed, suspended or terminated due to a number of factors, including:
⯀ | lack of efficacy of product candidates during clinical trials; |
⯀ | adverse events, safety issues or side effects relating to the product candidates or their formulation; |
⯀ | unanticipated events during clinical trials requiring amendments to clinical trial designs or protocols; |
⯀ | inability to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts to continue funding clinical trials or development programs; |
⯀ | the need to sequence and prioritize clinical trials as opposed to conducting them concomitantly in order to conserve resources; |
⯀ | our inability to enter into collaborations relating to the development and commercialization of our product candidates; |
⯀ | our failure to conduct clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or clinical trial protocols; |
⯀ | our inability to manufacture or obtain from third parties sufficient quantities of product candidates for use in preclinical studies and clinical trials or of raw materials necessary for such manufacture; |
⯀ | governmental or regulatory delays and changes in regulatory requirements or policy and guidance from regulatory authorities, including mandated changes in the scope or design of clinical trials or requests for supplemental information with respect to clinical trial results; |
⯀ | delays in patient enrollment, variability in the number and types of patients available for clinical trials, and lower-than anticipated retention rates for patients in clinical trials; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | difficulty in patient monitoring and data collection due to failure of patients to maintain contact after treatment; and |
⯀ | varying interpretations of our data by the Notified Body, FDA and other regulatory agencies. |
Many of these factors could also ultimately lead to the denial of our marketing application or the failure to complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements for NBTXR3, or our other product candidates. If we experience delays, suspensions or terminations in a clinical trial, the commercial prospects for the related product candidate will be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues will be delayed or such revenues could be reduced or fail to materialize.
We rely on third parties to assist in our discovery and development activities, manufacture the nanoparticles used in our product candidates, and conduct our clinical trials and perform data collection and analysis, which could hinder our product development prospects or result in costs and delays that prevent us from successfully commercializing our product candidates.
We currently, and expect to continue to, depend on collaborations with public and private research institutions, including hospitals, clinics and cancer treatment centers, to conduct some of our development activities. If we are unable to enter into research collaborations with these institutions, or if any one of these institutions fails to work efficiently with us, the research, development or marketing of our product candidates planned as part of the collaboration could be delayed or canceled. In the event a collaboration agreement is terminated or we become unable to renew the arrangement under acceptable conditions, our discovery and development activities may also be delayed.
Further, we depend on our production method, which we developed internally, for the manufacturing of nanoparticles. Although we have trained our third-party manufacturers in the application of our production method (and seek to maintain quality control through, among other things, implementation of a monitoring system), we do not control such third-party manufacturers’ implementation of our production methods. In addition, we cannot provide any assurance that such third-party manufacturers will comply with all necessary safety protocols with respect to the implementation of our production method. Any interruption in the production of nanoparticles using the production method, including due to injuries or safety concerns from the implementation thereof, could significantly compromise our product development efforts.
We rely, or may rely, on medical institutions, clinical investigators and contract collaborators to carry out our clinical trials and to perform data collection and analysis. For example, three NBTXR3 clinical trials are currently being run by our collaboration partner, PharmaEngine, in Asia, and under our collaboration agreement with MD Anderson, one NBTXR3 clinical trial is currently being run by MD Anderson. MD Anderson is also expected to serve as the sponsor for the other eight clinical trials we expect to launch as part of that collaboration.
Our clinical trials conducted in reliance on third parties may be delayed, suspended, or terminated if:
⯀ | the third parties do not devote a sufficient amount of time or effort to our activities or otherwise fail to successfully carry out their contractual duties or to meet regulatory obligations or expected deadlines; |
⯀ | we replace a third party; or |
⯀ | the quality or accuracy of the data obtained by third parties is compromised due to their failure to adhere to clinical protocols, regulatory requirements, or for other reasons. |
We generally do not have the ability to control the performance of third parties in their conduct of clinical trials and data collection and analysis. Third-party performance failures may increase our development costs, delay our ability to obtain regulatory approval or successfully complete pre-marketing certification procedures, and delay or prevent the commercialization of our product candidates. In addition, our third-party agreements usually contain a clause limiting such third party’s liability, such that we may not be able to obtain full compensation for any losses we may incur in connection with the third party’s performance failures. Ultimately, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of this responsibility. While we believe that in many cases there are alternative sources to provide these services, in the event that we seek such alternative sources, we may not be able to enter into replacement arrangements without incurring delays or additional costs. Further, in the event of a default, bankruptcy or shutdown of, or a dispute with, a third party, we may be unable to enter into a new agreement with another third party on commercially acceptable terms.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
We have entered, and may in the future enter, into collaboration agreements with third parties for the development and commercialization of our product candidates, which may affect our ability to generate revenues.
We have limited capabilities for product development and may seek to enter into collaborations with third parties for the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. Should we seek to collaborate with a third party with respect to a prospective development program, we may not be able to locate a suitable collaborator and may not be able to enter into an agreement on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we succeed in securing collaborators for the development and commercialization of our product candidates, such as the arrangements we have entered into with PharmaEngine and MD Anderson, we have limited control over the amount and timing that our collaborators may dedicate to the development or commercialization of our product candidates. These collaborations pose a number of risks, including the following:
⯀ | collaborators may not have sufficient resources or decide not to devote the necessary resources due to internal constraints such as budget limitations, lack of human resources, or a change in strategic focus; |
⯀ | collaborators may believe our intellectual property is not valid or is unenforceable or the product candidate infringes on the intellectual property rights of others; |
⯀ | collaborators may dispute their responsibility to conduct development and commercialization activities pursuant to the applicable collaboration, including the payment of related costs or the division of any revenues; |
⯀ | collaborators may decide to pursue a competitive product developed outside of the collaboration arrangement; |
⯀ | collaborators may not be able to obtain, or believe they cannot obtain, the necessary regulatory approvals or certifications; or |
⯀ | collaborators may delay the development or commercialization of our product candidates in favor of developing or commercializing another party’s product candidate. |
Thus, collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of product candidates in the most efficient manner or at all.
We also face competition in seeking out collaborators. If we are unable to secure new collaborations that achieve the collaborator’s objectives and meet our expectations, we may be unable to advance our product candidates and may not generate meaningful revenues.
Risks Related to Obtaining Regulatory Approval or Certification for Our Product Candidates
Our business is governed by a rigorous, complex and evolving regulatory framework.
The development and commercialization of therapeutic solutions for cancer treatment are governed by a rigorous, complex and evolving global regulatory environment. Regulatory authorities, including the FDA in the United States, have imposed stringent requirements on the amount and types of data required to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of products prior to marketing and sale. Moreover, any products approved for commercialization are reassessed in terms of their patient risk/benefit ratio on a regular basis following initial approval or certification. The late discovery of issues or potential problems which were not detected during development and clinical trials can result in restrictions on sale, the suspension or withdrawal of the product from the market and an increased risk of litigation. Given that extensive global regulation has increased the cost of obtaining and maintaining the necessary marketing authorizations and the cost of successfully completing the necessary conformity assessment procedures, for therapeutic oncology solutions, and therefore may limit the economic value of a new product, the prospects for growth in this field, and for our product candidates, have been reduced.
In addition, clinical studies for our product candidates are subject to prior submission requirements to the relevant regulatory authorities of the countries in which the studies will be carried out. For example, in the United States, a clinical study may proceed once the FDA notifies the applicant that the study may proceed or after 30 days if the submission is not placed on hold by the FDA. A negative opinion from such a regulatory authority with respect to any of our clinical development programs could suspend or terminate such programs. Moreover, depending on the information provided to regulatory authorities during a clinical trial pursuant to ongoing reporting requirements, particularly about the occurrence of undesirable side effects, the regulatory authorities could decide to prematurely suspend or terminate the clinical trial.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NBTXR3 has been classified as a “Class III medical device” in the EU and as a “drug” in the United States. Independent certification organizations (“Notified Bodies”) designated by the national EU Member States, the FDA in the United States and comparable regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions must approve or certify the conformity of, as applicable, new drug or high risk medical device candidates before they can be commercialized, marketed, promoted or sold in those jurisdictions. We must provide these regulatory authorities with data from preclinical studies and clinical trials that demonstrate that our product candidates are safe and effective for a defined indication before they can be approved or certified for commercial distribution. We must provide data to ensure the strength, quality and purity of the substance and product. We must also assure the regulatory authorities that the characteristics and performance of the clinical batches will be replicated consistently in the commercial batches.
The competent authorities of EU Member States could reconsider the classification of NBTXR3 as a medical device in the EU and decide to reclassify it as a “drug.” If our product candidates were to be classified as drugs in the EU, their clinical development would become subject to a more complex regulatory framework and the development and commercialization process would therefore be longer and more costly than expected under the current medical device classification. In an effort to minimize the impact of a potential reclassification of our product candidates, we currently conduct our clinical trials in accordance with the regulatory framework required for product candidates designated as drugs.
If our product candidates are not approved for marketing by applicable government authorities or we fail to complete other applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements, we will be unable to commercialize them.
As of the date of this prospectus, we are primarily focusing our development and planned commercialization efforts on the EU and the United States, and to a lesser extent, Asia. Although we achieved a proof-of-concept in 2019 when we completed the regulatory process for the CE mark of NBTXR3, thereby allowing the product to be commercialized in the 27 EU countries for the treatment of locally advanced STS in the EU, we are now prioritizing the development of NBTXR3 in the United States and the EU for the treatment of head and neck cancers. We cannot assure you that NBTXR3, or any of our future product candidates, will receive approval from the FDA or any other regulatory authority, or will successfully complete conformity assessment procedures in the EU. Our April 2019 CE marking for Hensify® does not provide any assurance that additional NBTXR3 product candidates will successfully complete similar regulatory procedures. Even if we successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements for any of our product candidates in a major market such as the United States or the EU, we may never obtain approval or commercialize our products in other major markets, due to varying approval procedures or otherwise, which would limit our ability to realize their full market potential.
Several factors will determine whether we receive FDA approval or whether we successfully complete the conformity assessment procedures in the EU, including, but not limited to:
⯀ | our ability to continue to develop our product candidates currently in preliminary clinical phases and to move our products currently in preclinical development phase to a clinical phase or from one clinical phase to the next; |
⯀ | our ability, or the ability of a contracted third party, to successfully complete the clinical trials required by the set deadlines and with the human, technical and financial resources initially planned. |
In the event that we do not successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements for our product candidates established by the applicable authorities or bodies in our target jurisdictions, we will be unable to commercialize such candidates.
Government restrictions on pricing and reimbursement, as well as other healthcare payor cost-containment initiatives, may negatively impact our ability to generate revenues even if we successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements to market a product.
Our ability to commercialize any products successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from third-party payors, including government health administration authorities, private health insurers, health maintenance organizations and other organizations. Third-party payors determine which therapeutic treatments they will cover and establish reimbursement levels. Assuming we obtain coverage for a given product by a third-party payor, the resulting reimbursement payment rates may not be adequate or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high. Patients are unlikely to use our products unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover all or a significant portion of the cost of our products and the treatment associated with use of our products. Therefore, coverage and adequate reimbursement
TABLE OF CONTENTS
is critical to new product acceptance. Coverage decisions may depend upon clinical and economic standards that disfavor new drug products when more established or lower cost therapeutic alternatives are already available or subsequently become available.
Third-party payors are developing increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs, such as by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular therapeutic treatments. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that healthcare companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices as a condition of coverage, are deploying various techniques to leverage greater discounts in competitive classes, and are challenging the prices charged for therapeutic products. In addition, in the United States, federal programs impose penalties on drug manufacturers in the form of mandatory additional rebates and/or discounts if commercial prices increase at a rate greater than the Consumer Price Index-Urban, and these rebates and/or discounts, which can be substantial, may impact our ability to raise commercial prices. Further, no uniform policy requirement for coverage and reimbursement for drug products exists among third-party payors in the United States. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for drug products can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance.
The continuing efforts of third-party payors to contain or reduce costs of healthcare may negatively affect our commercialization prospects, including:
⯀ | our ability to set a price we believe is fair for our products, if approved; |
⯀ | our ability to obtain and maintain market acceptance by the medical community and patients; |
⯀ | our ability to generate revenues and achieve profitability; and |
⯀ | the availability of capital. |
We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for any potential product candidate that we may commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements. If coverage and reimbursement are not available or reimbursement is available only to limited levels, we may not successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements.
In the United States, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (collectively, the “ACA”) has significantly impacted, and will continue to impact, the provision of, and payment for, healthcare. Various provisions of the ACA were designed to expand Medicaid eligibility, subsidize insurance premiums, provide incentives for businesses to provide healthcare benefits, prohibit denials of coverage due to pre-existing conditions, establish health insurance exchanges, and provide additional support for medical research. With regard to therapeutic products specifically, the ACA, among other things, expanded and increased industry rebates for drugs covered under Medicaid programs and made changes to the coverage requirements under the Medicare prescription drug benefit.
Since its enactment there have been judicial and legislative challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, as well as efforts by the Trump administration to repeal or replace certain aspects of the ACA. In May 2018, the Trump Administration published its American Patients First proposal, which indicates its plans to investigate the ACA’s impact on private market drug prices and potentially alter the ACA taxes and rebates for Medicaid and Medicaid managed care organizations. On December 14, 2018, a federal judge for the Northern District of Texas, Fort Worth Division, issued a ruling declaring the ACA unconstitutional. On December 18, 2019, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed pertinent aspects of the decision but remanded to the Northern District of Texas the decision as to whether the remainder of the ACA is valid. It is unclear how this decision, subsequent appeals, and other efforts to repeal and replace the ACA will impact the ACA and ability to market any product candidates.
In addition to further judicial review of the ACA, the Trump administration and other United States federal and state officials are continuing to focus on the cost of health coverage, health care and pharmaceuticals although future policy or
TABLE OF CONTENTS
the timing of any changes remains unclear, creating significant risks for the sector. At the federal level, legislation like the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 amended the ACA, effective January 1, 2019, to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, and also increased in 2019 the percentage by which a drug manufacturer must discount the cost of prescription drugs from 50 percent under current law to 70 percent.
In addition, both the Budget Control Act of 2011 and the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (the “ATRA”), have instituted, among other things, mandatory reductions in Medicare payments to certain providers.
Further, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the costs of drugs under Medicare and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. Federal regulatory reform intended to reduce costs of drugs furnished under Medicare and Medicare Advantage plans through utilization management tools, like step therapy, and to increase price transparency for such drugs through the prohibition of gag clauses in pharmacy contracts became effective on January 1, 2020. Since 2017, at least nine states enacted and an additional 25 states proposed legislation which will require price transparency and reporting of certain manufacturer information. This trend is anticipated to continue, where legislation is expected regarding pricing transparency, marketing, access to drugs and other measures related to pricing. On January 31, 2019, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, proposed modifications to the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute discount safe harbor for the purpose of reducing the cost of drug products to consumers which, among other things, if finalized, will affect discounts paid by manufacturers to Medicare Part D plans, Medicaid managed care organizations and pharmacy benefit managers working with these organizations. Although a number of these, and other proposed measures may require authorization through additional legislation to become effective, Congress and the Trump administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. These legislative proposals and initiatives could harm our ability to market any product candidates and generate revenues.
We expect that the ACA, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and lower reimbursement, and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product candidate. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government-funded programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. Additionally, the United States market has been further consolidated by key private payor organizations. For instance, CVS-Aetna and Cigna-ESI mergers highlight the role of integrated payor arrangements, including PBMs, which impacts product access and affordability. Such market consolidation may further impact market pricing in the future (three PBMs now cover over 75% of the market resulting in significant negotiating power for commercial and Medicare Part D plans). Both government and commercial payors are aggressively pursuing and implementing cost containment tools designed to lower plan-level net costs. Further, the United States Congress continues to focus on pharmaceutical pricing with bipartisan support. While the United States House-passed legislation (H.R. 3) is unlikely to become law in 2020, given Senate Republican opposition, both Democrats and Republicans have prioritized legislative agendas and policies to enact reform that lowers out-of-pocket expenses so additional legislative focus from state and federal bodies is anticipated. The potential implementation of further pricing practice scrutiny and related cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our products. Moreover, we cannot predict what healthcare reform initiatives may be adopted in the future.
In some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a therapeutic product must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. In addition, in some foreign markets, the pricing of therapeutic products is subject to government control and reimbursement may in some cases be unavailable. The requirements governing pricing of therapeutic products vary widely from country to country. For example, the EU provides options for its Member States to restrict the range of therapeutic products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of therapeutic products for human use. A Member State may approve a specific price for the therapeutic product, may refuse to reimburse a product at the price set by the manufacturer or may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the therapeutic product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for therapeutic products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for NBTXR3 or any of our other product candidates that may be approved.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Historically, therapeutic products launched in the EU do not follow price structures of the United States and generally tend to have significantly lower prices.
The scope and nature of pricing controls vary country to country, but common themes include the following: reference pricing, systematic price reduction, formularies, volume limitations, patient copayment limitations, and generic substitution. In the United States and internationally, we believe that pricing pressures at multiple levels of government, including third party review of pricing practices, will continue and may increase, which may make it difficult for us to sell our potential product candidates that may be approved in the future at a price acceptable to us or any third parties with whom we may choose to collaborate.
Even if we successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements for the commercialization of our product candidates, the terms of approvals or certifications and ongoing regulation of our products may limit how we market our products, which could materially impair our ability to generate revenues.
Even if we successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements for the commercialization of a product candidate, the resulting approval or certification may carry conditions that limit the market for the product or put the product at a competitive disadvantage relative to alternative therapies. For instance, a regulatory approval may limit the indicated uses for which we can market a product or the patient population that may utilize the product.
These restrictions could make it more difficult to market the product effectively. Accordingly, assuming we successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements for the commercialization of any of our product candidates, we will continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance.
A Fast Track designation by the FDA may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive regulatory approval.
In February 2020, the FDA granted Fast Track designation for NBTXR3 activated by radiation therapy, with or without cetuximab, for the treatment of patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer who are not eligible for platinum-based chemotherapy. If a product is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition and the product demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for that condition, the product sponsor may apply for FDA Fast Track designation. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant this designation. Even though we have received Fast Track designation for NBTXR3, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may withdraw a Fast Track designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Many products that have received Fast Track designation have failed to obtain approval from the FDA.
A Breakthrough Therapy designation by the FDA, even if granted for any of our product candidates, may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive regulatory approval.
We do not currently have Breakthrough Therapy designation for any of our product candidates but may seek it in the future. A Breakthrough Therapy is defined as a product that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other products, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For products that have been designated as Breakthrough Therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor can help to identify the most efficient path for development.
Designation as a Breakthrough Therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe, after completing early clinical trials, that one of our product candidates meets the criteria for designation as a Breakthrough Therapy, the FDA may disagree and instead decide not to grant that designation. In any event, the receipt of a Breakthrough Therapy designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to products considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if one or more of our product candidates qualify as Breakthrough Therapies, the FDA may later decide that such product candidates no longer meet the conditions for qualification.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Risks Related to the Production and Manufacturing of Our Product Candidates
We may not have access to the raw materials and other components necessary for the manufacturing of our product candidates.
We are dependent on third parties for the supply of various materials that are necessary to produce our product candidates for clinical trials. See “Business—Manufacturing.” Although we have entered into agreements related to the supply of the raw materials used in the manufacturing of our nanoparticles, the supply could be reduced or interrupted at any time. In such case, we may not be able to find other suppliers of acceptable materials in appropriate quantities at an acceptable cost. If we lose key suppliers or the supply of materials is diminished or discontinued, or in the event of a major or international crisis impacting mining or the extraction of minerals in certain regions, we may not be able to continue to develop, manufacture and market our product candidates or products in a timely and competitive manner. In addition, these materials are subject to stringent manufacturing processes and rigorous testing. Delays in the completion and validation of facilities and manufacturing processes of these materials could adversely affect our ability to complete trials and commercialize our products in a cost-effective and timely manner. If we encounter difficulties in the supply of these materials, chemicals or other necessary products, or if we were not able to maintain our supply agreements or establish new supply agreements in the future, or incur increased production costs as a result of any of the foregoing, our product development and our business prospects could be significantly compromised.
In 2017, we opened our own manufacturing site near Paris that we expect will allow us to expand our production capacity to more than 200,000 doses of NBTXR3 per year—an amount that we believe will be sufficient for our current and contemplated clinical trials. However, we have not yet manufactured significant doses of NBTXR3 at this scale and may never be successful in developing manufacturing capabilities sufficient to meet our clinical trial needs. Moreover, we may have more limited access to raw materials and other components necessary for the manufacturing of our product candidates than third-party manufacturers, who may have more established relationships with suppliers, greater financial resources than us, and/or the ability to leverage purchasing scale for more efficient pricing of raw materials. Our manufacturing facilities could be affected by cost-overruns, unexpected delays, equipment failures, labor shortages, natural disasters, power failures, regulatory issues and numerous other factors that could prevent us from realizing the intended benefits of our manufacturing strategy and have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our manufacturing facilities as well as our subcontractor’s manufacturing facilities are subject to significant government regulations and approvals. If we or our third-party manufacturers fail to comply with these regulations or maintain these approvals, our business will be materially harmed.
We contract the production of NBTXR3 for use in clinical trials to high-precision manufacturing partners. In addition, in 2017 we expanded our own manufacturing capabilities by opening an internal research and innovation center facility just outside of Paris, France. We and our third-party manufacturers are subject to ongoing regulation and periodic inspection by the national competent authorities of the EU Member States, FDA and other regulatory bodies to ensure current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) and international organization for standards (“ISO”) compliance, as applicable. Any failure to follow and document our or their adherence to such cGMP regulations or other regulatory requirements may lead to significant delays in the availability of products for commercial sale or clinical trials, may result in the termination of or a hold on a clinical trial, or may delay or prevent filing or approval of marketing applications or the completion of pre-marketing certification procedures, as applicable, for our products.
Failure to comply with applicable regulations could also result in the FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities taking, or causing to be taken, various actions, including:
⯀ | levying fines and other civil penalties; |
⯀ | imposing consent decrees or injunctions; |
⯀ | requiring us to suspend or put on hold one or more of our clinical trials; |
⯀ | suspending or withdrawing regulatory approvals or certifications; |
⯀ | delaying or refusing to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications; |
⯀ | requiring us to suspend manufacturing activities or product sales, imports or exports; |
⯀ | requiring us to communicate with physicians, hospitals and other stakeholders about concerns related to actual or potential safety, efficacy, and other issues involving our products; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | ordering or requiring product recalls or seizing products; |
⯀ | imposing operating restrictions; and |
⯀ | seeking criminal prosecutions. |
Any of the foregoing actions could be detrimental to our reputation, business, financial condition or operating results. Furthermore, our key suppliers may not continue to be in compliance with all applicable regulatory requirements, which could result in our failure to produce our products on a timely basis and in the required quantities, if at all. In addition, before any products would be considered for marketing in the United States, the EU or elsewhere, our suppliers will have to pass an audit by the applicable regulatory agencies. We are dependent on our suppliers’ cooperation and ability to pass such audits, and the audits and any audit remediation may be costly. Failure to pass such audits by us or any of our suppliers would affect our ability to commercialize our product candidates in the United States, the EU or elsewhere.
Risks Related to the Commercialization of Our Product Candidates
The commercial success of our products is not guaranteed.
To date, we have the right to CE mark, and therefore to commercialize, on an accelerated basis, only one of our product candidates, Hensify®, the brand name for NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced STS. This does not mean any of our other product candidates will receive approval for commercialization or that Hensify® will receive approval for commercialization in any other jurisdictions. In addition, even though we received approval for Hensify® and even if we receive additional approvals to commercialize any of our product candidates in the EU, the United States or elsewhere, we will need to gain the approval of the medical community, care prescribers and third party payors in order to achieve commercial success. Despite the fact that we have successfully completed all the regulatory steps allowing us to commercialize Hensify® in Europe, we have not yet undertaken any commercialization activities. Following evaluation of the results from Studies 102 and 312, we intend to undertake a strategic review and to determine where we believe we are best positioned to pursue commercialization, including our commercialization strategy with respect to Hensify®.
Even if the medical community accepts a product as safe and efficacious for its indicated use, physicians may choose to restrict the use of the product if we are unable to demonstrate that, based on experience, clinical data, side-effect profiles and other factors, our product is preferable to any alternative treatment methods. We cannot predict the degree of market acceptance of any product candidate that successfully completes applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements, which will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to:
⯀ | the perceived therapeutic benefit of the product by care prescribers; |
⯀ | the potential occurrence of unanticipated or harmful side effects; |
⯀ | the ease of integration of the product in current care/treatment processes; |
⯀ | the advantages and disadvantages of the product compared to existing or alternative treatments; |
⯀ | the ability of physicians to correctly and effectively administer our product to patients; |
⯀ | the cost of treatment, and coverage and reimbursement policies of third-party payors, including government payors, pertaining to the product; |
⯀ | our ability to educate the medical community about the safety and effectiveness of the product; |
⯀ | support from the medical community in the oncology field; and |
⯀ | the development of one or more competing products for the same oncological indication. |
Even if our products are able to improve current therapeutic responses, poor market penetration, resulting from one or more of the factors listed above, could have a negative impact on our business prospects. Other product solutions which directly or indirectly compete with our products could also hinder our development efforts or render our products obsolete. Similarly, to the extent a cancer treatment method is shown to be more effective than, or were to displace, radiotherapy, our business would be adversely affected. Despite our best efforts, we cannot guarantee that the clinical development of our product candidates will result in successful completion of applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements for commercialization, or that even if we do complete such requirements, that our products will be accepted by the market and experience commercial success.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Even if we successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidates, those candidates may not be commercialized successfully for other reasons.
Even if we successfully complete clinical trials for one or more of our product candidates and complete relevant regulatory requirements, those candidates may not be commercialized for other reasons, including:
⯀ | failing to receive regulatory clearances required to market them as drugs or medical devices, as applicable; |
⯀ | being subject to proprietary rights held by others; |
⯀ | failing to obtain clearance from regulatory authorities for the manufacturing of our products; |
⯀ | being difficult or expensive to manufacture on a commercial scale; |
⯀ | having adverse side effects that make their use less desirable; |
⯀ | failing to compete effectively with products or treatments commercialized by competitors; |
⯀ | failing to show that the long-term benefits of our products exceed their risks; |
⯀ | changes to our overall development priorities; or |
⯀ | shifting our commercialization strategy based upon our view that the market no longer supports commercialization of a particular product candidate or for a particular indication. |
Any of our product candidates for which we obtain authorization for commercialization could be subject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market, and we may be subject to substantial penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with our products following approval.
Any of our product candidates for which we successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements for commercialization, such as CE marking for NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced STS in the EU, as well as the manufacturing processes, post-approval studies and measures, and labeling and promotional activities for such products, among other things, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the Notified Body and national competent authorities of EU Member States, FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. Even if we successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements for a product candidate, the resulting approval or certification, as applicable, may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, including an FDA requirement to implement a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy to ensure that the benefits of a drug product outweigh its risks.
The FDA, and other regulatory bodies, may also impose requirements for costly post-marketing studies or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of a product, such as long term observational studies. The FDA and other U.S. agencies, including the U.S. Department of Justice, closely regulate and monitor the post-approval marketing and promotion of therapeutic products to ensure that they are manufactured, marketed and distributed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The national competent authorities of EU Member States and FDA impose stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use and if we do not limit the marketing of any of our product candidates to their approved indications, we may be subject to warnings or enforcement action for off-label marketing. Similarly, we cannot promote our products before completion of applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements. Violation of the U.S. Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and other related statutes, may lead to investigations or allegations of violations of federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws and state consumer protection laws.
If we are unable to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for our product candidates, whether it be an internal infrastructure or an arrangement with a commercial partner, we may not be successful in commercializing those product candidates if and when they are approved or duly CE marked.
We do not currently have a sales or marketing infrastructure and have no experience in the sale, marketing or distribution of drug or medical device products. We are currently prioritizing the development of NBTXR3 in the United States and the EU for the treatment of head and neck cancers. At such time as we pursue commercial sales with respect to an approved product candidate, we will have to quickly transition some of our resources and attention to marketing and developing a sales force, either internally or in coordination with strategic partners. We may enter into arrangements with
TABLE OF CONTENTS
partners for future marketing needs with respect to certain of our products, while also implementing our own sales and marketing organization with respect to other products. Such partners may not attain goals specified in agreements we enter into with them (including, for example, goals related to the timing of product commercialization, amount of sales and payment of milestones and royalties). There are risks involved with establishing our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time-consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.
Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize products on our own include:
⯀ | our inability to recruit, train, manage, motivate and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel; |
⯀ | the failure of an adequate number of physicians to adopt any future products as part of treatment; and |
⯀ | unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization. |
If we are unable to establish our own sales, marketing and distribution capabilities and enter into arrangements with third parties to perform these services, our revenue and our profitability, if any, are likely to be lower than if we were to sell, market and distribute any products that we develop ourselves.
Risks Related to Human Capital Management
We will need to develop and expand our company, and we may encounter difficulties in managing this development and expansion, which could disrupt our operations.
As of June 30, 2020, we had 98 full-time employees and we expect to increase our number of employees and expand the scope and location of our operations. In addition, as a U.S. public company following the offering, we will incur substantial additional legal, accounting and other expenses to comply with applicable SEC, Nasdaq and other rules and regulations. To manage our anticipated development, expansion and incurrence of additional expenses, including the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Members of our management team may need to divert a disproportionate amount of their attention away from their day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these development activities. Due to our limited resources, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. This may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. The physical expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of our product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our expected development and expansion, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate or increase our revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage the future development and expansion of our company.
We depend on key management personnel and attracting and retaining other qualified personnel, and our business could be harmed if we lose key management personnel or cannot attract and retain other qualified personnel.
Our success depends to a significant degree upon the technical skills and continued service of certain members of our management team, particularly Laurent Levy, Ph.D., our Chief Executive Officer. The loss of the services of any member of our management team could have a material adverse effect on us.
Our success will also depend upon our ability to attract and retain additional qualified management, regulatory, technical, and sales and marketing executives and personnel. The failure to attract, integrate, motivate, and retain additional skilled and qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business. We compete for such personnel against numerous companies, including larger, more established companies with significantly greater financial resources than we possess. In addition, failure to succeed in our product candidates’ development may make it more
TABLE OF CONTENTS
challenging to recruit and retain qualified personnel. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in attracting or retaining such personnel and the failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Being a U.S. public company requires significant resources and management attention and may affect our ability to attract and retain executive management and qualified supervisory board members.
As a U.S. public company following the offering, we will incur legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not previously incur. We will be subject to the Exchange Act, including the reporting requirements thereunder, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Nasdaq corporate governance requirements and other applicable securities laws, rules and regulations. Compliance with these laws, rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources, particularly after we are no longer an emerging growth company.
Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we will be required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting, including an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. However, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include this attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. When our independent registered public accounting firm is required to undertake an assessment of our internal control over financial reporting, the cost of complying with Section 404 will significantly increase and management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. We may need to hire more employees in the future or engage outside consultants to comply with these requirements, which will further increase our costs and expenses. If we fail to implement the requirements of Section 404 in the required timeframe, we may be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities, including the SEC and Nasdaq. Furthermore, if we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our ADSs could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities. Failure to implement or maintain effective internal control systems required of public companies could also restrict our future access to the capital markets. In addition, enhanced legal and regulatory regimes and heightened standards relating to corporate governance and disclosure for public companies result in increased legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time consuming.
Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including violating applicable regulatory standards and requirements or engaging in insider trading, which could significantly harm our business.
We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with legal requirements or the requirements of the CMS, national competent authorities of EU Member States, FDA and other government regulators, provide accurate information to applicable government authorities, comply with fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of, including trading on, information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. In connection with the offering, we intend to adopt a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may be ineffective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, possible exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and oversight if subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could substantially disrupt our operations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Risks Related to Operational Compliance and Risk Management
We use hazardous chemicals in our business. Any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time-consuming and costly.
Our research and development processes involve the controlled storage, handling, use and processing of hazardous materials (notably radioactive substances), including toxins and chemical agents. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or discharge and any resultant injury from these materials. We may be sued for any injury or contamination that results from our use or the use by third parties of these materials, and our liability may exceed any insurance coverage and our total assets. EU and U.S. federal, state, local or other foreign laws and regulations govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials and specified waste products, as well as the discharge of pollutants into the environment and human health and safety matters. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may be expensive and may impair our research and development efforts. If we fail to comply with these requirements, we could incur substantial costs, including civil or criminal fines and penalties, clean-up costs or capital expenditures for control equipment or operational changes necessary to achieve and maintain compliance. In addition, we cannot predict the impact on our business of new or amended environmental laws or regulations or any changes in the way existing and future laws and regulations are interpreted and enforced.
Product liability and other lawsuits could divert our resources, result in substantial liabilities and reduce the commercial potential of our product candidates.
The risk that we may be sued on product liability claims is inherent in the development and commercialization of therapeutic products. Side effects of, manufacturing defects in, or improper physician administration of, products that we develop could result in the deterioration of a patient’s condition, injury or even death. For example, our liability could be sought after by patients participating in clinical trials due to unexpected side effects resulting from the administration of our products. Once a product successfully completes applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements and is commercialized, the likelihood of product liability lawsuits increases. Criminal or civil proceedings might be filed against us by patients, physicians, regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical companies and any other third party using or marketing our products. These actions could include claims resulting from acts by our collaboration partners, potential licensees and subcontractors, over which we have little or no control. These lawsuits may divert our management from pursuing our business strategy and may be costly to defend. In addition, if we are held liable in any of these lawsuits, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be forced to limit or forgo further commercialization of the affected products. Any such adverse outcomes in future legal proceedings could also damage our market reputation which could in turn have an adverse effect on our ability to commercialize our products successfully.
We maintain product liability insurance coverage for our clinical trials at levels which we believe are appropriate for our clinical trials. Nevertheless, our insurance coverage may be insufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. In addition, in the future, we may not be able to obtain or maintain sufficient insurance coverage at an acceptable cost or to otherwise protect against potential product or other legal or administrative liability claims by us or our collaboration partners, licensees or subcontractors, which could prevent or inhibit the commercial production and sale of any of our product candidates that complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements.
We are subject to healthcare laws and regulations which may require substantial compliance efforts and could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings, among other penalties.
Healthcare providers, physicians and others will play a primary role in the recommendation, and the incorporation into treatment regimes, of our products, if approved and duly CE-marked. Our business operations in the United States and our arrangements with clinical investigators, healthcare providers, consultants, third-party payors and patients expose us to broadly applicable federal and state fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws. These laws may impact, among other things, our research, proposed sales, marketing and education programs of our product candidates that successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements. Restrictions under applicable U.S. federal, state and foreign healthcare laws and regulations include, but are not limited to, the following:
⯀ | the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, including any kickback, bribe or rebate, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of, any item, good, facility or service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | U.S. federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalties laws, including the civil False Claims Act, which can be enforced by individuals through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, which prohibit individuals or entities from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease, or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government; |
⯀ | the U.S. federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), which created additional federal criminal statutes which prohibits, among other things, executing or attempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or knowingly and willingly falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making false statements relating to healthcare matters; |
⯀ | HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, and their implementing regulations, which impose certain requirements on covered entities, including certain healthcare providers, health plans and healthcare clearinghouses, and their business associates, individuals and entities that perform functions or activities that involve individually identifiable health information on behalf of covered entities, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information; |
⯀ | the laws and regulations relating to the protection of personal data, and in particular Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of April 27, 2016, or the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR“), which imposes strict requirements on activities that involve the processing of “personal data” (i.e., any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person), as well as any national implementing law. For example, the GDPR requires the following: data processing activities must be justified by a legal basis, data subjects must be informed of the characteristics of the processing of their personal data, adequate security measures must be implemented, contractual relationships with data processors and transfers of personal data outside of the EU must be formalized and performed in compliance with data protection rules, data controllers must hold and maintain up to date records of data processing activities, data privacy impact assessments must be performed under certain circumstances, personal data breaches must be notified, etc. In 2019, a GDPR gap analysis was carried out by external experts on our behalf and we are in the process of implementing the most critical actions suggested to us to be taken; |
⯀ | U.S. federal transparency requirements under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, enacted as part of the ACA, that require applicable manufacturers of covered drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to track and annually report to CMS payments and other transfers of value provided to physicians and teaching hospitals, and certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians or their immediate family members; and |
⯀ | analogous state or foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers, state marketing and/or transparency laws applicable to manufacturers that may be broader in scope than the federal requirements, state laws that require biopharmaceutical companies to comply with the biopharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government, state and local laws that require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives, and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect as HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. |
Ensuring that our business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will likely be costly. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, possible exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could substantially disrupt our operations. If the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business
TABLE OF CONTENTS
are found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.
Risks Related to Intellectual Property
Our ability to compete may decline if we do not adequately protect our intellectual property proprietary rights.
Our commercial success depends, in part, on obtaining and maintaining proprietary rights to our and our licensors’ intellectual property as well as successfully defending these rights against third-party challenges. We will only be able to protect our products, product candidates, processes and technologies from unauthorized use by third parties to the extent that valid and enforceable patents, or effectively protected trade secrets, cover them. Our ability to obtain patent protection for our products, product candidates, processes and technologies is uncertain due to a number of factors, including:
⯀ | we or our licensors may not have been the first to invent the technology covered by our or their pending patent applications or issued patents; |
⯀ | we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to file patent applications covering our products, product candidates, processes or technologies, as patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing; |
⯀ | others may independently develop identical, similar or alternative products, product candidates, processes and technologies; |
⯀ | the disclosures in our or our licensors’ patent applications may not be sufficient to meet the statutory requirements for patentability; |
⯀ | any or all of our or our licensors’ pending patent applications may not result in issued patents; |
⯀ | we or our licensors may not seek or obtain patent protection in countries or jurisdictions that may eventually provide us a significant business opportunity; |
⯀ | any patents issued to us or our licensors may not provide a basis for commercially viable products, product candidates, processes and technologies, may not provide any competitive advantages, or may be successfully challenged by third parties, which may result in our or our licensors’ patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable; |
⯀ | our or our licensors’ products, product candidates, processes and technologies may not be patentable; |
⯀ | others may design around our or our licensors’ patent claims to produce competitive products, product candidates, processes and technologies that fall outside of the scope of our or our licensors’ patents; |
⯀ | others may identify prior art or other bases upon which to challenge and ultimately invalidate our or our licensors’ patents or otherwise render them unenforceable; and |
⯀ | our employees may claim intellectual property rights over, or demand remuneration with respect to, inventions they helped to develop. |
Even if we have or obtain patents covering our products, product candidates, processes and technologies, we may still be barred from making, using and selling our products, product candidates, processes and technologies because of the patent rights of others. Others may have filed, and in the future may file, patent applications covering products, product candidates, processes or technologies that are similar or identical to ours. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications owned by others exist in the cancer treatment field in which we are developing products. These could materially affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates or sell our products if approved. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications unknown to us that may later result in issued patents that our products, product candidates, processes or technologies may infringe. These patent applications may have priority over patent applications filed by us or our licensors. Patent applications in France are only published 18 months after their priority date. In the United States, some patent applications are not published until the grant of the patent itself.
Obtaining and maintaining a patent portfolio entails significant expense and resources. Part of the expense includes periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees, various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications
TABLE OF CONTENTS
due over the course of several stages over the lifetime of patents and/or applications, as well as the cost associated with complying with numerous procedural provisions during the patent application process. We or our licensors may or may not choose to pursue or maintain protection for particular inventions. In addition, there are situations in which failure to make certain payments or noncompliance with certain requirements in the patent process can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. If we choose to forgo patent protection or allow a patent application or patent to lapse purposefully or inadvertently, our competitive position could suffer.
Legal actions to enforce our patent rights can be expensive and may involve the diversion of significant management time. In addition, these legal actions could be unsuccessful and could also result in the invalidation of our patents or a finding that they are unenforceable. We may or may not choose to pursue litigation or other actions against those that have infringed on our patents, or used them without authorization, due to the associated expense and time commitment of monitoring these activities. If we fail to protect or to enforce our intellectual property rights successfully, our competitive position could suffer, which could harm our results of operations.
In addition to patent protection, because we operate in the highly technical field of the development of therapies using nanotechnology, we rely in part on trade secret protection in order to protect our proprietary technology and processes. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary technologies will be effective. We cannot guarantee that our trade secrets and other proprietary and confidential information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets. We enter into non-disclosure agreements with our employees, consultants, outside collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors. These agreements generally require that the other party keep confidential and not disclose to third parties all confidential information developed by the party or made known to the party by us during the course of the party’s relationship with us. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. These agreements also generally provide that inventions conceived by the party in the course of rendering services to us will be our exclusive property. However, these agreements may be breached or held unenforceable and may not effectively assign intellectual property rights to us. In particular, such parties may enter into other agreements with third parties and we would have no control over such contractual relationships and how they protect our confidential information.
In addition to contractual measures, we try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information using physical and technological security measures. Such measures may not provide adequate protection for our proprietary information. For example, our security measures may not prevent an employee or consultant with authorized access from misappropriating our trade secrets and providing them to a competitor, and the recourse we have available against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets. Furthermore, our proprietary information may be independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. If any of our confidential or proprietary information, including our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any such information was independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position could be harmed and our business could be materially and adversely affected.
Patents and patent applications involve highly complex legal and factual questions, which, if determined adversely to us, could negatively impact our competitive position.
The patent positions of companies developing oncology therapeutic solutions, including pharmaceutical and nanomedicine companies and other actors in our fields of business, can be highly uncertain and typically involve complex scientific, legal and factual analyses. In particular, the interpretation and breadth of claims allowed in some patents covering therapeutic compositions may be uncertain and difficult to determine, and are often affected materially by the facts and circumstances that pertain to the patented compositions and the related patent claims. The standards of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “USPTO”) and foreign patent offices are sometimes uncertain and could change in the future. Consequently, the issuance and scope of patents cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, invalidated, narrowed or circumvented. U.S. patents and patent applications may also be subject to interference proceedings, and U.S. patents may be subject to reexamination proceedings, post-grant review, inter partes review, or other administrative proceedings in the USPTO. Foreign patents as well may be subject to
TABLE OF CONTENTS
opposition or comparable proceedings in corresponding foreign patent offices. Challenges to our or our licensors’ patents and patent applications, if successful, may result in the denial of our or our licensors’ patent applications or the loss or reduction in their scope. In addition, such interference, reexamination, post-grant review, inter partes review, opposition proceedings and other administrative proceedings may be costly and involve the diversion of significant management time. Accordingly, rights under any of our or our licensors’ patents may not provide us with sufficient protection against competitive products or processes and any loss, denial or reduction in scope of any of such patents and patent applications may have a material adverse effect on our business.
Furthermore, even if not challenged, our or our licensors’ patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our product candidates, processes or technologies or prevent others from designing their products or technology to avoid being covered by our or our licensors’ patent claims. If the breadth or strength of protection provided by the patents we own or license with respect to our products, product candidates, processes or technologies is threatened, it could dissuade companies from partnering with us to develop, and could threaten our ability to successfully commercialize, our product candidates, processes and technologies. Furthermore, for U.S. patent applications in which claims are entitled to a priority date before March 16, 2013, an interference proceeding can be provoked by a third party or instituted by the USPTO in order to determine who was the first to invent any of the subject matter covered by such patent claims.
In addition, changes in, or different interpretations of, patent laws in the United States and other countries may permit others to use our discoveries or to develop and commercialize our products, product candidates, processes and technologies without providing any notice or compensation to us, or may limit the scope of patent protection that we or our licensors are able to obtain. The laws of some countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as U.S. laws and those countries may lack adequate rules and procedures for defending our intellectual property rights.
If we or our licensors fail to obtain and maintain patent protection and trade secret protection of our products, product candidates, processes and technologies, we could lose our competitive advantage and competition we face would increase, potentially reducing revenues and having a material adverse effect on our business.
The lives of our patents may not be sufficient to effectively protect our products and business.
Patents have a limited lifespan. Individual patent terms extend for varying periods of time, depending upon the date of filing of the patent application, the date of patent issuance, and the legal term of patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after its first effective filing date. In addition, although upon issuance in the United States a patent’s life can be increased based on certain delays caused by the USPTO, this increase can be reduced or eliminated based on certain delays caused by the patent applicant during patent prosecution. However, the actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a product-by-product basis, from country-to-country, and depends upon many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country, and the validity and enforceability of the patent. If we or our licensors do not have sufficient patent life to protect our products, processes and technologies, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected.
If we do not obtain protection under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments and similar non-U.S. legislation for extending the term of patents covering each of our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.
Depending upon the timing, duration and conditions of FDA marketing approval of our product candidates, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent term extension of up to five years for a patent covering an approved product as compensation for effective patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, we may not receive an extension if we fail to apply within applicable deadlines, fail to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise fail to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the length of the extension could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or the term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we can enforce our patent rights for that product will be shortened and our competitors may obtain approval to market competing products sooner. As a result, our revenue from applicable products could be reduced, possibly materially.
We will not seek to protect our intellectual property rights in all jurisdictions throughout the world and we may not be able to adequately enforce our intellectual property rights even in the jurisdictions where we seek protection.
Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on our products, product candidates, processes and technologies in all countries and jurisdictions throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in
TABLE OF CONTENTS
some countries outside the United States could be less extensive than those in the United States, assuming that rights are obtained in the United States. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we or our licensors do not pursue and obtain patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we or our licensors have patent protection, but where the ability to enforce our or our licensors’ patent rights is not as strong as in the United States. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent such competition. Even if we pursue and obtain issued patents in particular jurisdictions, our patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent third parties from so competing.
In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the federal and state laws in the United States. Patent protection must be sought on a country-by-country basis, which is an expensive and time-consuming process with uncertain outcomes. Accordingly, we and our licensors may choose not to seek patent protection in certain countries, and we will not have the benefit of patent protection in such countries. In addition, the legal systems of some countries, particularly developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, especially those relating to novel therapeutic products or techniques, and the requirements for patentability differ, in varying degrees, from country to country, and the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights, including trade secrets, to the same extent as federal and state laws of the United States. As a result, many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. Such issues may make it difficult for us to stop the infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our other intellectual property rights. For example, many foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against third parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, patents may provide limited or no benefit. In those countries, we and our licensors may have limited remedies if patents are infringed or if we or our licensors are compelled to grant a license to a third party, which could materially diminish the value of those patents. This could limit our potential revenue opportunities. Accordingly, our and our licensors’ efforts to enforce intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we own or license. Similarly, if our trade secrets are disclosed in a foreign jurisdiction, competitors worldwide could have access to our proprietary information and we may be without satisfactory recourse. Such disclosure could have a material adverse effect on our business. Moreover, our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights may be adversely affected by unforeseen changes in foreign intellectual property laws.
Furthermore, proceedings to enforce our licensors’ and our patent rights and other intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our or our licensors’ patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, could put our or our licensors’ patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us or our licensors. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded to us, if any, may not be commercially meaningful, while the damages and other remedies we may be ordered to pay such third parties may be significant. In addition, changes in the law and legal decisions by courts in the United States and foreign countries may affect our ability to obtain adequate protection for our technology and the enforcement of intellectual property. Accordingly, our licensors’ and our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.
Third parties may assert ownership or commercial rights to inventions we develop or otherwise regard as our own.
Third parties may in the future make claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our or our licensors’ intellectual property. We have written agreements with collaborators that provide for the ownership of intellectual property arising from our collaborations. These agreements provide that we must negotiate certain commercial rights with such collaborators with respect to joint inventions or inventions made by our collaborators that arise from the results of the collaboration. In some instances, there may not be adequate written provisions to address clearly the resolution of intellectual property rights that may arise from a collaboration. If we cannot successfully negotiate sufficient ownership and commercial rights to the inventions that result from our use of a third-party collaborator’s materials where required, or if disputes otherwise arise with respect to the intellectual property developed through a collaboration, we may be limited in our ability to capitalize on the full market potential of these inventions. In addition, we may face claims by third parties that our agreements with employees, contractors or consultants obligating them to assign intellectual property to us are ineffective, or in conflict with prior or competing contractual obligations of assignment, which could
TABLE OF CONTENTS
result in ownership disputes regarding intellectual property we have developed or will develop and could interfere with our ability to capture the full commercial value of such inventions. Litigation may be necessary to resolve an ownership dispute, and if we are not successful, we may be precluded from using certain intellectual property and associated products, product candidates, processes and technologies, or may lose our rights in that intellectual property. Either outcome could have an adverse impact on our business.
Third parties may assert that our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets.
We currently employ, and in the future may employ, individuals who were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology, pharmaceutical or nanomedicine companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel or damage our reputation. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.
A dispute concerning the infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property rights or the intellectual property rights of others could be time-consuming and costly, and an unfavorable outcome could harm our business.
There is significant litigation in the fields of pharmaceutical and medical device development regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. While we are not currently subject to any pending intellectual property litigation, and are not aware of any such threatened litigation, we may be exposed to future litigation by third parties based on claims that our products, product candidates, processes, technologies or activities infringe the intellectual property rights of others. If our development activities are found to infringe any such patents, we may have to pay significant damages or seek licenses to such patents. A patentee could prevent us from using the patented drugs or compositions. We may need to resort to litigation to enforce a patent issued to us, to protect our trade secrets, or to determine the scope and validity of third-party proprietary rights. From time to time, we may hire scientific personnel or consultants formerly employed by other companies involved in one or more areas similar to the activities conducted by us. Either we or these individuals may be subject to allegations of trade secret misappropriation or other similar claims as a result of prior affiliations. If we become involved in litigation, it could consume a substantial portion of our managerial and financial resources, regardless of whether we win or lose. We may not be able to afford the costs of litigation. Any adverse ruling or perception of an adverse ruling in defending ourselves against these claims could have a negative impact on our cash position. Any legal action against us or our collaborators could lead to:
⯀ | payment of damages, potentially treble damages, if we are found to have willfully infringed a party’s patent rights; |
⯀ | injunctive or other equitable relief that may effectively block our ability to further develop, commercialize, and sell products; or |
⯀ | us or our collaborators having to enter into license arrangements that may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. |
Any of these outcomes could hurt our cash position and financial condition and our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates.
If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.
Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names or may be forced to stop using these names and trademarks, which we need to build name recognition by potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. If we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Risks Related to the Offering and Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares and ADSs
An active trading market for our ADSs may not develop, and the market price for our ADSs may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance.
Prior to the completion of the offering, while our ordinary shares have been traded on Euronext Paris since October 2012, there has been no public market on a U.S. national securities exchange for the ADSs or our ordinary shares in the United States. An active trading market for our ADSs may never develop or be sustained following the U.S. offering. If an active trading market does not develop, you may have difficulty selling your ADSs at an attractive price, or at all. The price for our ADSs in the U.S. offering will be determined by negotiations among us and representatives of the underwriters, and it may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the open market after the offering. Consequently, you may not be able to sell your ADSs at or above the initial public offering price or at any other price or at the time that you would like to sell. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling our ADSs, and it may impair our ability to attract and motivate our employees through equity incentive awards and our ability to acquire other companies, products or technologies by using our ADSs as consideration.
The market price of our equity securities may fluctuate substantially.
You should consider an investment in our ordinary shares or ADSs to be risky, and you should invest in our ordinary shares or ADSs only if you can withstand a significant loss and wide fluctuations in the market value of your investment. Some factors that may cause the market price of our ordinary shares or ADSs to fluctuate, in addition to the other risks mentioned in this section of the prospectus, are:
⯀ | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results; |
⯀ | our failure to develop and commercialize our product candidates; |
⯀ | our failure to achieve our projected product candidate development and commercialization goals in our expected or announced timeframes; |
⯀ | actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors; |
⯀ | competition from existing products or new products that may emerge; |
⯀ | announcements by us, our collaborators or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, collaborations or capital commitments; |
⯀ | the imposition of regulatory requirements on any of our products or product candidates; |
⯀ | failure to meet or exceed financial estimates and projections of the investment community or that we provide to the public; |
⯀ | issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts; |
⯀ | fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us; |
⯀ | share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares (such as fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the euro that may result in temporary differences between the value of our ADSs and the value of our ordinary shares, which may result in heavy trading by investors seeking to exploit such differences); |
⯀ | additions or departures of key management or scientific personnel; |
⯀ | lawsuits threatened or filed against us, disputes or other developments related to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters, and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies; |
⯀ | changes to coverage policies or reimbursement levels by commercial third-party payors and government payors and any announcements relating to coverage policies or reimbursement levels; |
⯀ | announcement or expectation of additional debt or equity financing efforts; |
⯀ | sales of our ordinary shares or ADSs by us, our insiders or our other shareholders; and |
⯀ | general economic and market conditions. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
These and other market and industry factors may cause the market price and demand for our ordinary shares and ADSs to fluctuate substantially, regardless of our actual operating performance, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their ordinary shares or ADSs and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of the trading market for the ordinary shares and ADSs. In addition, the stock market in general, and pharmaceutical, biotechnology and nanomedicine companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies.
Our management will have broad discretion over the use of the proceeds from the offering and may apply the proceeds of the offering in ways that may not increase the value of your investment.
Our management will have broad discretion to use the net proceeds we receive from the offering and you will be relying on its judgment regarding the application of these proceeds. We may spend or invest these proceeds in a way with which our shareholders disagree. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could harm our business and financial condition. We expect to use the net proceeds from the offering as described under the heading “Use of Proceeds.” However, management may not apply the net proceeds of the offering in ways that increase the value of your investment.
We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our securities and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of the ordinary shares and ADSs. In addition, French law may limit the amount of dividends we are able to distribute.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares and do not currently intend to do so for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to invest our future earnings, if any, to fund our growth. Therefore, you are not likely to receive any dividends on your ordinary shares or ADSs for the foreseeable future, and the success of an investment in ordinary shares or ADSs will depend upon any future appreciation in its value. Consequently, investors may need to sell all or part of their holdings of ordinary shares or ADSs after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment. There is no guarantee that the ordinary shares or ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our shareholders have purchased them. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase the ADSs or ordinary shares.
Further, under French law, the determination of whether we have been sufficiently profitable to pay dividends is made on the basis of our statutory financial statements prepared and presented in accordance with accounting standards applicable in France. In addition, payment of dividends may subject us to additional taxes under French law. See “Description of Share Capital—Key Provisions of Our By-laws and French Law Affecting Our Ordinary Shares—Rights, Preferences and Restrictions Attaching to Ordinary Shares” for further details on the limitations on our ability to declare and pay dividends. Therefore, we may be more restricted in our ability to declare dividends than companies not based in France.
In addition, exchange rate fluctuations may affect the amount of euros that we are able to distribute, and the amount in U.S. dollars that our shareholders receive upon the payment of cash dividends or other distributions we declare and pay in euros, if any. These factors could harm the value of the ADSs, and, in turn, the U.S. dollar proceeds that holders receive from the sale of the ADSs.
If you purchase ordinary shares or ADSs in the offering, you will experience substantial and immediate dilution.
If you purchase ordinary shares or ADSs in the offering, you will experience substantial and immediate dilution of $ per ADS and € per ordinary share in pro forma net tangible book value after giving effect to the offering at an assumed public offering price of $ per ADS in the U.S. offering corresponding to € per ordinary share in the non-U.S. private placement (assuming an exchange rate of €1.00 = $ ), the closing price of our ordinary shares on Euronext Paris on , 2020, because the price that you pay will be substantially greater than the pro forma net tangible book value per ADS or ordinary share, as applicable, that you acquire. For a further description of the dilution that you will experience immediately after the offering, see “Dilution.”
Future sales of ordinary shares or ADSs by existing shareholders could depress the market price of the ADSs and ordinary shares.
If our existing shareholders sell, or indicate an intent to sell, substantial amounts of ordinary shares or ADSs in the public market after any applicable contractual or legal restrictions on resale discussed in this prospectus lapse, the trading price of the ADSs and ordinary shares could decline significantly and could decline below the offering price. Upon completion of the offering, we will have outstanding ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form
TABLE OF CONTENTS
of ADSs) assuming no issuance by us of additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option, approximately of which are subject to a contractual restriction on selling for up to 90 days, subject to customary exceptions. The underwriters may permit our executive board members and supervisory board members to sell ADSs or ordinary shares prior to the expiration of the lock-up agreements. See “Underwriting.”
After the 90-day lock-up agreements with executive and supervisory board members expire, and based on the number of ordinary shares outstanding upon completion of the offering (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs), additional ordinary shares will be eligible for sale in the public market, all of which shares are held by supervisory board members and executive board members and will be subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 under the Securities Act. In addition, the ordinary shares subject to outstanding warrants or stock options and outstanding free shares will become eligible for sale in the public market in the future, subject to certain legal and contractual limitations. Following the offering and expiration of the lock-up period, we intend to file one or more registration statements with the SEC covering the ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants or stock options and outstanding free shares. Upon effectiveness of such registration statements, any ordinary shares subsequently issued will be eligible for sale in the public market, except to the extent that they are restricted by the lock-up agreements referred to above and subject to compliance with Rule 144 in the case of our affiliates. Sales of a large number of the shares in the public market could have an adverse effect on the market price of the ADSs or ordinary shares. See “Shares and ADSs Eligible for Future Sale” for a more detailed description of sales that may occur in the future. If these additional ordinary shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of the ADSs and ordinary shares could decline substantially.
You may not be able to exercise your right to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs.
Holders of ADSs may exercise voting rights with respect to the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs only in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement and not as a direct shareholder. The deposit agreement provides that, upon receipt of notice of any meeting of holders of our ordinary shares, the depositary will fix a record date for the determination of ADS holders who shall be entitled to give instructions for the exercise of voting rights. Upon timely receipt of notice from us, if we so request, the depositary shall distribute to the holders as of the record date (1) the notice of the meeting or solicitation of consent or proxy sent by us and (2) a statement as to the manner in which instructions may be given by the holders.
Purchasers of ADSs in the U.S. offering may instruct the depositary of their ADSs to vote the ordinary shares underlying their ADSs. Otherwise, purchasers of ADSs in the U.S. offering will not be able to exercise voting rights, unless they withdraw the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs they hold. However, a holder of ADSs may not know about the meeting far enough in advance to withdraw those ordinary shares. If we ask for a holder of ADSs’ instructions, the depositary, upon timely notice from us, will notify him or her of the upcoming vote and arrange to deliver our voting materials to him or her. We cannot guarantee to any holder of ADSs that he or she will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that he or she can instruct the depositary to vote his or her ordinary shares or to withdraw his or her ordinary shares so that he or she can vote them. If the depositary does not receive timely voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, it may give a proxy to a person designated by us to vote the ordinary shares underlying his or her ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions. This means that a holder of ADSs may not be able to exercise his or her right to vote, and there may be nothing he or she can do if the ordinary shares underlying his or her ADSs are not voted as he or she requested.
Purchasers of ADSs in the U.S. offering will not be directly holding our ordinary shares.
A holder of ADSs will not be treated as one of our shareholders and will not have direct shareholder rights. French law governs our shareholder rights. The depositary, through the custodian or the custodian’s nominee, will be the holder of the ordinary shares underlying ADSs held by purchasers of ADSs in the U.S. offering. Purchasers of ADSs in the U.S. offering will have ADS holder rights. Among other things, ADS holder rights do not provide for double voting rights, which otherwise would be available to holders of ordinary shares held in a shareholders' name for a period of at least two years. The deposit agreement among us, the depositary and purchasers of ADSs in the U.S. offering, as an ADS holder, and all other persons directly and indirectly holding ADSs, sets out ADS holder rights, as well as the rights and obligations of us and the depositary.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The right as a holder of ADSs to participate in any future preferential subscription rights or to elect to receive dividends in shares may be limited, which may cause dilution to the holdings of purchasers of ADSs in the U.S. offering.
According to French law, if we issue additional securities for cash, current shareholders will have preferential subscription rights for these securities on a pro rata basis unless they waive those rights at an extraordinary meeting of our shareholders (by a two-thirds majority vote) or individually by each shareholder. However, our ADS holders in the United States will not be entitled to exercise or sell such rights unless we register the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. In addition, the deposit agreement provides that the depositary will not make rights available to purchasers of ADSs in the U.S. offering unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act or exempted from registration under the Securities Act. Further, if we offer holders of our ordinary shares the option to receive dividends in either cash or shares, under the deposit agreement the depositary may require satisfactory assurances from us that extending the offer to holders of ADSs does not require registration of any securities under the Securities Act before making the option available to holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, ADS holders may be unable to participate in our rights offerings or to elect to receive dividends in shares and may experience dilution in their holdings. In addition, if the depositary is unable to sell rights that are not exercised or not distributed or if the sale is not lawful or reasonably practicable, it will allow the rights to lapse, in which case you will receive no value for these rights.
Purchasers of ADSs in the U.S. offering may be subject to limitations on the transfer of their ADSs and the withdrawal of the underlying ordinary shares.
ADSs, which may be evidenced by American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary think it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law, government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason subject to a holder of ADSs’ right to cancel his or her ADSs and withdraw the underlying ordinary shares. Temporary delays in the cancellation of ADSs and withdrawal of the underlying ordinary shares may arise because the depositary has closed its transfer books or we have closed our transfer books, the transfer of ordinary shares is blocked to permit voting at a shareholders’ meeting or we are paying a dividend on our ordinary shares. In addition, a holder of ADSs may not be able to cancel his or her ADSs and withdraw the underlying ordinary shares when he or she owes money for fees, taxes and similar charges and when it is necessary to prohibit withdrawals in order to comply with any laws or governmental regulations that apply to ADSs or to the withdrawal of ordinary shares or other deposited securities. See “Description of American Depositary Shares.”
We are an emerging growth company and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to us will make our ADSs less attractive to investors.
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. As an emerging growth company, we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.
We cannot predict if investors will find the ADSs less attractive because we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find the ADSs less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for the ADSs and the price of the ADSs may be more volatile. We intend to take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1.07 billion or more; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of the offering; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; and (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to avail ourselves of the accommodations available to us as a foreign private issuer for so long as we qualify as such.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Risks Related to Our Status as a Non-U.S. Company
The rights of shareholders in companies subject to French corporate law differ in material respects from the rights of shareholders of corporations incorporated in the United States.
We are a French company with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed by our By-laws and by the laws governing companies incorporated in France. The rights of shareholders and the responsibilities of members of our executive board and supervisory board are in many ways different from the rights and obligations of shareholders in companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions. For example, in the performance of its duties, our executive board and supervisory board are required by French law to consider the interests of our company, its shareholders, its employees and other stakeholders, rather than solely our shareholders and/or creditors. It is possible that some of these parties will have interests that are different from, or in addition to, your interests as a shareholder or holder of ADSs. Further, in accordance with French law, double voting rights automatically attach to each ordinary share of companies listed on a regulated market (such as Euronext Paris, where our ordinary shares are listed) that is held of record in the name of the same shareholder for a period of at least two years, except as otherwise set forth in a company’s by-laws. Our By-laws currently do not exclude such double voting rights. See “Management—Corporate Governance Practices” and “Description of Share Capital.” Ordinary shares held in the form of ADSs will not be eligible for double voting rights.
U.S. investors may have difficulty enforcing civil liabilities against our company and supervisory board and senior management and the experts named in this prospectus.
Certain members of our executive board, supervisory board and senior management and certain experts named in this prospectus are non-residents of the United States, and all or a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible to serve process on such persons or us in the United States or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against them or us based on civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States. Additionally, it may be difficult to assert U.S. securities law claims in actions originally instituted outside of the United States. Foreign courts may refuse to hear a U.S. securities law claim because foreign courts may not be the most appropriate forums in which to bring such a claim. Even if a foreign court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that the law of the jurisdiction in which the foreign court resides, and not U.S. law, is applicable to the claim. Further, if U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process, and certain matters of procedure would still be governed by the law of the jurisdiction in which the foreign court resides. In particular, there is some doubt as to whether French courts would recognize and enforce certain civil liabilities under U.S. securities laws in original actions or judgments of U.S. courts based upon these civil liability provisions. In addition, awards of punitive damages in actions brought in the United States or elsewhere may be unenforceable in France. An award for monetary damages under the U.S. securities laws would be considered punitive if it does not seek to compensate the claimant for loss or damage suffered but is intended to punish the defendant. French law provides that a shareholder, or a group of shareholders, may initiate a legal action to seek indemnification from the directors of a corporation in the corporation’s interest if it fails to bring such legal action itself. If so, any damages awarded by the court are paid to the corporation and any legal fees relating to such action may be borne by the relevant shareholder or the group of shareholders.
The enforceability of any judgment in France will depend on the particular facts of the case as well as the laws and treaties in effect at the time. The United States and France do not currently have a treaty providing for recognition and enforcement of judgments (other than arbitration awards) in civil and commercial matters. See “Enforcement of Civil Liabilities.”
Our By-laws and French corporate law contain provisions that may delay or discourage a takeover attempt.
Provisions contained in our By-laws and French corporate law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so might be beneficial to our shareholders. In addition, provisions of French law and our By-laws impose various procedural and other requirements, which could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect certain corporate actions. These provisions include the following:
⯀ | provisions of French law allowing the owner of 90% of the share capital or voting rights of a public company to force out the minority shareholders following a tender offer made to all shareholders are only applicable to companies listed on a regulated market or a multilateral trading facility in a Member State of the EU or in a state party of the European Economic Area Agreement, including the main French stock exchange, and will therefore be applicable to us only if we continue to dual-list in France; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | a merger (i.e., in a French law context, a stock-for-stock exchange after which our company would be dissolved without being liquidated into the acquiring entity and our shareholders would become shareholders of the acquiring entity) of our company into a company incorporated in the EU would require the approval of our executive board as well as a two-thirds majority of the votes cast by the shareholders present, represented by proxy or voting by mail at the relevant meeting; |
⯀ | a merger of our Company into a company incorporated outside of the EU would require the unanimous approval of our shareholders; |
⯀ | under French law, a cash merger is treated as a share purchase and would require the consent of each participating shareholder; |
⯀ | our shareholders have granted and may grant in the future to our executive board broad authorizations to increase our share capital or to issue additional ordinary shares or other securities (for example, warrants) to our shareholders, the public or qualified investors, including as a possible defense following the launching of a tender offer for our shares; |
⯀ | our shareholders have preferential subscription rights proportional to their shareholding in our company on the issuance by us of any additional shares or securities giving right, immediately or in the future, to new shares for cash or a set-off of cash debts, which rights may only be waived by the extraordinary shareholders’ general meeting (by a two-thirds majority vote) of our shareholders or on an individual basis by each shareholder; |
⯀ | our supervisory board has the right to appoint new members to fill a vacancy created by the resignation or death of a member, subject to the approval by the shareholders of such appointment at the next shareholders’ meeting, which prevents shareholders from having the sole right to fill vacancies on our supervisory board; |
⯀ | the members of our executive board are appointed by our supervisory board and can be removed either by our supervisory board or by the shareholders’ general meeting; |
⯀ | our supervisory board can only be convened by its chairman, or by its vice-president or, on a reasoned request (e.g. when no board meeting has been held for more than two consecutive months), by (1) members representing at least one-third of the total number of members of our supervisory board or (2) a member of the executive board; |
⯀ | our supervisory board’s meetings can only be regularly held if at least half of its members attend either physically or by way of videoconference or teleconference, enabling the members’ identification and ensuring their effective participation in the supervisory board’s decisions; |
⯀ | our ordinary shares are nominative or bearer, if the legislation so permits, according to the shareholder’s choice; |
⯀ | under French law, (a) any non-French citizen, (b) any French citizen not residing in France, (c) any non-French entity or (d) any French entity controlled by one of the aforementioned persons or entities may have to file a declaration for statistical purposes with the Bank of France (Banque de France) within 20 working days following the date of certain direct foreign investments in us, including any purchase of our ADSs. In particular, such filings are required in connection with investments exceeding €15,000,000 that lead to the acquisition of at least 10% of our share capital or voting rights or cross such 10% threshold. See “Description of Share Capital—Key Provisions of Our By-laws and French Law Affecting Our Ordinary Shares—Form, Holding and Transfer of Shares—Ownership of Shares and ADSs by Non-French Persons”; |
⯀ | under French law, certain investments in any entity governed by French law relating to certain strategic industries (such as research and development in biotechnologies and activities relating to public health) and activities by individuals or entities not French, not resident in France or controlled by entities not French or not resident in France are subject to prior authorization of the Ministry of Economy; see “Limitations Affecting Shareholders of a French Company;” |
⯀ | approval of at least a majority of the votes cast by shareholders present, represented by a proxy, or voting by mail at the relevant ordinary shareholders’ general meeting is required to remove members of the supervisory board with or without cause; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | advance notice is required for nominations to the members of the supervisory board or for proposing matters to be acted upon at a shareholders’ meeting, except that a vote to remove and replace a member of our supervisory board can be proposed at any shareholders’ meeting without notice; |
⯀ | pursuant to French law, our By-laws, including the sections relating to the number of our supervisory board’s members and election and removal of a member of the supervisory board from office, may only be modified by a resolution adopted by a two-thirds majority vote of our shareholders present, represented by a proxy or voting by mail at the meeting; |
⯀ | in the event where certain ownership thresholds would be crossed, a number of disclosures should be made by the relevant shareholder and can impose certain obligations; see “Description of Share Capital—Key Provisions of Our By-laws and French Law Affecting Our Ordinary Shares—Declaration of Crossing of Ownership Thresholds”; and |
⯀ | transfers of shares shall comply with applicable insider trading rules and regulations, and in particular with the Market Abuse Directive and Regulation dated April 16, 2014. |
Our business may be exposed to foreign exchange risks.
We incur some of our expenses, and may in the future derive revenues, in currencies other than the euro. In particular, as we expand our operations and continue to conduct clinical trials in the United States, we will continue to incur expenses in U.S. dollars. As a result, we may be exposed to foreign currency exchange risk as our results of operations and cash flows would be subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We currently do not engage in hedging transactions to protect against uncertainty in future exchange rates between particular foreign currencies and the euro. Therefore, for example, an increase in the value of the euro against the U.S. dollar could have a negative impact on our revenue and earnings growth as U.S. dollar revenue and earnings, if any, are translated into euros at a reduced value. We cannot predict the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, and foreign currency fluctuations in the future may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The ADSs being sold in the U.S. offering will be quoted in U.S. dollars on the Nasdaq Global Market, while our ordinary shares trade in euros on the Euronext Paris exchange. Our financial statements are prepared in euros. Therefore, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the euro and the U.S. dollar will also affect, among other matters, the value of our ordinary shares and ADSs.
Our international operations involve additional risks, and our exposure to these risks will increase as our business continues to expand.
We operate in a number of jurisdictions and intend to continue to expand our global presence. To date, we have focused our development and planned commercialization efforts on the EU and the United States, and to a lesser extent, Asia. International operations are subject to the legal, political, regulatory, and social requirements and economic conditions in the jurisdictions in which they are conducted. Risks inherent to international operations include, but are not limited to:
⯀ | currency exchange restrictions or costs and exchange rate fluctuations; |
⯀ | exposure to local economic or political instability, threatened or actual acts of terrorism and security concerns in general; |
⯀ | compliance with various laws and regulatory requirements relating to anti-corruption, antitrust or competition, economic sanctions, data content, data protection and privacy, employment and labor laws and health and safety; |
⯀ | difficulties in attracting and retaining qualified employees in certain international markets, as well as managing staffing and operations due to increased complexity, distance, time zones, language and cultural differences; |
⯀ | difficulty in enforcing agreements, judgments, and arbitration awards in various legal systems; and |
⯀ | inability to obtain, maintain or enforce our intellectual property rights. |
We believe that our overall success as a global business depends on our ability to succeed in different legal, regulatory, economic, social, and political situations and conditions. We may not be able to develop and implement effective policies and strategies in each jurisdiction where we may conduct operations or do business in the future.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, is currently unable to inspect the audit work and practices of auditors operating in France, including our auditor.
Our auditor, Ernst & Young et Autres, is registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) in the United States. The PCAOB’s cooperative arrangement with the French audit authority expired in December 2019. This expiration of this cooperative arrangement prevents inspections of registered firms in France until a new arrangement is concluded. Such inspections assess a registered firm’s compliance with U.S. law and professional standards in connection with the performance of audits of financial statements filed with the SEC. As a result, our investors may not realize the potential benefits of such inspections until a new cooperative arrangement, which is currently under negotiation, is entered into and inspections in France resume.
As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from a number of rules under the U.S. securities laws and are permitted to file less information with the SEC than a U.S. company. This may limit the information available to holders of ADSs and ordinary shares.
We are a foreign private issuer, as defined in the SEC’s rules and regulations and, consequently, we are not subject to all of the disclosure requirements applicable to public companies organized within the United States. For example, we are exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act that regulate disclosure obligations and procedural requirements related to the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations applicable to a security registered under the Exchange Act, including the U.S. proxy rules under Section 14 of the Exchange Act. In addition, our executive board members and supervisory board members are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and related rules with respect to their purchases and sales of our securities. Moreover, while we currently make annual and semi-annual filings with respect to our listing on Euronext Paris and expect to file financial reports on an annual basis with the SEC and furnish semi-annual financial information with the SEC, we will not be required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. public companies and will not be required to file quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current report on Form 8-K under the Exchange Act. Accordingly, there will be less publicly available information concerning our company than there would be if we were not a foreign private issuer.
As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted and we expect to follow certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq’s corporate governance standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq corporate governance standards.
As a foreign private issuer listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, we will be subject to Nasdaq’s corporate governance standards. However, Nasdaq rules provide that foreign private issuers are permitted to follow home country corporate governance practices in lieu of Nasdaq’s corporate governance standards as long as notification is provided to Nasdaq of the intention to take advantage of such exemptions. Certain corporate governance practices in France, which is our home country, may differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance standards. Other than as set forth in the section of this prospectus titled “Management—Corporate Governance Practices,” we currently intend to comply with the corporate governance listing standards of Nasdaq to the extent possible under French law. However, we may choose to change such practices to follow additional French home country practices in the future.
As a result of the accommodations for foreign private issuers, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would have under Nasdaq’s corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. For an overview of our corporate governance practices, see “Management—Corporate Governance Practices.”
We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional cost and expense.
While we currently qualify as a foreign private issuer, the determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on June 30, 2021. In the future, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if we fail to meet the requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer status as of the relevant determination date. For example, if more than 50% of our securities are held by U.S. residents and more than 50% of our executive board members or supervisory board members are residents or citizens of the United States, we could lose our foreign private issuer status. Immediately following the closing of the offering, approximately % of our outstanding ordinary shares will likely be held by U.S. residents (assuming that all purchasers in the U.S. offering are residents of the United States).
The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly more than costs we incur as a foreign private issuer. If we are not a foreign private issuer, we will be required to file periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, which are more detailed and extensive in certain respects than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We would be required under current SEC rules to
TABLE OF CONTENTS
prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, rather than IFRS, and modify certain of our policies to comply with corporate governance practices associated with U.S. domestic issuers. Such conversion of our financial statements to U.S. GAAP would involve significant time and cost. In addition, we may lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements on U.S. stock exchanges that are available to foreign private issuers such as the ones described under “Management—Corporate Governance Practices” and exemptions from procedural requirements related to the solicitation of proxies.
Although not free from doubt, we do not believe that we were a “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2019. However, it is not yet known whether we will be a PFIC in subsequent taxable years. If we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year, there may be adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders (as defined in the section of this prospectus titled “Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”).
A non-U.S. corporation will be considered a PFIC for any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income or (2) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during such year) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, gains from commodities and securities transactions, and gains from assets that produce passive income. In determining whether a foreign corporation is a PFIC, a pro rata portion of the income and assets of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account. Although not free from doubt, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2019. However, it is not yet known whether we will be a PFIC in subsequent taxable years. The determination of PFIC status is fact-specific, and a separate determination must be made each taxable year as to whether we are a PFIC (after the close of each such taxable year). Our status as a PFIC depends on the composition of our income (including whether reimbursements of certain refundable research tax credits will constitute gross income for purposes of the PFIC income test) and the composition and value of our assets. The value of our assets may be determined in large part by reference to the market value of the ADSs and our ordinary shares, which may fluctuate substantially. Our status as a PFIC may also depend in part upon how quickly we utilize the cash proceeds from the offering (and the cash proceeds from other fund-raising activities) in our business.
If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds ADSs, the U.S. holder may be subject to adverse tax consequences, including (1) the treatment of all or a portion of any gain on disposition as ordinary income, (2) the application of an interest charge with respect to such gain and certain dividends and (3) compliance with certain reporting requirements. Each U.S. holder is strongly urged to consult its tax advisor regarding these issues and any available elections to mitigate such tax consequences. See “Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.”
Investments in our securities may be subject to prior governmental authorization under the French foreign investment control regime.
Pursuant to the provisions of the French Monetary and Financial Code (code monétaire et financier), any investment by any non-French citizen, any French citizen not residing in France, any non-French entity or any French entity controlled by one of the aforementioned persons or entities that will result in the relevant investor (a) acquiring control of an entity registered in France, (b) acquiring all or part of a business line of an entity registered in France, or (c) for non-EU or non-EEA investors crossing, directly or indirectly, alone or in concert, a 25% threshold of voting rights in an entity registered in France, in each case, conducting activities in certain strategic industries, such as the industry in which we operate, is subject to the prior authorization of the French Ministry of Economy, which authorization may be conditioned on certain undertakings.
In the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the Decree (décret) n°2020 892 dated July 22, 2020 has created until December 31, 2020 a new 10% threshold of the voting rights for the non-European investments in listed companies, in addition to the 25% above-mentioned threshold.
The foreign investment control regime described above applies to companies engaged in activities essential to protecting public health as well as biotechnology-related research and development activities. Accordingly, subject to the French Ministry of Economy’s analysis, investments in our Company may be seen as subject to the prior governmental authorization required by the regime.
Any investor willing to acquire of all or part of our business or to cross the applicable share capital thresholds set forth by the French Monetary and Financial Code may be subject to this prior governmental authorization. We cannot guarantee
TABLE OF CONTENTS
that such investor will obtain the necessary authorization in due time. The authorization may also be granted subject to conditions that deter a potential purchaser. The existence of such conditions to an investment in our securities could have a negative impact on our ability to raise the funds necessary to our development. In addition, failure to comply with such measures could result in significant consequences for the investor (including the investment to be deemed null and void). Such measures could also delay or discourage a takeover attempt, and we cannot predict whether these measures will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our ADSs or ordinary shares.
For more details on the French foreign investment control regime see “Limitations Affecting Shareholders of a French Company - Ownership of ADSs or Shares by Non-French Residents”
General Risk Factors
We must maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, and if we are unable to do so, the accuracy and timeliness of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, which could hurt our business, lessen investor confidence and depress the market price of our securities.
We must maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in order to accurately and timely report our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, as a public company listed in the United States, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act will require, among other things, that we assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at the end of each fiscal year. We anticipate being first required to issue management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, in connection with issuing our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ending December 31, 2021 and the filing of our second annual report with the SEC, which would be required on or before April 30, 2022.
The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. These stringent standards require that our audit committee be advised and regularly updated on management’s review of internal control over financial reporting. We are in the process of designing, implementing, and testing the internal control over financial reporting required to comply with this obligation. This process is time-consuming, costly, and complicated. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting beginning with our annual report following the date on which we are no longer an emerging growth company, which may be up to five fiscal years following the date of the offering. Our management may not be able to effectively and timely implement controls and procedures that adequately respond to the increased regulatory compliance and reporting requirements that will be applicable to us as a public company listed in the United States. If we fail to staff our accounting and finance function adequately or maintain internal control over financial reporting adequate to meet the demands that will be placed upon us as a public company listed in the United States, our business and reputation may be harmed and the price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may decline. Furthermore, investor perceptions of us may be adversely affected, which could cause a decline in the market price of our securities.
Our internal computer systems, or those of our third-party subcontractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our operations.
Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of third parties on which we rely, are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, malware, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the Internet, attachments to emails, persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our systems, it could result in a material disruption of our operations. For example, the loss of clinical trial data for our product candidates could result in delays in our regulatory approval, certification and commercialization efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the lost data. In addition, system redundancy may be ineffective or inadequate, and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient to cover all eventualities. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of or damage to our data or applications or other data or applications relating to our technology or product candidates, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liabilities, damage to our reputation, and the further development of our product candidates could be delayed. In addition, we may not have adequate insurance coverage to compensate for any losses associated with such events.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Use of social media by third parties may materially and adversely impact our reputation.
There has been a marked increase in the use of social media platforms and similar devices, including weblogs (blogs), social media websites and other forms of Internet-based communications which allow individual access to a broad audience of interested persons. The medical community and care prescribers may value any such readily available information concerning our products or product candidates and may act on such information without further investigation, authentication and without regard to its accuracy. Social media platforms and devices immediately publish the content their subscribers and participants post, often without filters or checks on accuracy of the content posted. The opportunity for dissemination of information, including inaccurate information, is virtually limitless. Information concerning or affecting us, including information regarding our products, product candidates or proprietary nanotechnology, may be posted by third parties on such platforms and devices at any time. Information posted may be inaccurate and adverse to us, and it may harm our business or reputation. The harm may be immediate without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction. Further, such inaccurate information may require us to engage in a defensive media campaign, which may divert our management’s attention or result in an increase in our expenses. Such platforms also could be used for the dissemination of trade secret information or compromise of other valuable company assets, any of which could harm our business.
We may acquire businesses or products, or form strategic alliances, in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such acquisitions.
We may decide to acquire companies or technologies facilitating access to, or enabling us to access, new therapeutic solutions, new research projects, or new geographical areas, or enabling us to express synergies with our existing operations. If such acquisitions were to become necessary or attractive in the future, we may not be able to identify appropriate targets or make acquisitions under satisfactory conditions, in particular, satisfactory price conditions. In addition, we may be unable to obtain the financing for these acquisitions on favorable terms, which could require us to finance these acquisitions using our existing cash resources that could have been allocated to other purposes, including existing business activities. If we acquire businesses with promising markets or technologies, we may not be able to realize the benefit of acquiring such businesses if we are unable to successfully integrate them with our existing operations and company culture. We may encounter numerous difficulties in developing, manufacturing and marketing any new products resulting from a strategic alliance or acquisition that delay or prevent us from realizing their expected benefits or enhancing our business. We cannot assure you that, following any such acquisition, we will achieve the expected synergies to justify the transaction.
U.S. federal income tax reform may adversely affect the operations of our U.S. subsidiary.
On December 22, 2017, U.S. tax reform legislation known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was signed into law. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act makes substantial changes to U.S. tax law, including a reduction in the corporate income tax rate, a limitation on the use of new operating losses to offset future taxable income, the modification or repeal of certain business deductions and credits, and new rules designed to prevent erosion of the U.S. income tax base such as a new minimum tax, called the Base Erosion and Anti-abuse Tax, applicable to certain U.S. corporations that make certain payments to related foreign persons. The extent of the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on our U.S. subsidiary remains uncertain at this time and is subject to other regulatory or administrative developments, including any regulations or other guidance promulgated by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”).
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of the ordinary shares and ADSs and their trading volume could decline.
The trading market for the ADSs and ordinary shares depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If no or few securities or industry analysts cover our company, the trading price for the ADSs and ordinary shares would be negatively impacted. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our equity securities or publishes incorrect or unfavorable research about our business, the price of the ordinary shares and ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, or downgrades our securities, demand for the ordinary shares and ADSs could decrease, which could cause the price of the ordinary shares and ADSs or their trading volume to decline.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus, particularly the sections of this prospectus titled “Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business,” contains forward-looking statements. All statements other than present and historical facts and conditions contained in this prospectus, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, plans and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. When used in this prospectus, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “is designed to,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “objective,” “shall,” “should,” “will,” or the negative of these and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to various factors, including, but not limited to, those identified under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this prospectus. These risks and uncertainties include factors relating to:
⯀ | our ability to successfully develop and commercialize NBTXR3; |
⯀ | our ability to expand our product pipeline by developing and commercializing NBTXR3 in additional indications, including in combination with chemotherapies or I-O treatment; |
⯀ | our ability to compete with institutions with greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, preclinical testing, clinical trials, manufacturing and marketing; |
⯀ | the completion of applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements and/or our ability to maintain regulatory approvals and certifications for our products and product candidates and the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, including NBTXR3; |
⯀ | regulatory developments in the United States, the EU, and other countries; |
⯀ | the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business operations and clinical development timelines and plans; |
⯀ | the initiation, timing, progress and results of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, including those trials to be conducted under our collaboration with MD Anderson; |
⯀ | the expected timeline of our clinical trial completion, including our ability, and the ability of third party collaborators, to successfully conduct, supervise and monitor clinical trials for our product candidates; |
⯀ | our ability to obtain raw resources and maintain and operate our facilities to manufacture our product candidates; |
⯀ | our ability to manufacture, market and distribute our products upon successful completion of applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements, specifically NBTXR3; |
⯀ | our ability to achieve the commercialization goals for NBTXR3 in our agreement with PharmaEngine, including the timing and amount of anticipated milestone and royalty payments; |
⯀ | our ability to obtain funding for our operations; |
⯀ | our ability to attract and retain key management and other qualified personnel; |
⯀ | our global operations and exposure to global markets; |
⯀ | our ability to protect and maintain our intellectual property rights, manufacturing know-how and proprietary technologies and our ability to operate our business without infringing upon the intellectual property rights and proprietary technologies of third parties; |
⯀ | our use of proceeds from the offering; |
⯀ | future revenue, expenses, capital expenditures, capital requirements and performance of our publicly traded equity securities; |
⯀ | our status as a foreign private issuer and emerging growth company and the reduced disclosure requirements associated with maintaining these statuses; and |
⯀ | other risks and uncertainties, including those listed under the caption “Risk Factors.” |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this prospectus will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and Section 27A of the Securities Act do not protect any forward-looking statements that we make in connection with this offering.
You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from the offering of approximately € ($ ) million, assuming an offering price of € per ordinary share (corresponding to $ per ADS, assuming an exchange rate of €1.00 = $ ), the closing price of our ordinary shares on Euronext Paris on , 2020, after deducting estimated underwriting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and assuming no issuance by us of additional ordinary shares (which may be in the form of ADSs) pursuant to the exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase up to additional ordinary shares in this offering (which may be in the form of ADSs). If we issue additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option in the offering, we estimate that we will receive net proceeds from the offering of approximately € ($ ) million, assuming an offering price of € per ordinary share (corresponding to $ per ADS, assuming an exchange rate of €1.00 = $ ), the closing price of our ordinary shares on Euronext Paris on , 2020, after deducting estimated underwriting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
Each €1.00 ($ ) increase (decrease) in the assumed offering price of $ per ADS (€ per ordinary share) would increase or decrease our net proceeds from the offering by € ($ ) million, assuming the number of ordinary shares offered by us (which may be in the form of ADSs), as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We may also increase or decrease the number of ordinary shares (which may be in the form of ADSs) we are offering. An increase or decrease of 1,000,000 ordinary shares (including those in the form of ADSs) offered by us would increase or decrease the net proceeds to us from the sale of the ordinary shares we are offering by € ($ ) million, assuming that the assumed offering price remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The actual net proceeds payable to us will adjust based on the actual number of ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) offered by us in the offering, the actual offering price and other terms of the offering determined at pricing.
We currently expect to use the net proceeds from the offering to advance the overall development of NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers, including:
⯀ | approximately € ($ ) million to advance Study 312 for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers through an interim analysis of efficacy data; and |
⯀ | approximately € ($ ) million to support compliance with applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements in the United States and the EU. |
We expect to use the remainder of the net proceeds, if any, from the offering for working capital funding and other general corporate purposes.
We expect that the net proceeds from the offering, together with our cash and cash equivalents of €26.6 million as of June 30, 2020 and the aggregate proceeds from the Bpifrance PGE Loan and the July 2020 Private Placement, will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least months. Even with the expected net proceeds from the offering, we may need to raise additional capital in the future. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect.
This expected use of the net proceeds from the offering represents our intentions based upon our current plans and business conditions. As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot predict with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds to be received upon the completion of the offering or the amounts that we will actually spend on the uses set forth above. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures and the extent of clinical development may vary significantly depending on numerous factors, including the progress of our development efforts, the status of and results from preclinical studies and any ongoing clinical trials or clinical trials we may commence in the future, as well as any collaborations that we may enter into with third parties for our product candidates and any unforeseen cash needs. As a result, our management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of the net proceeds from the offering.
Pending our use of the net proceeds from the offering, we intend to invest the net proceeds in a variety of capital preservation investments, including short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing instruments.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares. We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our equity securities in the foreseeable future and intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business.
Subject to the requirements of French law and our By-laws, dividends may only be distributed from our distributable profits, plus any amounts held in our available reserves, which are our reserves other than the legal and statutory reserves and the revaluation surplus. The section of this prospectus titled “Description of Share Capital—Key Provisions of Our By-laws and French Law Affecting Our Ordinary Shares—Rights, Preferences and Restrictions Attaching to Ordinary Shares” provides further details on the limitations on our ability to declare and pay dividends. Dividend distributions, if any, will be made in euros and converted into U.S. dollars with respect to the ADSs, as provided in the deposit agreement.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of June 30, 2020 on:
⯀ | a pro forma basis to give effect to (i) the 6,000 ordinary shares granted as free shares prior to June 30, 2020, which vested and were issued on July 27, 2020, (ii) the €5 million Bpifrance PGE Loan and (iii) the 3,300,000 ordinary shares issued in the July 2020 Private Placement, resulting in net proceeds of €18.8 million; and |
⯀ | a pro forma as adjusted basis to reflect the pro forma items described above and our issuance and sale of ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) in the offering at an assumed offering price of € per ordinary share (corresponding to $ per ADS, assuming an exchange rate of €1.00 = $ ), the closing price of our ordinary shares on Euronext Paris on , 2020, after deducting estimated underwriting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. |
Our capitalization following the offering will be adjusted based on the actual offering price and other terms of the offering that will be determined at pricing, including the amount by which actual offering expenses are higher or lower than estimated.
You should read this table together with our financial statements and the related notes thereto beginning on page F-
1, as well as the section of this prospectus titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the other financial information included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Cash and cash equivalents(3) | | | 26,590 | | | 29,879 | | | 50,433 | | | 56,672 | | | | | | |
Share capital:(3)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ordinary shares, €0.03 nominal value: 22,731,122 shares issued and outstanding, actual; 26,037,122 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma; shares issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted | | | 682 | | | 766 | | | 781 | | | 878 | | | | | | |
Premiums related to share capital(3) | | | 151,968 | | | 170,766 | | | 170,712 | | | 191,829 | | | | | | |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | | | 428 | | | 481 | | | 428 | | | 481 | | | | | | |
Treasury shares | | | (243) | | | (273) | | | (243) | | | (273) | | | | | | |
Reserve | | | (154,451) | | | (173,557) | | | (154,451) | | | (173,557) | | | | | | |
Net loss | | | (20,579) | | | (23,125) | | | (20,579) | | | (23,125) | | | | | | |
Total shareholders’ equity(3) | | | (22,194) | | | (24,939) | | | (3,352) | | | (3,767) | | | | | | |
Non-current financial liabilities(3) | | | 49,448 | | | 55,565 | | | 54,448 | | | 61,183 | | | | | | |
Current financial liabilities | | | 2,391 | | | 2,687 | | | 2,391 | | | 2,687 | | | | | | |
Total financial liabilities(3) | | | 51,839 | | | 58,251 | | | 56,839 | | | 63,870 | | | | | | |
Total capitalization(3) | | | 29,645 | | | 33,312 | | | 53,487 | | | 60,103 | | | | | | |
(1)
| Each €1.00 ($ ) increase or decrease in the assumed offering price of $ per ADS (€ per ordinary share), would increase or decrease each of pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, total shareholders’ equity and total capitalization by approximately € ($ ) million, assuming that the number of ordinary shares offered by us (including in the form of ADSs), as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting commissions. We may also increase or decrease the number of ordinary shares we are offering (including in the form of ADSs). Each increase or decrease of 1,000,000 ordinary shares offered by us (including in the form of ADSs) would increase or decrease each of pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, total shareholders’ equity and total capitalization by approximately € ($ ) million, assuming that the assumed offering price remains the same, and after deducting estimated underwriting commissions. The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only and will adjust based on the actual offering price, the actual number of ordinary shares offered by us (including in the form of ADSs), and other terms of the offering determined at pricing. |
(2)
| Translated solely for convenience into U.S. dollars at an exchange rate of €1.00 = $1.1237, the noon buying rate of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on June 30, 2020. |
(3)
| Actual cash and cash equivalents, total assets, share capital and premiums related to share capital as of June 30, 2020 exclude the net proceeds of the July 2020 Private Placement and actual total cash and cash equivalents, total assets and non-current financial liabilities as of June 30, 2020 exclude the proceeds of the Bpifrance PGE Loan. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The number of actual ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) that will be outstanding after the offering is based on 22,731,122 ordinary shares outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and excludes:
⯀ | 1,978,145 new ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of founders’ warrants (BSPCE), share warrants (BSA), and stock options (OSA) granted but not exercised as of June 30, 2020, at a weighted average exercise price of €10.55 per share; |
⯀ | 452,750 free shares granted as of June 30, 2020, subject to future vesting; |
⯀ | 6,000 ordinary shares granted as free shares prior to June 30, 2020, which vested and were issued on July 27, 2020; |
⯀ | 3,300,000 ordinary shares issued pursuant to a private placement on July 30, 2020; |
⯀ | 700,000 ordinary shares reserved for future issuance under our share-based compensation plans and other delegations of authority from our shareholders upon the completion of this offering; and |
⯀ | 8,366,666 ordinary shares reserved pursuant to a delegation of authority from our shareholders for share capital increases by us through rights issuances and public or private offerings, which number of shares will be reduced by the number of shares issued in this offering. |
However, the number of pro forma and pro forma as adjusted ordinary shares (including the form of ADSs) gives effect to:
⯀ | 6,000 ordinary shares granted as free shares prior to June 30, 2020, which vested and were issued on July 27, 2020; and |
⯀ | 3,300,000 ordinary shares issued pursuant to a private placement on July 30, 2020. |
As of September 30, 2020, there were 26,037,122 shares outstanding, which reflects the 6,000 ordinary shares granted as free shares prior to June 30, 2020, which vested and were issued on July 27, 2020, and the 3,300,000 ordinary shares issued in the July 2020 Private Placement.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
If you invest in our ADSs or ordinary shares in the offering, your ownership interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the offering price per ADS or ordinary share paid by you and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ADS or ordinary share after completion of the offering. Our net tangible book value (deficit) as of June 30, 2020 was €(22.27) million ($(25.02) million), or €(0.98) per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS, based on an exchange rate of €1.00 = $1.1237). Net tangible book value per ordinary share is determined by dividing (1) our total assets less our intangible assets and our total liabilities by (2) the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of June 30, 2020, or 22,731,122 ordinary shares.
After giving effect to (i) the 6,000 ordinary shares granted as free shares prior to June 30, 2020, which vested and were issued on July 27, 2020, (ii) the €5 million Bpifrance PGE Loan and (iii) the 3,300,000 ordinary shares issued in the July 2020 Private Placement, resulting in net proceeds of €18.8 million, our pro forma number of ordinary shares outstanding as of June 30, 2020 amounted to 26,037,122 and our pro forma net tangible book value (deficit) as of June 30, 2020 was €(3.42) million ($(3.85) million), or €(0.13) per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS). After giving further effect to our sale of ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) in the offering, assuming an offering price of € per ordinary share (corresponding to $ per ADS, assuming an exchange rate of €1.00 = $ ), the closing price of our ordinary shares on Euronext Paris on , 2020, and after deducting estimated underwriting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value at June 30, 2020 would have been € million ($ million), or € per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS). This represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of € per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS) to existing shareholders and an immediate dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of € per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS) to new investors.
The following table illustrates this dilution on a per ordinary share and per ADS basis:
Assumed offering price | | | | | | € | | | | | | $ |
Historical net tangible book value (deficit) per ordinary share or ADS as of June 30, 2020 | | | €(0.98) | | | | | | $ | | | |
Increase per ordinary share or ADS attributable to the pro forma adjustments described above | | | €0.85 | | | | | | | | | |
Pro forma net tangible book value (deficit) per ordinary share or ADS as of June 30, 2020 | | | €(0.13) | | | | | | | | | |
Increase in pro forma net tangible book value per ordinary share or ADS attributable to new investors purchasing ordinary shares or ADSs in this offering | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share or ADS after giving effect to the offering | | | | | | € | | | | | | $ |
Dilution per ordinary share or ADS to new investors participating in the offering | | | | | | € | | | | | | $ |
The dilution information discussed above is illustrative only and will change based on the actual offering price and other terms of the offering determined at pricing. Each €1.00 ($ ) increase or decrease in the assumed offering price of $ per ADS (€ per ordinary share), would increase or decrease our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value by approximately € ($ ) million, or approximately € per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS), and the dilution to new investors participating in the offering would be approximately € per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS), assuming that the number of ordinary shares offered by us (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs), as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after
TABLE OF CONTENTS
deducting estimated underwriting commissions. Subject to applicable law, we may also increase or decrease the number of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) we are offering. An increase of 1,000,000 ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) offered by us would increase the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value by approximately € million ($ million), or € per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS), and the dilution to new investors participating in the offering would be € per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS), assuming that the assumed offering price per ADS or ordinary share remains the same, and after deducting estimated underwriting commissions. Similarly, a decrease of 1,000,000 ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) offered by us would decrease the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value by approximately € ($ ) million, or € per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS), and the dilution to new investors participating in the offering would be € per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS), assuming that the assumed offering price per ADS or ordinary share remains the same, and after deducting estimated underwriting commissions.
If we issue additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value after the offering would be € per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS), the increase in the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value to existing shareholders would be € per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS), and the dilution to new investors participating in the offering would be € per ordinary share (equivalent to $ per ADS).
The following table sets forth, on a pro forma as adjusted basis as of June 30, 2020, consideration paid to us in cash for ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) purchased from us in the past five years by our existing shareholders and by new investors participating in the offering based on an assumed offering price of $ per ADS (assuming an exchange rate of €1.00 = $ ) and € per ordinary share, the closing price of our ordinary shares on Euronext Paris on , 2020, and before deducting estimated underwriting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us:
Existing shareholders | | | 8,249,259 | | | % | | | €107,102,655 | | | % | | | €12.98 | | | $ |
New investors | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | | | | | 100% | | | € | | | 100% | | | | | | |
Each €1.00 ($ ) increase or decrease in the assumed offering price of $ per ADS (€ per ordinary share), would increase or decrease the total consideration paid by new investors participating in the offering by € million ($ million), assuming that the number of ordinary shares offered by us (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs), as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting estimated underwriting commissions. Subject to applicable law, we may also increase or decrease the number of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) we are offering. Each increase or decrease in 1,000,000 ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) offered by us would increase or decrease the total consideration paid by new investors participating in the offering by € ($ ) million, assuming that the assumed offering price per ADS or ordinary share remains the same and before deducting estimated underwriting commissions. The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual offering price, the actual number of ordinary shares offered by us (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) and other terms of the offering determined at pricing.
The table above assumes no issuance by us of additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) pursuant to the exercise of the underwriters’ option. If we issue additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option, the number of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) held by the existing shareholders after the offering would be reduced to , or % of the total number of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) outstanding after the offering, and the number of ordinary
TABLE OF CONTENTS
shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) held by new investors participating in the offering would increase to , or % of the total number of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) outstanding after the offering.
The number of actual ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) that will be outstanding after the offering is based on 22,731,122 ordinary shares outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and excludes:
⯀ | 1,978,145 new ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of founders’ warrants (BSPCE), share warrants (BSA), and stock options (OSA) granted but not exercised as of June 30, 2020, at a weighted average exercise price of €10.55 per share; |
⯀ | 452,750 free shares granted as of June 30, 2020, subject to future vesting; |
⯀ | 6,000 ordinary shares granted as free shares prior to June 30, 2020, which vested and were issued on July 27, 2020; |
⯀ | 3,300,000 ordinary shares issued pursuant to a private placement on July 30, 2020; |
⯀ | 700,000 ordinary shares reserved for future issuance under our share-based compensation plans and other delegations of authority from our shareholders upon the completion of this offering; and |
⯀ | 8,366,666 ordinary shares reserved pursuant to a delegation of authority from our shareholders for share capital increases by us through rights issuances and public or private offerings, which number of shares will be reduced by the number of shares issued in this offering. |
However, the number of pro forma and pro forma as adjusted ordinary shares (including the form of ADSs) gives effect to:
⯀ | 6,000 ordinary shares granted as free shares prior to June 30, 2020, which vested and were issued on July 27, 2020; and |
⯀ | 3,300,000 ordinary shares issued pursuant to a private placement on July 30, 2020. |
As of September 30, 2020, there were 26,037,122 shares outstanding, which reflects the 6,000 ordinary shares granted as free shares prior to June 30, 2020, which vested and were issued on July 27, 2020, and the 3,300,000 ordinary shares issued in the July 2020 Private Placement.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected statement of consolidated operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and selected statement of consolidated financial position data as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).
The following selected statement of consolidated operations data for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 and selected statement of consolidated financial position data as of June 30, 2020 have been derived from our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements as of June 30, 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 included elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements were prepared in accordance with IAS 34, Interim Financial Reporting.
The following selected consolidated financial data for the periods and as of the dates indicated are qualified by reference to, and should be read in conjunction with, our consolidated financial statements and related notes beginning on page F-
1 of this prospectus, as well as the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Our historical results for any prior period do not necessarily indicate our results to be expected for any future period and our results for the six months ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2020.
Statement of consolidated operations data:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Revenues | | | 68 | | | 76 | | | 116 | | | 37 | | | 42 | | | 37 |
Other income | | | 2,473 | | | 2,779 | | | 3,363 | | | 1,411 | | | 1,586 | | | 1,786 |
Total revenues and other income | | | 2,541 | | | 2,855 | | | 3,479 | | | 1,448 | | | 1,627 | | | 1,823 |
Operating expenses:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Research and development expenses | | | (30,411) | | | (34,173) | | | (20,893) | | | (13,077) | | | (14,695) | | | (13,280) |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | | | (18,909) | | | (21,248) | | | (12,653) | | | (6,755) | | | (7,591) | | | (8,910) |
Total operating expenses | | | (49,320) | | | (55,421) | | | (33,546) | | | (19,832) | | | (22,285) | | | (22,290) |
Operating loss | | | (46,779) | | | (52,566) | | | (30,067) | | | (18,384) | | | (20,658) | | | (20,467) |
Financial loss | | | (4,133) | | | (4,644) | | | (277) | | | (2,194) | | | (2,465) | | | (3,452) |
Income tax | | | (3) | | | (3) | | | — | | | (1) | | | (1) | | | — |
Net loss | | | (50,915) | | | (57,213) | | | (30,345) | | | (20,579) | | | (23,125) | | | (23,920) |
Basic and diluted loss per share | | | (2.35) | | | (2.64) | | | (1.55) | | | (0.91) | | | (1.02) | | | (1.15) |
Weighted average number of outstanding ordinary shares used for calculating basic and diluted loss per share | | | 21,631,514 | | | 21,631,514 | | | 19,633,373 | | | 22,608,408 | | | 22,608,408 | | | 20,844,245 |
(1)
| We applied the new IFRS 16 standard — Leases starting January 1, 2019 following the modified retrospective method. Accordingly, financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 are not restated under the new IFRS 16 standard. |
(2)
| Translated solely for convenience into U.S. dollars at an exchange rate of €1.00 = $1.1237, the noon buying rate of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on June 30, 2020. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Statement of consolidated financial position data:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents(3) | | | 35,094 | | | 39,435 | | | 36,203 | | | 26,590 | | | 29,879 |
Total assets(3) | | | 56,205 | | | 63,158 | | | 46,195 | | | 44,765 | | | 50,302 |
Total shareholders’ equity(3) | | | (1,908) | | | (2,144) | | | 14,243 | | | (22,194) | | | (24,939) |
Total non-current liabilities(3) | | | 43,766 | | | 49,180 | | | 20,358 | | | 49,819 | | | 55,982 |
Total current liabilities | | | 14,347 | | | 16,122 | | | 11,597 | | | 17,140 | | | 19,260 |
(1)
| We applied the new IFRS 16 standard — Leases starting January 1, 2019 following the modified retrospective method. Accordingly, financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 are not restated under the new IFRS 16 standard. |
(2)
| Translated solely for convenience into U.S. dollars at an exchange rate of €1.00 = $1.1237, the noon buying rate of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on June 30, 2020. |
(3)
| Actual cash and cash equivalents, total assets and total shareholders’ equity as of June 30, 2020 exclude the net proceeds of the July 2020 Private Placement and actual total cash and cash equivalents, total assets and total non-current liabilities as of June 30, 2020 exclude the proceeds of the Bpifrance PGE Loan. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and year-end audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current plans, estimates and strategies. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results, and the timing of events, could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this prospectus, particularly under the “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” sections.
Overview
We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing first-in-class product candidates that use our proprietary nanotechnology to transform cancer treatment by increasing the efficacy of radiotherapy. Our lead product candidate, NBTXR3, is an aqueous suspension of functionalized crystalline hafnium oxide nanoparticles designed for injection directly into a malignant tumor prior to standard radiotherapy. When exposed to ionizing radiation, NBTXR3 amplifies the localized, intratumor killing effect of that radiation and may also prime the body’s immune response to fight the cancer. NBTXR3 is designed to enhance the overall efficacy of radiotherapy without resulting in additional side effects on the surrounding healthy tissues.
As of the date of this prospectus, we have administered NBTXR3 to more than 230 patients. We and our collaborators are currently conducting a total of eight clinical trials worldwide to evaluate NBTXR3 as a potential treatment in various cancer indications. In December 2018, we entered into a collaboration with the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (“MD Anderson”) pursuant to which we intend to launch in the United States of a total of nine NBTXR3 clinical trials across several cancer types, with a total of approximately 340 patients expected to be enrolled across the nine clinical trials. The first clinical trial under this collaboration—a Phase I study in patients with locally advanced or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer—has commenced enrollment with the first patient dosed in September 2020.
We achieved a major proof-of-concept milestone for NBTXR3 with the completion of our randomized, controlled Phase II/III clinical trial in the European Union (the “EU”) for the treatment of patients with locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma (“STS”) of the extremities and trunk wall. This trial yielded positive results and, in April 2019, we completed the regulatory process for the CE mark of NBTXR3, thereby allowing the product to be commercialized in the 27 EU countries for the treatment of locally advanced STS under the brand name Hensify®.
We are now prioritizing the development of NBTXR3 in the United States and the EU for the treatment of patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers ineligible for chemotherapy, which we believe presents a significant opportunity for NBTXR3 because of the high incidence of these cancers and the significant unmet medical need for such patients. More than half of locally advanced head and neck cancers include large primary tumors which may invade underlying structures, spread to regional nodes or both. Moreover, approximately 50% of patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer succumb to their cancer within 12 months from the start of radiotherapy. Further, because treatment of locally advanced forms of head and neck cancer ordinarily requires aggressive, concerted measures, the subpopulation of elderly patients generally suffers from limited therapeutic options. Accordingly, we believe NBTXR3 could represent a significant benefit for this patient population with the potential to extend survival and improve quality of life.
As of June 30, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of €26.6 million. In July 2020, we raised additional net proceeds of €18.8 million through a capital increase by issuing and selling ordinary shares in a private placement. We also borrowed €5.0 million under a PGE loan with Bpifrance in July 2020. We have not generated significant revenues to date from product sales or royalties, and we do not expect to generate significant revenues from product sales or royalties unless and until our product candidates are approved for marketing and successfully commercialized. Historically, we have financed our operations and growth through issuances of new shares, refunds of research tax credits, conditional advances and grants awarded by governmental agencies, as well as bank loans from time to time. From our inception in 2003 through June 30, 2020, we have received more than €221.5 million in financing in the form of external fundraising, loans and repayable advances. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for additional information.
Since our inception, we have recorded operating losses every year, due primarily to research and development expenses incurred in connection with our efforts to advance our development program for NBTXR3. Our net losses were
TABLE OF CONTENTS
€50.9 million and €30.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and €20.6 million and €23.9 million for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from year to year, depending on the timing of our clinical trials and our expenditures on other research and development activities. We anticipate that our expenses and capital requirements will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:
⯀ | advance our ongoing clinical trials of NBTXR3; |
⯀ | initiate and conduct additional planned clinical trials of NBTXR3; |
⯀ | continue the research and development of other product candidates or other applications of NBTXR3; |
⯀ | seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; |
⯀ | scale-up our manufacturing capabilities to support the launch of additional clinical trials and the commercialization of our product candidates, if approved; |
⯀ | establish a sales and marketing infrastructure for the commercialization of our product candidates, if approved; |
⯀ | maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; |
⯀ | hire additional clinical, quality control and scientific personnel; and |
⯀ | add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development and commercialization efforts and our operations as a public company listed in the United States. |
Until such time that we can generate substantial revenue from product sales, we expect to finance these expenses and our operating activities through a combination of our existing liquidity and the proceeds of this offering. If we are unable to generate revenue from product sales in accordance with our expected timeframes and in the amounts we expect, or if we otherwise need additional capital to fund our operating activities, we will need to raise additional capital through the issuance of shares, through other equity or debt financings or through collaborations or partnerships with other companies. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all, which would have a negative impact on our financial condition and could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our development programs or commercialization efforts or grant to others rights to develop or market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. Failure to secure adequate funding could cause us to cease operations, in part or in full.
Although it is difficult to predict future liquidity requirements, we expect that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will be sufficient to fund our current operations until . However, this estimate is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we currently expect. In any event, we will need additional capital to pursue preclinical and clinical activities, obtain regulatory approval for, and to commercialize our product candidates. Our ability to successfully transition to profitability will be dependent upon achieving a level of revenues adequate to support our cost structure. We cannot assure you that we will ever be profitable or generate positive cash flow from operating activities.
We operate in a single operating segment for accounting purposes. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and audited year-end consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS, International Accounting Standards (“IAS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), as well as interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (“IFRS-IC”) and the Standard Interpretations Committee (the “SIC”), which application is mandatory as of January 1, 2020. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and audited year-end consolidated financial statements are also compliant with IFRS as adopted by the European Union.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Financial Operations Overview
Revenues and Other Income
Revenues
Our revenues are derived mainly from the charging-back of external contract research organization costs that we incur on behalf of our collaborator, PharmaEngine, Inc. (“PharmaEngine”), in connection with the development support we receive as part of our license and collaboration agreement with PharmaEngine.
Other Income
Our other income consists of grants and subsidies from government agencies and refundable research tax credits.
Grants and Subsidies
We have received various grants and other assistance from the government of France and French public authorities, including through Bpifrance (formerly OSEO Innovation), since our creation. The funds are intended to finance our operations or specific projects. Grants and subsidies are recognized in income as the corresponding expenses are incurred and independently of cash flows received.
Research Tax Credits
The French tax authorities grant a research tax credit (Crédit d’Impôt Recherche) to companies in order to encourage them to conduct technical and scientific research. Companies demonstrating that they have incurred research expenditures that meet the required criteria in France (or, since January 1, 2005, other countries in the European Union or the European Economic Area that have signed a tax treaty with France containing an administrative assistance clause) receive a tax credit that may be used for the payment of their income tax due for the fiscal year in which the expenditures were incurred and during the three fiscal years thereafter. If taxes due are not sufficient to cover the full amount of the tax credit at the end of the three-year period, the difference is repaid in cash to the company by the French tax authorities.
The main characteristics of the research tax credits are as follows:
⯀ | the research tax credits result in a cash inflow to us from the tax authorities, either through an offset against the payment of corporate tax or through a direct payment to us for the portion that remains unused; |
⯀ | our income tax liability does not limit the amount of the research tax credit, as a company that does not pay any income tax can request direct cash payment of the research tax credit; and |
⯀ | the research tax credit is not included in the determination of income tax. |
We apply for the research tax credit for research expenses incurred in each fiscal year and recognize the amounts claimed in the same fiscal year. We have concluded that the research tax credits meet the definition of a government grant as defined in IAS 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance, and, as a result, it has been classified as “Other income” within operating income in our statements of consolidated operations.
Operating Expenses
Our operating expenses are primarily incurred for research and development and selling, general and administrative purposes, for the most part in France.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development activities are central to our business. Since our inception, most of our resources have been allocated to research and development. These expenses include:
⯀ | sub-contracting, collaboration and consultant expenses that primarily consist of the cost of third-party contractors, such as contract research organizations that conduct our non-clinical studies and clinical trials; |
⯀ | employee-related costs for employees in research and development functions; |
⯀ | expenses relating to preclinical studies and clinical trials for NBTXR3; |
⯀ | manufacturing costs for production of NBTXR3 to support clinical development; |
⯀ | certain intellectual property expenses; |
⯀ | expenses relating to regulatory affairs; and |
⯀ | expenses relating to the implementation of our quality assurance system. |
Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect that our research and development expenses will continue to increase in the foreseeable future as we advance the clinical development of NBTXR3.
We cannot determine with certainty the duration and completion costs of the current or planned future clinical trials of our product candidates or if, when, or to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of any of our product candidates that obtain regulatory approval. We may not succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any particular product candidate. The duration, costs and timing of clinical trials and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including:
⯀ | the scope, rate of progress and expense of our ongoing and planned preclinical studies, clinical trials and other research and development activities; |
⯀ | clinical trial and early-stage results; |
⯀ | the terms and timing of regulatory approvals; |
⯀ | the expense of filing patent applications and maintaining and enforcing patents and other intellectual property rights and defending against claims or infringements raised by third parties; and |
⯀ | the ability to market, commercialize and achieve market acceptance for NBTXR3 or any other product candidate that we may develop in the future. |
A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of NBTXR3 or any other product candidate that we develop could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of NBTXR3 or such other product candidates. For example, if the FDA or other comparable regulatory authority were to require us to conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials beyond those which we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development, or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any clinical trials, we could be required to spend significant additional financial resources and time on clinical development.
Selling, General and Administrative (SG&A) Expenses
SG&A expenses mainly comprise administrative payroll costs, overhead costs relating to our headquarters in Paris, and costs such as accounting, legal, human resources, communications and market access activities.
We anticipate that our SG&A expenses will increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support the expected growth in our research and development activities and the potential commercialization of NBTXR3. We also anticipate increased expenses associated with being a public company in the United States, including costs related to audit, legal, regulatory and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with Nasdaq listing and SEC requirements, director and officer insurance premiums, and investor relations costs. In particular, we will need to incur additional
TABLE OF CONTENTS
accounting expenses to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the United States, which will require us to test the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting.
Net Financial Income (Loss)
Net financial income (loss) comprises mainly interest income on short-term bank deposits, interest costs primarily on our loan from the EIB (the “EIB loan”), foreign exchange gains and losses and, since January 1, 2019, the interest costs on leases related to the application of IFRS 16. See Note 2 of our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and year-end audited consolidated financial statements for additional details regarding IFRS 16 lease liabilities.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Revenue Recognition
We apply significant judgments to determine the amount and timing of revenue under our license and collaboration agreement with PharmaEngine, mainly with respect to identifying our performance obligations and determining the timing of satisfaction of support services provided to PharmaEngine.
See Note 15 of our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and audited year-end consolidated financial statements for additional detail regarding our accounting policies for our sources of revenue.
Deferred Tax Assets
Deferred taxes are recognized for temporary differences arising from the difference between the tax basis and the accounting basis of our assets and liabilities that appear in our financial statements. The primary temporary differences are related to the tax losses that can be carried forward or backward depending on the jurisdiction. Enacted tax rates are used to measure deferred taxes.
Deferred tax assets are recorded in the accounts only to the extent that it is probable that the future profits will be sufficient to absorb the losses that can be carried forward or backward. Considering our stage of development, which does not allow income projections judged to be sufficiently reliable to be made, we have not recognized deferred tax assets in relation to tax losses carryforwards in the statements of consolidated financial position.
Share-Based Payments
We measure the fair value of stock options, founders’ warrants, and other warrants granted to employees, members of our executive board and supervisory board and consultants based on actuarial models. These actuarial models require that we use certain calculation assumptions with respect to characteristics of the grants, such as vesting terms, and market data, such as expected share volatility.
Clinical Trial Accruals
Clinical trial expenses, although not yet billed in full, are estimated for each trial and an accrual is recognized accordingly. See Note 13.1 of our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and audited year-end consolidated financial statements for information regarding the clinical trial accruals.
Fair Value of Financial Assets
The fair value measurement of the EIB loan requires us to assess the amount of additional interest (“royalties,” as defined in the royalty agreement with EIB) that will be due according to the royalty agreement during a royalty calculation period commencing on January 1, 2021. The royalties due during this period will be determined and calculated based on the number of tranches that have been withdrawn and will be indexed to our annual sales turnover. For purposes of measuring the fair value of the EIB loan, we forecast the sales that we expect to generate during the six-year royalty calculation period, taking into consideration our operational assumptions such as anticipated market release dates of our products, growth and penetration rate in each market. This forecast depends on our ability to
TABLE OF CONTENTS
successfully complete the clinical trials and obtain the necessary market authorization in each geographical area in a determined period of time. According to our estimate of growth and penetration rate in each market, the amount of royalties may be significant and a delay in the initial development plan or changes in the estimates of growth and penetration rate could result in a significant variation in the amount of royalties to be paid in the future and also in the amount of the recorded financial liability each reporting period. As clinical trial completion and market authorization schedules vary over time along with the sales growth estimates, we are periodically reassessing the amount of royalties to be paid in the future as part of the EIB loan measurement.
See Notes 4 and 12 of our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and audited year-end consolidated financial statements for information regarding the accounting for the EIB loan and the associated royalty agreement.
New Accounting Pronouncement
We applied the new standard IFRS 16 – Leases starting January 1, 2019 following the modified retrospective method. Please refer to Note 2 of our year-end audited consolidated financial statements for additional details regarding the application of IFRS 16.
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and of the Six-Month Periods Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019
Our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are summarized in the table below:
Revenues and other income
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Revenues | | | 68 | | | 116 | | | 37 | | | 37 |
Other income | | | 2,473 | | | 3,363 | | | 1,411 | | | 1,786 |
Total revenues and other income | | | 2,541 | | | 3,479 | | | 1,448 | | | 1,823 |
Operating expenses
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Research and development expenses | | | (30,411) | | | (20,893) | | | (13,077) | | | (13,380) |
Selling, general and administrative expenses. | | | (18,909) | | | (12,653) | | | (6,755) | | | (8,910) |
Total Operating expenses | | | (49,320) | | | (33,546) | | | (19,832) | | | (22,290) |
Operating income (loss) | | | (46,779) | | | (30,067) | | | (18,384) | | | (20,467) |
Financial income | | | 837 | | | 1,172 | | | 234 | | | 724 |
Financial expenses | | | (4,970) | | | (1,449) | | | (2,428) | | | (4,176) |
Financial income (loss) | | | (4,133) | | | (277) | | | (2,194) | | | (3,452) |
Income tax | | | (3) | | | — | | | (1) | | | — |
Net loss for the period | | | (50,915) | | | (30,345) | | | (20,579) | | | (23,920) |
(1)
| We applied the new IFRS 16 standard — Leases starting January 1, 2019 following the modified retrospective method. Accordingly, financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 are not restated under the new IFRS 16 standard. |
Revenues and Other Income
Revenues and other income decreased by €0.4 million, or 21.0%, from €1.8 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 to €1.4 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Revenues and other income decreased by €0.9 million, or 27.0%, from €3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 to €2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The components of our revenues and other income are set forth in the table below:
Services | | | 40 | | | 109 | | | 37 | | | 20 |
Other sales | | | 28 | | | 7 | | | — | | | 17 |
Total revenues | | | 68 | | | 116 | | | 37 | | | 37 |
Research tax credit | | | 2,437 | | | 3,251 | | | 888 | | | 1,776 |
Subsidies | | | 20 | | | 90 | | | 494 | | | 10 |
Other | | | 17 | | | 22 | | | 28 | | | — |
Total other income | | | 2,473 | | | 3,363 | | | 1,411 | | | 1,786 |
Total revenues and other income | | | 2,541 | | | 3,479 | | | 1,448 | | | 1,823 |
The decrease in revenues and other income for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020 is primarily attributable to the research tax credit, which decreased by €0.9 million from €1.8 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 to €0.9 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020. This was primarily due to a decrease in eligible expenditures because of our laboratories’ shutdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic and associated government lock-down requirements. The research tax credit also decreased after the French tax authorities restricted the scope of the expenditures eligible for research tax credit refunds.
All of our revenues recognized in the six-month period ended June 30, 2020 and more than 54% of our revenues recognized in the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 were derived from the charging-back of external contract research organization costs in connection with the development support provided to PharmaEngine as part of our license and collaboration agreement.
Subsidies increased by €484 thousand from the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 to the six-month period ended June 30, 2020, amounting to €494 thousand. Subsidies for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020 primarily reflected amounts provided by the French State as part of the “partial unemployment measure,” a national plan allowing companies facing economic challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic to receive approximately 84% of specific employees’ net salaries from the French State. These subsidies were granted to our subsidiary, Curadigm SAS (“Curadigm”), and Nanobiotix and amounted to €312 thousand. Subsidies also included the Deep Tech Grant (defined below), €172 thousand of which was recognized as revenue in the six-month period ended June 30, 2020.
The decrease in other income for the year ended December 31, 2019 was primarily attributable to the research tax credit, which decreased by €0.8 million from €3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 to €2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This decrease resulted from the French tax authorities restricting the scope of expenditures eligible for research tax credit refunds in 2019.
All of our revenues recognized in the year ended December 31, 2019 and more than 90% of our revenues recognized in the year ended December 31, 2018 were derived from the charging-back of external contract research organization costs in connection with the development support provided to PharmaEngine as part of our license and collaboration agreement.
Subsidies decreased by €70 thousand from 2018 to 2019, amounting to €20 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are summarized in the table below:
Purchases, sub-contracting and other expenses | | | (16,804) | | | (11,358) | | | (7,096) | | | (6,339) |
Payroll costs (including share-based payments) | | | (11,980) | | | (9,002) | | | (5,397) | | | (6,297) |
Depreciation, amortization and provision expenses | | | (1,627) | | | (534) | | | (583) | | | (744) |
Total research and development expenses | | | (30,411) | | | (20,893) | | | (13,077) | | | (13,380) |
The total amount of expenses incurred with respect to research and development activities decreased by €303 thousand, or 2%, from €13.4 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 to €13.1 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020. This net decrease was mainly due to the following:
⯀ | an increase of €757 thousand, or 12%, in purchases, sub-contracting and other expenses, primarily comprising increased clinical expenses associated with maintaining clinical trial development during the COVID-19 pandemic; |
⯀ | a decrease of €900 thousand, or 14%, in payroll costs which was mainly due to a decrease of 12 research and development staff for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020 as compared with the same period in 2019. As of June 30, 2020, our workforce included 73 research and development staff; and |
⯀ | a decrease of €161 thousand in depreciation, amortization and provision expenses primarily due to the €112 thousand partial utilization of a provision for disputes for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020, which amount was zero for the same period in 2019. |
The total amount of expenses incurred with respect to research and development activities increased by €9.5 million, or 45.6%, from €20.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 to €30.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This increase was mainly due to:
⯀ | an increase of €5.4 million, or 47.9%, in purchases, sub-contracting and other expenses, primarily comprising clinical trial expenses for NBTXR3 and research costs incurred for our various ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials; |
⯀ | an increase of €3.0 million, or 33.1%, in payroll costs related to the growth of our research and development staff and salary increases among existing research and development staff. As of December 31, 2019, our workforce included 81 research and development staff, which included two additional positions created during the year ended December 31, 2019. These additional positions led to an increase in salary, wages and payroll taxes. Additionally, the share-based payments expenses (excluding employer’s contribution) increased by €0.5 million, from €0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 to €0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019; and |
⯀ | an increase of €1.1 million in depreciation, amortization and provision expenses primarily due to the application of the IFRS 16 standard in 2019. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) Expenses
SG&A expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are summarized below:
Purchases, fees and other expenses | | | (9,435) | | | (5,918) | | | (2,955) | | | (3,956) |
Payroll costs (including share-based payments) | | | (9,205) | | | (6,701) | | | (3,641) | | | (4,903) |
Depreciation, amortization and provision expenses | | | (270) | | | (35) | | | (159) | | | (51) |
Total selling, general and administrative expenses | | | (18,910) | | | (12,653) | | | (6,755) | | | (8,910) |
Our SG&A expenses decreased by €2.1 million, or 24%, from €8.9 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 to €6.8 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to:
⯀ | the decrease in purchases, fees and other expenses by €1.0 million due to our efforts to decrease general and administrative costs in light of the COVID-19 pandemic; and |
⯀ | the payroll costs related to our administrative staff members, which decreased by €1.3 million, from €4.9 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 to €3.6 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020, mainly resulting from the variation of employer’s contribution for payroll tax from an expense of €0.7 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 to a net reversal of €0.2 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020 due to the cancellation of free shares over the period. At June 30, 2020, we employed 25 SG&A staff, which is a decrease of one position as compared to June 30, 2019. |
Depreciation, amortization and provision expenses increased from €51 thousand for the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 to €159 thousand for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020, primarily due to the additional amortization of new facility leases in Paris (Oberkampf road and Faubourg Saint Antoine road).
Our SG&A expenses increased by €6.3 million, or 49.5%, from €12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 to €18.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase was primarily due to:
⯀ | the increase in purchases, fees and other expenses by €3.5 million due to additional consultancy, audit, recruitment, legal and communications services fees in 2019. This includes the expensing of €1.5 million in transaction costs related to a potential U.S. initial public offering, of which €1.0 million were recorded in 2018 and €507 thousand in 2019, that were initially recorded as a reduction of premiums related to share capital and then reversed to SG&A expenses upon the determination by management in 2019 that the offering would be delayed. This also includes costs associated with a change in the executive board members in July 2019, resulting in an internal reorganization. These increases in fees and other expenses were partially offset by the decrease in rental expenses following the application of IFRS 16; and |
⯀ | the payroll costs related to our administrative staff members, which increased by €2.5 million, mainly resulting from the increase in share-based payment expenses (excluding employer’s contribution) by €1.9 million, from €1.5 million in 2018 to €3.4 million in 2019. At December 31, 2019, we employed 29 SG&A staff, which included six positions that were created during the year ended December 31, 2019. |
Depreciation, amortization and provision expenses increased from €35 thousand in 2018 to €0.3 million in 2019, primarily due to the application of IFRS 16 standard since January 1, 2019.
Operating Income (Loss)
Our operating loss decreased by €2.1 million, or 10.2%, from €20.5 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 to €18.4 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020. This decrease is mainly due to our efforts to reduce SG&A expenses during the COVID-19 pandemic, along with the changes to other income and research and development expenses described above.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
At June 30, 2020, our workforce totaled 98 employees, which is 13 positions fewer than the 111 employees we employed at June 30, 2019.
Our operating loss increased by €16.7 million, or 55.6%, from €30.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 to €46.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to expenses related to the progression of our clinical programs, particularly in head and neck cancers, including additional recruitments of patients for clinical trials undertaken in 2019.
At December 31, 2019, our workforce totaled 110 employees, including eight additional positions created during 2019.
Net Financial Income (Loss)
Net financial loss decreased by €1.3 million, from €3.5 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 to €2.2 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to €1.1 million of interest cost reversal resulting from our updating of the EIB estimated loan royalties. See Note 12.1 of our unaudited interim condensed financial statements.
Net financial loss increased by €3.9 million, from €0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 to €4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase was primarily due to a €3.6 million increase in interest cost related mainly to the EIB loan, and to a lesser extent, a €0.4 million increase in IFRS 16 related interest expense following the first application of the new standard in 2019.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Since our inception, we have consistently generated negative operating cash flows. Historically, we have financed our operations and growth through issuances of new shares, refunds of research tax credits, conditional advances and grants awarded by governmental agencies, as well as bank loans from time to time.
Cash and Funding Sources
Capital Increases
In October 2012, we completed the initial public offering of our ordinary shares on the Euronext market in Paris, from which we raised €12.1 million in net proceeds.
In April 2019, we raised aggregate net proceeds of €28.1 million through a capital increase by issuing and selling ordinary shares. In July 2020, we raised aggregate net proceeds of €18.8 million through a capital increase by issuing and selling ordinary shares.
Tax Credits
In 2018, we received €3.2 million in refunds for the research tax credit related to the taxable year 2017. In February 2020, we received €3.3 million in refunds for the research tax credit related to the taxable year 2018. In July 2020, we received €2.3 million in refunds related to the taxable year 2019.
EIB Finance Contract and Royalty Agreement
In July 2018, we and EIB entered into a finance contract and a royalty agreement. The EIB loan is comprised of three potential disbursement tranches, each of which may be drawn in the absence of an event of default or prepayment event, subject to our achieving specified documentary and/or performance criteria and making customary representations and warranties.
In October 2018, upon satisfying the requisite documentary criteria, we drew the initial tranche of €16.0 million (repayable in a single installment at maturity).
In March 2019, upon achieving the requisite performance criteria (the positive evaluation of the Phase III clinical benefit/risk ratio of NBTXR3 for the treatment of STS by the French notified body covering medical devices, GMED, and
TABLE OF CONTENTS
the successful identification of the recommended NBTXR3 dosage in our locally advanced head and neck cancers clinical trial), we drew the second tranche of €14.0 million (repayable in semi-annual installments of principal and interest after a two-year grace period).
In addition to the initial tranche and the second tranche, the terms of the EIB loan provide for a final €10.0 million third tranche if we satisfy the applicable performance criteria prior to July 26, 2021. The disbursement of the third tranche is dependent on two conditions: (i) obtaining the CE mark for NBTXR3 and achieving the primary endpoint of the pivotal Phase III clinical trial for NBTXR3 in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers and (ii) our raising of new equity financing, which was achieved with our April 2019 capital increase. The deadline for the satisfaction of the requisite performance criteria, which was initially July 26, 2020, was extended to provide an additional year to satisfy the performance conditions and draw the third tranche. If drawn, the third tranche would be repayable in semi-annual installments after a one-year grace period, through the date that is five years after disbursement.
Prior to repayment at maturity (or earlier prepayment), interest on the first tranche shall accrue at the rate of 6% annually, with such interest being capitalized and added to the outstanding principal. Together with the requisite installment of principal, interest on the second tranche (at a 5% fixed rate) and, if disbursed, the third tranche (at a 4% fixed rate) is payable, following the applicable grace period, semi-annually in arrears. The final repayment with respect to each tranche is due five years from the date of its disbursement. Interest on any overdue amounts accrues at an annual rate equal to the higher of the applicable rate plus 2% or EURIBOR plus 2%.
We may repay, in whole or in part, any tranche, together with accrued interest upon 30 days prior notice, subject to the payment of a customary prepayment fee. EIB may require us to prepay all outstanding amounts under the EIB loan in connection with certain events, including a substantial reduction in the anticipated cost of our NBTXR3 development program, a prepayment of certain non-EIB financing, certain change of control events, Dr. Laurent Levy ceasing to be our Chief Executive Officer or ceasing hold a specified number of shares, or certain dispositions of assets related to our NBTXR3 development program, in each case, subject to the payment of a customary prepayment fee.
EIB may also require immediate repayment, together with accrued interest and a customary prepayment fee, in connection with the occurrence of any event of default with respect to us or our subsidiaries, including failure to pay any amounts due under the EIB loan, a determination of a material defect in any previously made representation or warranty, any cross-default involving the acceleration or cancellation of an amount equal to at least €100,000 or pursuant to any other loan from EIB, certain bankruptcy or insolvency events, the occurrence of any material adverse change, or any failure to comply with any other provision under the Finance Contract that remains uncured for 20 business days.
Prepayment fees, if required, are calculated as a percentage of the amount prepaid, which percentage decreases over time.
The terms of the EIB loan impose restrictions on us and our subsidiaries that may impact the operation of our business, including, among others, restrictions on (i) the disposition of any part of our business or assets outside of arm’s length ordinary-course transactions, (ii) restructuring or making any substantial change to the nature of our business, (iii) entering into certain merger or consolidation transactions, (iv) the disposition of our shareholdings in our material subsidiaries, (v) pursuing acquisitions or investments, (vi) incurring any indebtedness in excess of €1.0 million in the aggregate, (vii) providing guarantees in respect of liabilities or other obligations, (viii) engaging in certain hedging activities, (ix) granting security over our assets, (x) paying dividends or repurchasing our shares, or (xi) impairing our intellectual property rights. Pursuant to these restrictions, we obtained the EIB’s consent to the HSBC PGE Loan (as defined below) and the Bpifrance PGE Loan, which represented an aggregate indebtedness of €10 million.
Any of our subsidiaries whose gross revenues, total assets or EBITDA represents at least 5% of our consolidated gross revenues, total assets or EBITDA is required to guarantee our borrowings under the EIB loan.
Pursuant to the royalty agreement, we also committed to pay royalties to EIB calculated on an annual basis for a period of six years beginning on January 1, 2021 and payable with respect to the preceding year on each June 30 during the period from 2022 through 2027. The amount of royalties payable is calculated based on low single-digit royalty rates, which vary according to the number of tranches that have been drawn and indexed on our annual sales turnover.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
In the event that we elect to prepay a tranche of the EIB loan, EIB requires prepayment of the EIB loan in connection with an event of default or other prepayment event under the Finance Contract, or a change of control event occurs following the maturity of the EIB loan, EIB is entitled to request payment of an amount equal to the highest of (i) the net present value of all future royalties, as determined by an independent expert, (ii) the amount required for EIB to realize an internal rate of return of 20% on the EIB loan, and (iii) €35.0 million. Interest on any overdue amounts accrues at an annual rate equal to 2%.
See Notes 12 and 24 of our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and year-end audited consolidated financial statements for additional details regarding the EIB loan agreement.
PGE Loans
On June 22, 2020, we entered into a €5 million state guaranteed loan agreement (“Prêt garanti par l’Etat” or “PGE”) with HSBC France (the “HSBC PGE Loan”). The HSBC PGE Loan is 90% guaranteed by the French State and has an initial 12-month term during which it bears no interest. At the end of this initial term, we have an option to repay the principal or to amortize it over an additional period of up to five years, during which the HSBC PGE Loan would bear interest at a rate not to exceed HSBC France’s refinancing costs. We must pay a guarantee fee equal to 0.25% of the €5 million principal amount at the end of the initial 12-month term. If we decide to amortize the principal over an additional period, we will have to pay an additional guarantee fee over such amortization period at a legal rate, which will vary depending on the duration of the amortization period, being 0.50% per annum for the first two years of amortization and 1% per annum for the third, fourth and fifth year of amortization. The HSBC PGE Loan must be repaid upon the occurrence of customary events of default.
On July 10, 2020, we entered into a €5 million PGE loan with Bpifrance (the “Bpifrance PGE Loan”). The Bpifrance PGE Loan has a six-year term and is 90% guaranteed by the French State. The Bpifrance PGE Loan will bear no interest for the first 12-month period but, following such 12-month period and for the subsequent five years, will bear an interest rate of 2.25% per annum, inclusive of an annual State guarantee fee of 1.61% per annum. The principal and interest of the Bpifrance PGE loan will be repaid in 20 quarterly installments from October 31, 2021 until July 26, 2026. The Bpifrance PGE Loan must be repaid upon the occurrence of customary events of default.
Bpifrance Advances
From our inception through June 30, 2020, we received a total of seven advances from government agencies. These include an advance awarded by OSEO-ANVAR (the first grant) in 2004 and repaid in full at the end of 2011, two advances awarded by OSEO (the second and third grant) in 2009 and 2010 and repaid in full at the end of 2014, and an advance awarded by OSEO (the fourth grant) in 2012 and repaid in full in 2018.
Two additional interest-free advances were obtained from Bpifrance: one by Nanobiotix and one by Curadigm, each of which is 100% repayable in the event of technical and/or commercial success, respectively.
On July 3, 2013, we obtained a seventh repayable advance of a commitment for €2.1 million from Bpifrance through France’s Strategic Industrial Innovation program, in order to accelerate the clinical development of NBTXR3 for liver cancer. We received €1.3 million in 2014, €0.6 million in 2015 and €0.3 million in 2016. Except in the event we are unable to commercialize NBTXR3, we have undertaken to repay the total amount received to Bpifrance according to the following schedule: €0.3 million no later than December 31, 2022, €0.5 million no later than December 31, 2023, €0.8 million no later than December 31, 2024 and the remaining balance no later than December 31, 2025.
Bpifrance Loans
In September 2016, we received an interest-free innovation loan of €2.0 million from Bpifrance. We have undertaken to repay the total amount in 16 quarterly installments of €125 thousand each, beginning in September 2018. We repaid €0.3 million in 2018 and €0.5 million in 2019. No repayments have been made in 2020 due to the permitted deferral of payments due to COVID-19.
On June 18, 2020, Curadigm executed a non-dilutive €1.0 million financing agreement as part of Bpifrance’s Deep Tech program in order to support Curadigm’s Nanoprimer technology (the “Deep Tech Grant”). The financing comprises (i) a
TABLE OF CONTENTS
€500 thousand conditional advance, the first €350 thousand of which was funded at signing and the remainder of which will be funded upon completion of a project related to a nanomedicine therapy, at our request, and (ii) a €500 thousand grant, the first €350 thousand of which was funded at signing and the remainder of which will be funded upon completion of a project related to a nanomedicine therapy, at our request. Curadigm received (i) €350 thousand of the €500 thousand conditional advance in June 2020, and (ii) €350 thousand of the €500 thousand grant, €172 thousand of which was recognized as revenue in the six-month period ended June 30, 2020. The conditional advance component of the financing is repayable each quarter, commencing March 31, 2023 and continuing through December 31, 2027.
The carrying value and activity of our repayable advances and loans is as follows:
At January 1, 2019 | | | 2,116 | | | 1,675 | | | 16,730 | | | — | | | — | | | 20,521 |
Principal received | | | — | | | — | | | 14,000 | | | — | | | — | | | 14,000 |
Impact of discounting and accretion | | | 32 | | | 36 | | | (1,422) | | | — | | | — | | | (1,354) |
Accumulated fixed interest expense accrual | | | 16 | | | — | | | 1,545 | | | — | | | — | | | 1,561 |
Accumulated variable interest expense accrual | | | — | | | — | | | 4,243 | | | — | | | — | | | 4,243 |
Repayments | | | — | | | (500) | | | (350) | | | — | | | — | | | (850) |
At December 31, 2019 | | | 2,165 | | | 1,210 | | | 34,746 | | | — | | | — | | | 38,121 |
Principal received | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 350 | | | 5,000 | | | 5,350 |
Impact of discounting and accretion | | | 7 | | | — | | | (1,098) | | | (74) | | | — | | | (1,163) |
Accumulated fixed interest expense accrual | | | 16 | | | — | | | 859 | | | 1 | | | — | | | 876 |
Accumulated variable interest expense accrual | | | — | | | — | | | 2,440 | | | — | | | — | | | 2,440 |
Repayments | | | — | | | — | | | (350) | | | — | | | 1 | | | (349) |
At June 30, 2020 | | | 2,189 | | | 1,211 | | | 36,598 | | | 277 | | | 5,001 | | | 45,276 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Lease Liabilities
We adopted IFRS 16 – Leases using the “modified retrospective method” starting on January 1, 2019 and recorded rights of use assets and lease liabilities for the amounts of the discounted lease payments outstanding for the remainder of our leases. The amount of the lease liabilities on initial recognition was €5.6 million, without impact on future cash payments in connection with the outstanding leases as of January 1, 2019. During the period ended June 30, 2020, net lease liabilities decreased by €0.2 million to €6.4 million since December 31, 2019. See Note 12.2 of our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and year-end audited consolidated financial statements for details regarding the lease liabilities.
Historical Changes in Cash Flows
The table below summarizes our cash inflows and outflows for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019:
Net cash flows used in operating activities | | | (41,169) | | | (25,985) | | | (12,879) | | | (21,324) |
Net cash flows from (used in) investing activities | | | (1,459) | | | 71 | | | (83) | | | (5,859) |
Net cash flows from financing activities | | | 41,489 | | | 14,850 | | | 4,404 | | | 42,070 |
Effect of exchange rates changes on cash | | | 29 | | | 54 | | | 54 | | | 22 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | | | (1,109) | | | (11,009) | | | (8,505) | | | 14,909 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Our net cash flows used in operating activities was €12.9 million and €21.3 million for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The net cash used in each of these periods primarily reflects the net loss for those periods, which decreased by €3.3 million, from €23.9 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 to €20.6 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020, resulting primarily from the decrease in financial expenses of €1.7 million, together with a €2.1 million decrease in SG&A expenses.
Our net cash flows used in investing activities was €5.9 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 compared to €0.1 million used in investing activities for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020. The decrease of €5.8 million was primarily due to:
⯀ | a one-time acquisition of €5.0 million in marketable securities during the six months ended June 30, 2019, which was sold before the end of the year 2019 with no cash impact. No investment in marketable securities was made for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020; and |
⯀ | a €0.7 million decrease in investments related to tangible and intangible assets. |
Our net cash flows from financing activities were €42.1 million and €4.4 million for the periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Net cash flows from financing activities for the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 was primarily attributable to (i) €28.1 million of net proceeds received in April 2019 following the capital increase issuing and selling ordinary shares, (ii) receipt of €14.0 million from the second tranche of the EIB loan in March 2019 and (iii) €981 thousand of proceeds from warrant subscriptions. These funds were partially offset by (i) €567 thousand of repayments related to our conditional advances and lease contracts, including interest, and (ii) €423 thousand of transaction costs resulting from the capital increase and our contemplated initial public offering. Net cash flows from financing activities for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020 was primarily attributable to the €5.0 million HSBC PGE Loan and a new €350 thousand conditional advance granted by Bpifrance to Curadigm in connection with the Deep Tech Grant, offset by payments of lease liabilities and interest payments for the existing EIB loan and loans from Bpifrance and €261 thousand of transaction costs.
Our net cash flows used in operating activities was €26.0 million and €41.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The net cash used in each of these periods primarily reflects the net loss for those periods, which increased by €20.6 million, from €30.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 to €50.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, resulting primarily from the increase in operating expenses of €15.8 million.
Our net cash flows from (used in) investing activities was €0.1 million from investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to €1.5 million used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019. The year-over-year change was primarily due to a €1.0 million increase in amounts incurred for purchases of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, of which €0.8 million resulted from the acquisition of additional fixtures, fittings and installations for the new space rented in our headquarters.
Our net cash flows from financing activities was €14.8 million and €41.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Net cash flows from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily attributable to €16.0 million received under the EIB loan agreement in October 2018, partially offset by €0.9 million of repayments related to other borrowings and conditional advances, including interest. Net cash flows from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 was primarily attributable to €28.1 million of net proceeds received in April 2019 following the capital increase issuing and selling ordinary shares, the second tranche of €14.0 million received under the EIB loan agreement in March 2019 and €1.3 million of proceeds from warrant subscriptions. These funds were partially offset by €1.9 million of repayments related to our conditional advances and lease contracts, including interest.
Liquidity Agreement
Consistent with customary practices in the French securities market, in 2012 we entered into a liquidity agreement with Gilbert Dupont, an investment company in France, which agreement authorizes Gilbert Dupont to carry out market purchases and sales of our shares on Euronext Paris in order to provide liquidity for the trading market. During the year ended December 31, 2019 and the six-month period ended June 30, 2020, we did not contribute any cash or additional ordinary shares to the liquidity account. The cash and the value of the ordinary shares held in the liquidity account are
TABLE OF CONTENTS
classified in other non-current financial assets in our statement of consolidated financial position. As of June 30, 2020, a total of 22,724 ordinary shares and €0.2 million were allocated to the liquidity account with Gilbert Dupont. As of December 31, 2019, a total of 15,723 ordinary shares and €0.1 million, compared to 13,144 ordinary shares and €0.2 million as of December 31, 2018, were allocated to the liquidity account with Gilbert Dupont. The liquidity agreement has an automatically renewable term of one year unless otherwise terminated by either party.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
The table below presents aggregate information on material contractual obligations and the future periods during which payments are due based on contractual agreements in place as of June 30, 2020. Actual payments may differ from the estimates below as a result of future events.
Long-term debt obligations(1) | | | 1,213 | | | 13,518 | | | 29,788 | | | 1,925 | | | 46,444 |
Lease liabilities | | | 1,199 | | | 2,309 | | | 2,267 | | | 1,951 | | | 7,726 |
Total | | | 2,412 | | | 15,827 | | | 32,055 | | | 3,876 | | | 54,170 |
(1)
| Calculated according to principal amounts and fixed interest rates. Excludes the Bpifrance PGE Loan of €5.0 million received on July 10, 2020. |
The obligations presented in the table above are associated with legally binding and enforceable agreements, which specify all the terms and conditions thereof, including fixed-rate interest on long-term debt for the term of the debt (variable interest is not included as described below); and the approximate timing of the steps to be taken under the agreements. The table does not include penalty obligations arising under cancellable agreements, including, for example, the repayment penalty in the EIB loan described below.
The long-term debt obligations relate to the fixed rate interest and principal payable on repayable advances and our Bpifrance and EIB loan agreements. The amount of the EIB loan included in the table above was €37.3 million as of June 30, 2020, corresponding to the remaining fixed rate interest and principal payable based on the contractual agreement and including €7.3 million of accumulated fixed rate interest over the term of the first disbursed tranches, of which €1.9 million was accrued as of June 30, 2020. The balance does not include €38.1 million of potential royalties (accounted for as variable rate interest), which was estimated as of June 30, 2020, based on the consolidated forecasted sales we forecast to generate during the six-year period following January 1, 2021.
As any such sales are dependent upon regulatory approval and cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, these potential royalty amounts have not been included in the table above. In the event the EIB loan is repaid early, or in the event of a change of control after repayment of the loan, the EIB is entitled to request payment of an amount equal to the net present value of the royalties as determined by an independent expert, such amount not to be less than €35.0 million.
The lease liabilities mainly relate to:
⯀ | Our headquarters, located at 60 rue Wattignies in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, for which we signed a lease on July 1, 2017 for a term of 10 years and an amendment pursuant to which we leased additional space, with retroactive effect from January 1, 2019. |
⯀ | Our premises in the Villejuif BioPark in the south of Paris, for which the lease began on July 1, 2017 for a term of nine years. |
⯀ | New leases, which commenced during the six-month period ended June 30, 2020, one on Oberkampf Road in Paris, France, representing a lease liability at initial recognition of €155 thousand, to be amortized over 9 years and the other on Faubourg Saint-Antoine in Paris, France, representing a lease liability at initial recognition of €140 thousand, to be amortized over 9 years. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
For our four significant leases mentioned above, the lease term used in the lease liabilities measurement are eight and nine years, respectively, corresponding to the ongoing enforceable period stated in each agreement.
We have no lease commitments with respect to our foreign subsidiaries, other than lease contracts for vehicles in the United States and Germany.
In December 2018, we and MD Anderson entered into a large-scale, comprehensive clinical research collaboration to launch nine new clinical trials to evaluate NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy across several cancer types. As part of the funding for this collaboration, we have committed to pay approximately $11.0 million (plus certain expenses) for those clinical trials during the collaboration, towards which we made an initial $1.0 million payment at the commencement of the collaboration and a second $1.0 million payment on February 3, 2020. Additional payments will be paid semi-annually during the course of the collaboration on the basis of patients enrolled during the relevant period, with the balance payable upon enrollment of the final patient for all studies. As of June 30, 2020, we recorded prepaid expenses related to the collaboration agreement with MD Anderson for €1.7 million.
We may also be required to make an additional one-time milestone payment upon two conditions being satisfied: (i) the first regulatory approval granted by the FDA and (ii) the date on which a specified aggregate number of patients have been enrolled in the clinical trials. The milestone payment increases on an annual basis ranging from $2.2 million if payable in 2020 up to $16.4 million if payable in 2030. As the timing of the milestone payments under this collaboration is not fixed, they are not included in the table above. Please refer to “Business—Significant Collaborations and Research Agreements” for a detailed description of contractual obligations and commitments.
Operating Capital Requirements
Although it is difficult to predict future liquidity requirements, we expect that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents of €26.6 million as of June 30, 2020, the €5.0 million Bpifrance PGE Loan and the €18.8 million of net proceeds from the July 2020 Private Placement, will be sufficient to fund our current operations until . However, this estimate is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we currently expect. In any event, we will need additional capital to pursue preclinical and clinical activities, obtain regulatory approval for, and to commercialize our product candidates.
Until we can generate a sufficient amount of revenue from our product candidates, if ever, we expect to finance our operating activities through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, research tax credits and other government subsidies, and potential milestone payments under third-party collaborations. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of one or more of our product candidates. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of additional debt or equity securities, it could result in dilution to our existing shareholders, increased fixed payment obligations and these securities may have rights senior to those of our ordinary shares. If we incur indebtedness, we could become subject to covenants that would restrict our operations and potentially impair our competitiveness, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any of these events could significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects.
Our present and future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, among other things:
⯀ | the size, progress, timing and completion of our clinical trials; |
⯀ | the number of potential new product candidates we identify and decide to develop; |
⯀ | the costs involved in filing patent applications and maintaining and enforcing patents or defending against claims or infringements raised by third parties; |
⯀ | the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory approval for our product candidates and any delays we may encounter as a result of evolving regulatory requirements or adverse results with respect to any of these product candidates; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | selling and marketing activities undertaken in connection with the anticipated commercialization of NBTXR3 and any other current or future product candidates and costs involved in the creation of an effective sales and marketing organization; |
⯀ | the amount of revenue, if any, we may derive either directly or in the form of milestones or royalty payments from our license and collaboration agreement with PharmaEngine or our future potential partnership or collaboration agreements; and |
⯀ | the severity, duration and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may continue to adversely impact our business and clinical trials. |
Capital Expenditures
Increases in software and other intangible assets | | | 353 | | | 90 | | | 17 | | | 259 |
Increases in property, plant, and equipment | | | 1,091 | | | 416 | | | 57 | | | 545 |
Total | | | 1,444 | | | 506 | | | 74 | | | 804 |
For the six-month period ended June 30, 2020, our capital expenditures were comprised primarily of €25 thousand related to new office equipment.
For the six-month period ended June 30, 2019, our capital expenditures were comprised primarily of €0.8 million in improvements to our new office facilities, under the lease addendum signed in January 2019, and to licenses acquisition.
In 2019, our capital expenditures were comprised primarily of €0.8 million in improvements to our new office facilities and the implementation of new human resources software.
In 2018, our capital expenditures were comprised primarily of €0.2 million in improvements to our existing office facilities and €0.1 million in computer equipment in connection with the hiring of new employees.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
We use the euro as our functional currency and the substantial majority of our operations are denominated in euros. At this stage in our development, we are exposed to minimal foreign exchange risk due to our low exposure to transactions outside the eurozone in the normal course of business.
As of the date of this prospectus, we have not used hedging to protect our business against exchange rate fluctuations. However, a significant increase in business activity in jurisdictions in which currencies other than the euro are used could lead to greater exposure to currency risk. In that case, we would consider implementing a suitable hedging policy for these risks.
Interest Rate Risk
Our exposure to interest rate risk is primarily related to our cash equivalents and investment securities, which consist of money market mutual funds (SICAVs). We had cash and cash equivalents of €26.6 million as of June 30, 2020, as compared with €35.1 million as of December 31, 2019 and €36.2 million as of December 31, 2018, which amounts at each date consisted of bank accounts and short-term deposits. Changes in interest rates have a direct impact on the interest earned from these investments and the cash flows generated; however, historical fluctuations in interest income have not been significant.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
In July 2018, we entered into an agreement for the EIB loan under which we may borrow a total of up to €40 million, divided into three disbursement tranches, two of which were received as of June 30, 2020. The interest rate payable under the loan agreement is a fixed rate based on the applicable disbursement tranche: 6% (payable on maturity), 5% (payable semi-annually) and 4% (payable semi-annually) for the first, second and third tranches, respectively. We also committed, under a royalty agreement entered into in connection with the EIB loan, as calculated for a period of six years beginning on January 1, 2021, to pay additional interest in the form of royalties, calculated according to the number of tranches that have been withdrawn and indexed on our annual sales turnover. Any such royalties would be due by June 30 of the year following such sales. In the event the EIB loan is repaid early, or in the event of a change of control after repayment of the loan, the EIB is entitled to request payment of an amount equal to the net present value of the royalties as determined by an independent expert, such amount not to be less than €35.0 million. As the variable rate of any such royalties due will depend not on the performance of the financial markets, but on our performance, our exposure to interest rate and market risk is deemed low.
On June 18, 2020, Curadigm executed the Deep Tech Grant. The Deep Tech Grant did not have a material impact on our interest rate risk. On June 22, 2020, we entered into a €5 million PGE with HSBC France. The HSBC PGE Loan did not have a material impact on our interest rate risk.
In the ordinary course of business, we may enter into contractual arrangements to reduce our exposure to interest rate risks. However, we do not believe that a 10% change in current interest rates would have a significant impact on our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and year-end audited consolidated financial statements.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements that have had or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditure or capital resources.
JOBS Act Exemptions and Foreign Private Issuer Status
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:
⯀ | an exemption from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002; |
⯀ | an exemption from compliance with any requirement that the PCAOB may adopt regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements; and |
⯀ | to the extent that we no longer qualify as a foreign private issuer, reduced disclosure about our company’s executive compensation arrangements and exemptions from the requirements to obtain a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation or a shareholder approval of any golden parachute arrangements. |
We may take advantage of these provisions for up to five years or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company if we have more than $1.07 billion in annual revenue, have more than $700 million in market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates or issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period. We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these reduced burdens.
In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This provision allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of some accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. Given that we currently report and expect to continue to report under IFRS as issued by the IASB, we are not able to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required by the IASB.
We have taken advantage of reduced reporting requirements in this prospectus. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold equity securities.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Overview
We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing first-in-class product candidates that use our proprietary nanotechnology to transform cancer treatment by increasing the efficacy of radiotherapy. Our lead product candidate, NBTXR3, is an aqueous suspension of functionalized crystalline hafnium oxide nanoparticles designed for injection directly into a malignant tumor prior to standard radiotherapy. When exposed to ionizing radiation, NBTXR3 amplifies the localized, intratumor killing effect of that radiation and may also prime the body’s immune response to fight the cancer. NBTXR3 is designed to enhance the overall efficacy of radiotherapy without resulting in additional side effects on the surrounding healthy tissues.
As of the date of this prospectus, we have administered NBTXR3 to more than 230 patients. We and our collaborators are currently conducting a total of eight clinical trials worldwide to evaluate NBTXR3 as a potential treatment in various cancer indications. In December 2018, we entered into a collaboration with the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (“MD Anderson”) pursuant to which we intend to launch a total of nine NBTXR3 clinical trials across several cancer types in the United States, with a total of approximately 340 patients expected to be enrolled across the nine clinical trials. The first clinical trial under this collaboration—a Phase I study in patients with locally advanced or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer—has commenced enrollment with the first patient dosed during September 2020.
We achieved a major proof-of-concept milestone for NBTXR3 with the completion of our randomized, controlled Phase II/III clinical trial in the European Union (the “EU”) for the treatment of patients with locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma (“STS”) of the extremities and trunk wall. This trial yielded positive results and, in April 2019, we completed the regulatory process for the CE mark of NBTXR3, thereby allowing the product to be commercialized in the 27 EU countries for the treatment of locally advanced STS under the brand name Hensify®.
We are now prioritizing the development of NBTXR3 in the United States and the EU for the treatment of patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers ineligible for chemotherapy, which we believe presents a significant opportunity for NBTXR3 because of the high incidence of these cancers and the significant unmet medical need for such patients. More than half of locally advanced head and neck cancers include large primary tumors which may invade underlying structures, spread to regional nodes or both. Moreover, approximately 50% of patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer succumb to their cancer within 12 months from the start of radiotherapy. Further, because treatment of locally advanced forms of head and neck cancer ordinarily requires aggressive, concerted measures, the subpopulation of elderly patients generally suffers from limited therapeutic options. Accordingly, we believe NBTXR3 could represent a significant benefit for this patient population with the potential to extend survival and improve quality of life. In our Phase I trial in elderly patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers ineligible for chemotherapy, both parts — the Phase I dose escalation (“Study 102 Escalation”) and Phase I expansion (“Study 102 Expansion”) — showed that NBTXR3 has been well tolerated, and preliminary data from the Study 102 Expansion has shown a high response rate (83.9% overall response rate in 31 evaluable patients).
Radiotherapy, also called radiation therapy, involves the use of X-rays or other high-energy particles or rays to kill cancer cells in tumors. It is among the most common cancer treatments, both as a standalone therapy and in combination with surgery, chemotherapy or biological therapies. In developed countries with access to radiotherapy, approximately 60% of all cancer patients will receive radiotherapy at least once, either alone or as a part of a more complex treatment protocol. Nevertheless, many of these patients still die from the progression of their cancer because, among other reasons, they are not able to receive a high enough radiation dose to completely destroy their tumor without resulting in an unacceptable level of damage to surrounding healthy tissues. We believe that by mitigating these limitations, NBTXR3 may improve the survival rate and quality of life for cancer patients.
Our pioneering approach uses nanophysics to bring a physical mode of action to destroy cancer cells. Unlike traditional chemotherapies or biologics, NBTXR3 has a broadly applicable mechanism of action that has the potential to be used in the treatment of all solid tumor types in conjunction with radiotherapy. Our nanoparticles have a high electron density, which allows a tumor that contains NBTXR3 to absorb more energy than could otherwise be absorbed by the cancer cells
TABLE OF CONTENTS
alone. This controlled concentration of energy leads to greater localized cancer cell destruction. When exposure to radiation ceases, the nanoparticles return to their inactive, inert state.
We believe that NBTXR3’s mode of action could improve outcomes for patient populations across all solid tumors that may be treated with radiotherapy. These patient populations represent a significant market opportunity for NBTXR3. Moreover, we believe NBTXR3 could bring new opportunities to patients with cancers that cannot currently be treated with radiotherapy because of the radiosensitivity, or other characteristics, of the tissues near the tumor. The three most advanced indications for which we have announced positive clinical trial results are locally advanced STS (for which we can already legally commercialize NBTXR3 in the EU), locally advanced head and neck cancers (for which the FDA has granted Fast Track designation for the treatment of elderly patients ineligible for platinum-based chemotherapies, a patient population being enrolled in a global Phase III clinical trial) and liver cancers.
We initially evaluated and established our proof-of-concept with NBTXR3 for the treatment of patients with locally advanced STS. Our Phase II/III clinical trial achieved its primary endpoint showing approximately twice as many STS patients who received NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy achieved a pathological complete response, which is defined as less than 5% residual viable cancer cells in the tumor, compared to patients who received radiotherapy alone. This result was statistically significant and served as the basis to obtain the right to legally commercialize the product in the EU. In April 2019, we completed the regulatory process for the CE mark of NBTXR3, thereby allowing the product to be commercialized in the 27 EU countries for the treatment of locally advanced STS of the extremity and chest wall. We are currently preparing to conduct a post-registrational trial (“Study 301”) that will continue evaluating the safety and efficacy of NBTXR3, now approved for commercial sale for the treatment of locally advanced STS in the EU under the brand name Hensify®, and provide patients with access to the product. Following evaluation of the results from Studies 102 and 312, we intend to undertake a strategic review and to determine where we believe we are best positioned to pursue commercialization, including our commercialization strategy with respect to Hensify®.
Our current strategic priority is the development of NBTXR3 in the United States and the EU for the treatment of patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers. In 2018, we concluded an initial dose escalation phase of our Phase I clinical trial in elderly patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers who are ineligible for chemotherapy or intolerant to cetuximab, a patient population that is typically treated with radiotherapy alone. In the initial phase of the trial, nine out of the 16 evaluable patients who received NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy achieved a complete response according to the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (“RECIST 1.1”), a set of published rules that define whether tumors in cancer patients have improved, stayed the same or worsened during treatment. Of the seven patients who received radiation plus the two highest doses of NBTXR3 and who were alive at the 12-month cut-off date, five of seven patients were still alive at 24 months following treatment. Patients who received NBTXR3 in this trial also have not experienced any serious adverse events associated with treatment. Based on these encouraging results, we commenced Study 102 Expansion to obtain additional preliminary efficacy data. As of the date of this prospectus, there were 31 evaluable patients in the Study 102 Expansion.
In addition, we have designed a global Phase III clinical trial for elderly head and neck cancer patients ineligible for platinum-based (cisplatin) chemotherapy (“Study 312”). In February 2020, we received Fast Track designation from the FDA for NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers. Fast Track designation is a process designed to facilitate development and accelerate the review of treatments for serious conditions that have the potential to address unmet medical needs. We are in the process of making final protocol refinements in response to FDA feedback and intend to initiate Study 312 in the United States in 2021 with a portion of the proceeds from this offering.
We are also currently evaluating, independently and through our collaborations with MD Anderson and PharmaEngine, Inc. (“PharmaEngine”), NBTXR3 activated by radiation therapy for the treatment of patients across several other cancer indications, as discussed below under “—NBTXR3 Development Pipeline.”
Alongside our core NBTXR3 development program, we are also pursuing a development program to explore the use of radiotherapy-activated NBTXR3 in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors across several solid tumor indications. In recent years, significant attention has been focused on the potential of immuno-oncology (“I-O”) treatments, and in particular, checkpoint inhibitors. Checkpoint inhibitors are a type of immunotherapy that function to block proteins that stop the immune system from attacking cancer cells. In doing so, they enable the patient’s T cells to recognize cancer cells that would otherwise be invisible to immune attack. However, many tumors exhibit little or no response to checkpoint inhibition (these tumors are referred to as “cold” tumors). Our preclinical and preliminary clinical results
TABLE OF CONTENTS
suggest that NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy may prime the immune response, thereby rendering otherwise cold tumors more prone to recognition by the patient’s immune system (making them “hot tumors”) and therefore potentially more responsive to I-O treatments such as checkpoint inhibitors.
As part of our checkpoint inhibitor combination development program, we are conducting a Phase I basket trial for NBTXR3 in combination with the anti PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab (Opdivo) or pembrolizumab (Keytruda) in patients with locoregional recurrent (“LRR”) or recurrent and metastatic (“R/M”) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (“HNSCC”) or with lung or liver metastases from any primary cancer that is eligible for anti-PD-1 therapy. As part of our clinical collaboration with MD Anderson, we plan to evaluate NBTXR3 in combination with various checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4) in patients across several indications, including inoperable, locally advanced head and neck cancer, R/M HNSCC, stage IV lung cancer, advanced solid tumors, and metastatic lung or liver cancer.
We were founded as a spin-off from the State University of New York, Buffalo in 2003. We have nearly two decades of experience developing our technology and believe that we are a pioneer and leader in the field of nanomedicine. We have built an integrated, multidisciplinary team that combines expertise in physics, biology and medicine. We believe that our unique expertise in nanotechnology will provide us with opportunities to expand our product pipeline and to advance the development of our product candidates, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties. Our corporate headquarters and manufacturing facilities are located in Paris, France, with U.S. operations in New York City, New York and Cambridge, Massachusetts.
NBTXR3 Development Pipeline
As a result of nearly two decades of experience developing our technology and our broad collaboration with MD Anderson, we have a robust development pipeline, as summarized in the table below. Of the nine clinical trials we intend to conduct in collaboration with MD Anderson, seven are identified in the chart below. We are currently in discussions with MD Anderson to determine the indications for the remaining two trials. Additional detail regarding the most advanced clinical trials is provided below under “—Our Clinical Programs.”
*
| Study 312, a global Phase III clinical trial for elderly patients with locally-advanced head and neck cancer who are ineligible for platinum-based (cisplatin) chemotherapy, will be initiated as a U.S. Phase III clinical trial. For its evaluation of Study 312, the FDA has accepted the available data from our European |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
dose-escalation study, Study 102 Escalation. NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers received Fast Track designation from the FDA in February 2020. We are in the process of making final protocol refinements in response to FDA feedback and intend to initiate Study 312 in the United States in 2021 with a portion of the proceeds from this offering.
†
| PharmaEngine controls Asia-Pacific development / commercialization strategy. |
The first clinical trial under our collaboration with MD Anderson—a Phase I study in patients with locally advanced or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer—has commenced enrollment with the first patient dosed during September 2020. We expect each of the other clinical trials identified in the pipeline chart as conducted in collaboration with MD Anderson to commence in the next 12 months, subject to potential delays as a result of the impact of COVID-19. As we continue to actively advance our clinical programs, we are in close contact with our principal investigators and clinical sites and are assessing the impact of COVID-19 on the expected development timelines and costs of our clinical trials. In light of recent developments relating to the COVID-19 global pandemic, the focus of healthcare providers and hospitals on addressing COVID-19, and consistent with the FDA’s updated industry guidance for conducting clinical trials issued on March 18, 2020, we are experiencing delays in the enrollment of patients and collection of results from certain of our trials, including Study 301, and our preclinical studies. Accordingly, the anticipated clinical milestones discussed in this prospectus are subject to the potential impact of COVID-19 on our business and may be delayed as a result. See the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus for more information about the ways in which we may be impacted by COVID-19.
Our Competitive Strengths
Our mission is to significantly improve patient outcomes and address areas of high unmet medical need with our nanotechnology-based therapies. We believe the following strengths will allow us to accomplish this mission and to position our company as a leader in the development of nanomedicine:
⯀ | Advanced pipeline with promising clinical data in numerous cancer indications. As of the date of this prospectus, we have administered NBTXR3 to more than 230 patients across multiple cancer indications. In our completed Phase II/III clinical trial in patients with STS of the extremities and trunk wall, we observed a statistically significant improvement in complete pathological response rate following treatment with NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy as compared to treatment with radiotherapy alone. Based on these results, we obtained the right to CE mark, and therefore to commercialize, on an accelerated basis NBTXR3 in the European Union as a treatment for locally advanced STS. Our preliminary results from other clinical trials suggest that NBTXR3 could generate durable, complete responses and extend patient survival in numerous solid tumor indications for patients who otherwise have limited treatment options. In our clinical trials conducted to date, treatment with NBTXR3 has been well tolerated. |
⯀ | Significant market opportunity in solid tumors. In developed countries with access to radiotherapy, approximately 60% of all cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy at some point in their treatment regimen. We believe that NBTXR3’s mode of action could improve outcomes for patient populations across all cancer indications currently treated with radiotherapy. In addition, NBTXR3 could bring opportunities to patients with solid tumor cancers that cannot otherwise be treated with radiotherapy because of sensitivities of the tissues near the tumor. |
⯀ | Improved benefit-risk ratio through intratumoral injection. NBTXR3 is administered by a physician through a single injection in which the solution is injected directly into the tumor prior to the first radiotherapy session. Using this method, we are able to create high concentrations of our product candidate inside the tumor while minimizing the systemic exposure that results from other methods, such as intravenous administration. In addition, NBTXR3 is only active while exposed to ionizing radiation and remains inert in the body until further radiation exposure. |
⯀ | Highly compatible with, and complementary to, existing standard of care. NBTXR3 can be easily incorporated into the current standard of care in radiotherapy. Hospitals and medical facilities where radiotherapy is delivered do not need any new equipment or to otherwise make significant capital investments in new technology in order to deliver NBTXR3 to patients. |
⯀ | Robust intellectual property protection with significant know-how creating barriers to entry. Our technology and product candidates are protected by more than 300 issued or pending patents and patent applications in over 20 patent families across the world, and none of the patents specifically covering injectable NBTXR3 in the United States are expected to expire until at least November 2031 (2029 in other countries with patents issued). Specifically, once issued, the patent covering the use of NBTXR3 in immuno-oncology is not expected to expire |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
until at least 2036 in the United States and other countries. In addition, we maintain a significant level of proprietary know-how in the design and manufacture of nanoparticles. We believe that our intellectual property position protects us from potential competition by other companies seeking to use metal-based nanoparticles in the enhancement of radiotherapy.
⯀ | Established manufacturing facility with substantial production capacity. We currently manufacture NBTXR3 at a third-party facility in France. In 2017, we opened our own manufacturing site near Paris. We expect that our owned facility will allow us to expand our production capacity to more than 200,000 doses of NBTXR3 per year, which we believe will be sufficient to produce NBTXR3 for our current and contemplated clinical trials. We have designed our manufacturing process so that additional production lines can be added without significant capital investment. |
Our Strategy
Our goal is to become a leader in the biotechnology industry, with a fully integrated chain of operations, based on the systematic combination of NBTXR3 and radiotherapy in the treatment of solid tumors. The key elements of our strategy to achieve this goal include the following:
⯀ | Complete the development of, and satisfy applicable EU and U.S. regulatory requirements for, NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers. Based on encouraging results from Study 102 Escalation, we have commenced the Study 102 Expansion to collect additional preliminary efficacy data. In an interim analysis of efficacy data for 31 evaluable patients in the Study 102 Expansion presented in October 2020 at the annual meeting of the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO), researchers observed a high objective response rate (83.9% according to RECIST 1.1) at a median evaluation time of five months after NBTXR3 was administered. We intend to evaluate final Study 102 Escalation data in mid-2021 and could potentially use positive efficacy data, if observed, to obtain the right to CE mark, and therefore to commercialize, on an accelerated basis in the EU at such time. |
| In the United States, we plan to commence Study 312, a global Phase III clinical trial for elderly patients with head and neck cancer who are ineligible for platinum-based chemotherapy. In February 2020, we received Fast Track designation from the FDA for NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers, which we believe could allow for expedited clinical development. We expect approximately 500 patients to be treated in this global Phase III trial. The initial readout will be based on event-driven progression-free survival (“PFS”), and the final readout will be based on overall survival (“OS”). A futility analysis is expected at 18 months after the first patient is randomized, and the interim analysis for PFS superiority is expected at 24-30 months. The final analysis will report on PFS and OS. We may also potentially pursue Breakthrough Therapy designation from the FDA for NBTXR3 in this indication. However, there can be no assurance that we will obtain this designation or that, even if we do, it will lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process or increase the likelihood that NBTXR3 will receive regulatory approval. |
⯀ | Complete post-approval trials for NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced STS in the EU. Following positive results from our Phase II/III clinical trial, in April 2019 NBTXR3 became the first ever radioenhancer to have a CE mark, allowing it to be commercialized in the 27 EU countries for the treatment of locally advanced STS under the brand name Hensify®. We are currently preparing Study 301 to continue evaluating safety and efficacy while providing patients in the EU with access to Hensify®. Following evaluation of the results from Studies 102 and 312, we intend to undertake a strategic review and to determine where we believe we are best positioned to pursue commercialization, including our commercialization strategy with respect to Hensify®. |
⯀ | Expand the opportunity for NBTXR3 as a treatment for solid tumor indications. We believe that NBTXR3’s physical mode of action could make it broadly applicable across a multitude of solid tumor indications. In addition to head and neck cancers and STS, we intend to continue to develop and pursue NBTXR3 for other indications, and we are already progressing clinical trials in liver cancers in the EU, prostate cancer in the United States and, through our collaboration with PharmaEngine, rectal cancer and head and neck cancers both in combination with chemotherapy, in multiple countries in Asia. In addition, in December 2018 we entered into a collaboration with MD Anderson as part of which we intend to conduct a total of nine clinical trials in the United States to evaluate NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy across several cancer types. The first clinical trial under this collaboration, in patients with pancreatic cancer, has commenced enrollment with the first patient dosed during September 2020. The |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FDA has also indicated that the second and third clinical trials under this collaboration for lung cancer and esophageal cancer, respectively, may proceed. The co-development with MD Anderson of four clinical trials within our I-O development program is ongoing. The design of the two remaining trials under the MD Anderson collaboration has yet to be determined. We expect to enroll a total of approximately 340 patients across the nine planned clinical trials. If we are able to demonstrate the applicability of NBTXR3 to solid tumor cancers in our current and planned clinical trials, we believe we would be able to increase the addressable patient population of NBTXR3 to encompass a significant portion of the patients who receive radiotherapy as part of their solid tumor cancer treatment.
⯀ | Establish NBTXR3 as a complementary product to immune checkpoint inhibitors. We are conducting, and continue to further develop, a global I-O development program to explore the use of NBTXR3 as a complement to immune checkpoint inhibitors across several solid tumor indications. In preclinical studies, NBTXR3 activated by radiation therapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrated potential to convert checkpoint inhibitor non-responders into responders, provide better local and systemic control and increase survival. We are conducting a Phase I basket trial of NBTXR3 in combination with anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors in patients with LRR or R/M HNSCC or with lung or liver metastases from any primary cancer eligible for anti-PD-1 therapy. In addition, pursuant to our collaboration with MD Anderson, we are planning to evaluate NBTXR3 in combination with various checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, and anti-CTLA-4) across several cancer indications. |
⯀ | Build an effective clinical development program and establish a global commercial infrastructure for NBTXR3. We have conducted clinical trials involving multiple therapeutic areas throughout the United States and the EU, in which more than 400 physicians have been involved. In addition, our global medical science liaison team has consulted closely with a number of physicians, hospitals, clinics, and cancer treatment centers in the United States and key European markets to better understand their needs as clinicians and institutions and to tailor NBTXR3 accordingly. We plan to focus our commercialization and marketing efforts for NBTXR3 in Europe and the United States, if approved. We have entered into an agreement with PharmaEngine for the development and potential commercialization of NBTXR3 in the Asia-Pacific region. We retain development and commercial rights to NBTXR3 in all other geographies, and we may develop and commercialize NBTXR3 in specific regions, independently or through third-party collaborators. |
Current Cancer Treatment Options and Limitations
In general, there are four commonly used cancer treatment methods: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies, in which drugs target specific molecules of the tumor tissue. These treatments may be used individually or in combination with one another.
Surgery remains the primary method for the eradication of solid cancers that are discovered at an early stage. Surgery aims to remove not only the tumor from the body, but also a ring of surrounding healthy tissues (referred to as the surgical margin), to try to ensure that all of the cancer is removed. Surgery may not be a viable option based on a patient’s health or the characteristics of the patient’s cancer. For example, when a patient’s cancer has spread, or metastasized, surgery alone may not be adequate to remove the cancer. When surgery is an option, it is often combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy either before the surgery, in order to try to reduce the size of the tumor so that it is easier to remove with clean margins, or after the surgery, in order to eliminate residual cancer cells.
Radiotherapy is the administration of ionizing radiation, which are high-energy particles or rays such as X-rays, gamma rays, electron beams or protons, to destroy or damage cancer cells by blocking their ability to grow, divide and multiply. Radiotherapy is delivered over a period of weeks at a specific dose. Typically, patients receive a fraction of the dose per day. The duration and dosage of radiotherapy are based on the standard of care specific to the cancer indication. Radiotherapy is typically measured in grays (“Gy”), a unit of ionizing radiation dose with one Gy representing the absorption of one joule of energy per kilogram. In developed countries with access to radiotherapy, approximately 60% of all cancer patients will receive radiotherapy at least once, either alone or as a part of the more complex treatment protocol.
The primary growth drivers for the radiotherapy market globally are technological advancements and the associated growing adoption of radiotherapy devices and procedures. Improving the accuracy and precision of the delivery of
TABLE OF CONTENTS
radiation enhances the efficacy of radiotherapy and reduces the side effects and damage to surrounding healthy tissues, which has led to greater adoption of these techniques by the medical community and more widespread use among cancer patients. Because high-dose radiotherapy can be delivered in a more precise way, it can be used to target tumors that were previously inaccessible, such as brain tumors, thereby opening the radiotherapy market to additional patient populations. In addition, new technologies that require lower doses of radiation to destroy cancer cells can now be used in patients who may previously have been considered too fragile for higher-dose radiation.
Despite these technological advancements and the increasing use of radiotherapy in treating cancer, there remain significant limitations to its use. Although radiotherapy is a local approach, it often causes damage to surrounding healthy tissues, and may not be an effective treatment for cancers that have spread, or metastasized. As a result, physicians may decide to withhold radiotherapy, because a high enough dose to kill the tumor cells would create unacceptable damage to surrounding healthy tissues and cause other toxic side effects.
In addition, the I-O treatment approach has emerged as an option for cancer treatment. The I-O treatment approach is a relatively new approach to fighting cancer that does not directly target the tumor, but instead aims to stimulate and activate the patient’s own immune system, allowing it to recognize cancer cells and destroy them. I-O treatments have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of many types of cancer, including leukemia, melanoma, lung cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the digestive system, ovarian cancer and brain cancer. However, not all patients may benefit from I-O therapy. I-O therapy may be ineffective when a patient’s tumor is “cold,” meaning that the cancer either has not been recognized or has not provoked a strong enough response by the patient’s immune system. The challenge remains to find new ways to turn a cold tumor into a hot tumor—one that will be responsive to I-O treatment approaches.
NBTXR3: Addressing the Challenges of Radiotherapy and I-O
We have designed NBTXR3 to address limitations inherent in radiotherapy, either alone or in combination with other treatment approaches:
⯀ | By amplifying the intratumor killing effect of the radiation dose within cancer cells, NBTXR3 is designed to give a radiation dose greater efficacy. |
⯀ | By localizing the radiation dose within the tumor, NBTXR3 is designed to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy without resulting in additional toxicities on the surrounding healthy tissues. |
With respect to I-O treatment approaches to fighting cancer, our preclinical and preliminary clinical results suggest that NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy may prime the immune response, thereby rendering otherwise cold tumors more prone to recognition by the patient’s immune system and therefore potentially more responsive to I-O treatments such as checkpoint inhibitors.
Our NBTXR3 Technology
We are exploring the potential for nanotechnologies to provide solutions to unmet therapeutic needs in oncology. Our pioneering approach uses nanophysics to bring a physical mode of action to destroy cancer cells from within. When used in conjunction with radiotherapy, our NBTXR3 nanoparticles increase the absorption of the administered radiation, thereby focusing and amplifying the dose locally within a malignant tumor, but without causing incremental damage to surrounding healthy tissues. In amplifying the effect of the radiation, we believe our NBTXR3 technology improves the benefit-risk ratio of radiotherapy for patients.
The amount of energy that can be deposited in a cell through radiotherapy is a function of the cell’s ability to absorb the radiation, which depends on the amount and form of energy used and the electron density of the receiving molecules. A cell is primarily composed of water, which has a very low electron density. At an average size of approximately 50 nanometers in diameter, our nanoparticles are directly injected into a malignant tumor prior to standard radiotherapy and can be internalized into the cell through endocytosis to function as radioenhancers. The inert nanoparticles have an inorganic core of crystallized hafnium oxide, which has a high electron density. When exposed to radiation, the high electron density of the nanoparticles allows the cancer cells to absorb more energy than would otherwise be absorbed by the water molecules in the tumor. The high electron density of the nanoparticles is essential for their effective interaction with radiation, while their physical and chemical properties do not cause incremental damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The following image is a transmission electron micrograph of a cross-section slide of a tumor with nanoparticles after injection.
Clustered 50 nm Nanoparticles in Cytoplasm
NBTXR3 is a novel approach to the local treatment of cancer that we believe provides a solution to the basic limitation of radiotherapy—an inability to deliver sufficient amounts of radiation to eradicate the tumor because of the low radiation tolerance of the surrounding healthy tissues. The following illustration shows a representative increase in the radiation dose absorbed around the NBTXR3 nanoparticles administered into cancer cells.
NBTXR3 Nanoparticles Amplifying the Effect of Radiation
Mode of Action of NBTXR3 Nanoparticles
During radiotherapy, the interaction between the radiation and the targeted cell molecules ionizes atoms, freeing electrons from the orbit of the atoms. These electrons dissipate their energy in multiple interactions with surrounding molecules, producing free radicals, which are highly reactive ionized molecules in the cell. These free radicals are primarily responsible for the effectiveness of radiotherapy in causing DNA damage, ultimately leading to cell death.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The mode of action of NBTXR3 nanoparticles can be described in four stages:
Stage 1: Activity/Inactivity Principle
Our nanoparticles are inert, meaning that they produce no effect without ionizing radiation. When activated by radiation, a number of phenomena occur. First, the radiation is absorbed by the hafnium oxide core of the nanoparticles. Because the core of the nanoparticle has a significantly higher electron density than water, it can absorb significantly more energy than a tumor cell could without the cluster of nanoparticles. Greater energy absorption generates more electrons, and ultimately more free radicals.
Stage 2: Cell Damage
The electrons generated in the energy absorption disperse through the cancer cells and dissipate their energy in multiple interactions with surrounding molecules, creating free radicals. The free radicals are highly reactive and tend to destroy the covalent links of the molecules they interact with, such as DNA, RNA and proteins. Specifically, they cause severe and irreparable DNA damage mainly responsible for the lethal effect of ionizing radiation on cells. The free radicals therefore increase the localized cancer cell destruction.
Stage 3: Subsequent Action in the Cells
The destructive effect of the free radicals is amplified and localized by the radiation-activated nanoparticles, which generate a controlled concentration of energy within the tumor. Ionizing radiation can be applied to the nanoparticles repeatedly because they return to their inactive, inert state after each exposure to radiation. Multiple courses of radiotherapy can be administered to a tumor that has received a single injection of our nanoparticles.
Stage 4: Immune Activation
In our preclinical studies, the treatment using radiation-activated nanoparticles has also been observed to trigger destruction of metastatic cells due to immunogenic cell death from the activation of the immune system. Based on these observations we believe that our nanoparticles may prime the body’s immune response, rendering tumors more prone to recognition by a patient’s immune system. In the illustration below, clusters of NBTXR3 nanoparticles are injected into the cell and, when activated by radiotherapy, cause destruction of cancer cells due to the high energy absorption. This destruction may include structural damage, DNA damage, stress to the cells, immunogenic cell death (a specific form of cell death related to the immune system) and cGAS-STING pathway activation (an immune sensing mechanism). This results in both direct cell death and activation of dendritic cells. Once activated, the dendritic cells trigger additional immune system activation, including the activation of lymphocytes, or white blood cells in the immune system, including T cells such as CD4 (regulatory T cells) and CD8 (cytotoxic T cells). This activation of lymphocytes has the effect of “priming” the immune system to be able to better recognize and kill cancer cells.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Overview of NBTXR3
NBTXR3, a sterile aqueous suspension of functionalized crystalline hafnium oxide nanoparticles, is administered through a single image-guided local injection directly into the tumor prior to radiotherapy. In our clinical trials, the dosage of injected NBTXR3 is based on a percentage of the tumor volume and is determined during the initial phase of the respective clinical trial for different indications. NBTXR3 nanoparticles have a negative-charge surface coating, which allows them to interact with the surface of the tumor and accumulate inside the tumor cells. NBTXR3 is designed to render the targeted tumor more operable or help destroy it completely.
NBTXR3 can easily be incorporated into the current standard of care in radiotherapy. Hospitals and medical facilities where radiotherapy is delivered do not need any new equipment or to otherwise make significant capital investments in new technology in order to treat patients with NBTXR3.
The initial cancer indications we are pursuing for NBTXR3 are locally advanced STS, locally advanced head and neck cancers, primary and secondary liver cancers, rectal cancer, prostate cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. We believe NBTXR3 has the potential to treat all solid tumors where radiotherapy can be used. We have also observed that NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy could modulate the antitumor immune response, supporting the rationale for its use as an in situ cancer vaccine, potentially in combination with I-O treatments. The initial cancer indications for NBTXR3 in combination with anti-PD-1 antibodies as part of our checkpoint inhibitor combination development program are head and neck squamous cell carcinoma as well as lung and liver metastases from any primary cancer eligible for anti-PD-1 therapy.
For certain cancer indications, NBTXR3 can be combined with a gel to create a new formulation, which we refer to as NBTXR3-gel, for direct application in the tumor cavity following surgical removal of the tumor. Potential cancer indications for NBTXR3-gel include certain types of breast cancer, operable lung cancers, vertebral metastases and retroperitoneal STS.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Our Clinical Programs
NBTXR3 is currently being evaluated in eight clinical trials worldwide in several cancer patient populations.
In August 2012, we entered into an exclusive license and collaboration agreement with PharmaEngine for the development and commercialization of NBTXR3 in the Asia-Pacific region. See “—Significant Collaborations and Research Agreements—PharmaEngine.” PharmaEngine is currently conducting three NBTXR3 clinical trials in multiple countries in Asia.
In December 2018, we entered into a large-scale comprehensive NBTXR3 clinical collaboration with MD Anderson. The collaboration initially is expected to support nine clinical trials with NBTXR3 for use in treating several cancer types—including head and neck, pancreatic, lung, esophagus cancers—and is expected to involve approximately 340 patients. Of the nine clinical trials, as of the date of this prospectus, (i) a pancreatic cancer trial protocol has commenced enrollment with the first patient dosed during September 2020, (ii) the FDA has also indicated that the second and third clinical trials under this collaboration for lung cancer and esophageal cancer, respectively, may proceed and (iii) we have commenced protocol development for four clinical trials within the I-O development program. The design of the two remaining MD Anderson trials has yet to be determined. See “Significant Collaborations and Research Agreements—Other Collaborations—NBTXR3 Clinical Collaboration with MD Anderson” for further detail regarding the terms of the collaboration.
Refer to “NBTXR3 Development Pipeline” above for our ongoing and planned clinical trials, including those being undertaken pursuant to our PharmaEngine collaboration and those contemplated by our MD Anderson collaboration.
Locally Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Background and Opportunity
STSs are rare cancers that develop in different types of soft tissues, including muscles, joint structures, fat, nerves and blood vessels. Although STS can develop at any anatomic site, it occurs in the extremities (arms and legs) in approximately 60% of cases. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2020 in the United States, approximately 13,130 patients will be diagnosed with STS, and approximately 5,350 STS patients will die from this cancer. In the EU, over 23,000 patients are diagnosed with STS each year. The National Cancer Institute estimates that the five-year survival rate for STS patients is approximately 65%. Median overall survival for patients with advanced, metastatic STS is estimated to be 18-19 months. Radiotherapy followed by surgery is part of the typical treatment regimen for STS patients in Europe.
Achieving local control of the tumor is critical to improving survival rates and reducing the need for limb amputations. Patients with locally advanced STS are high-risk patients and have few therapeutic options capable of achieving local control. Consequently, innovative treatments to improve cancer cell destruction and the feasibility of surgical resection are needed. NBTXR3, when activated by radiotherapy, is designed to enhance the efficacy of radiation both by destroying more tumor cells and rendering the tumor more susceptible to surgical resection, thereby improving patient outcomes.
Phase II/III Trial Design
Following the positive results of our Phase I trial described below, we commenced a Phase II/III trial for EU registration, which we refer to as the Act.In.Sarc trial, to measure the antitumor activity of preoperative NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy, as compared to radiotherapy alone, in patients with locally advanced STS. To bolster the available data for the Act.In.Sarc trial, in 2014 we amended our License and Collaboration Agreement with PharmaEngine to provide that PharmaEngine would conduct, as sponsor, the Act.In.Sarc trial in Asia. The Act.In.Sarc trial was conducted at more than 30 sites worldwide, including 23 sites in Europe and seven sites in the Asia-Pacific region.
Through the course of the Act.In.Sarc trial, a total of 180 adult patients with locally advanced STS of the extremity or trunk wall were randomized, at a 1:1 ratio, to treatment under one of two arms: (i) single intratumoral injection of NBTXR3 at the recommended dose (10% of the tumor volume), followed by five weeks of radiotherapy (the “NBTXR3 arm”), or (ii) five weeks of radiotherapy alone (the “control arm”). In both cases, the radiotherapy was followed by
TABLE OF CONTENTS
surgical resection of the tumor. Of the 180 patients recruited for the trial, 176 were analyzed for the primary endpoint in the intended-to-treat full analysis; three patients were incorrectly diagnosed with STS and one patient was found to be ineligible for pre-operative radiotherapy.
The primary endpoint of the Phase II/III trial was an increase in the pathological complete response rate of intratumoral injection of NBTXR3 activated by external beam radiation therapy (“EBRT”), as compared against EBRT alone. The primary endpoint was evaluated, in accordance with European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer guidelines, by a centralized group of pathologists who were blinded to the arm of treatment. The secondary endpoints were to evaluate the safety profile of NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy and compare the rate of tumor surgery with R0 margins (meaning no cancer cells could be seen microscopically at the resection margin), the percentage of tumor necrosis/infarction, limb amputation rates and tumor response as measured by RECIST 1.1.
Results
Pathological complete response rate
The Phase II/III clinical trial was completed in 2018. The trial achieved its primary endpoint, with 16.1% of patients in the NBTXR3 arm having a pathological complete response (defined as less than 5% of residual viable cancer cells in the tumor) compared to 7.9% of patients in the control arm. The difference was statistically significant, with a p-value of 0.0448. A p-value, or probability value, cited in figures in this prospectus as “p,” is the likelihood of finding the observed, or more extreme, outcome (e.g., a significant difference in terms of response for patients receiving NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy relative to patients receiving radiotherapy alone) when a baseline outcome is assumed to be true (e.g., patients receiving NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy and patients receiving radiotherapy alone both having an equal response). The FDA generally considers a p-value of less than or equal to 0.05 to demonstrate statistical significance, meaning that one would accept the observed outcome as reasonable evidence to not accept the baseline outcome.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
In addition, in the subgroup of patients with a higher histology grade (i.e., a more aggressive disease), which represented the majority of patients in the trial, pathological complete response was achieved in four times as many patients in the NBTXR3 arm (17.1%) compared to patients in the control arm (3.9%). The following graph shows the percentage of patients in each arm based on whether they were considered to have Grade 1 or Grade 2/3 tumors. The remaining patients in each arm of the trial had tumors of unknown grade.
Patients in the NBTXR3 arm were more likely to have a pathological response (not limited to a complete response). The portion of patients with pathological “nearly” complete response (defined as less than 7% of residual viable cancer cells in the tumor) and pathological response with 10% or less of residual viable cancer cells were 24.7% and 34.6%, respectively, in patients in the NBTXR3 arm as compared to 14.8% and 19.8%, respectively, in patients in the control arm.
R0 resection margin
The main secondary endpoint of the trial, the rate of tumor surgery with R0 margins, was also met. R0 resection margin was observed in 77% of the patients in the NBTXR3 arm, compared to 64% of patients in the control arm. This difference was statistically significant, with a p-value of 0.0424.
Tumor necrosis/infarction
Based on histologic analysis, we observed that the mean percentage of tumor necrosis/infarction achieved was 28.8% for patients in the NBTXR3 arm, compared to 19.2% for patients in the control arm, a difference that was also statistically significant, with a p-value of 0.014.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Safety profile similarity between NBTXR3 and control arms
Similar safety profiles were observed in the NBTXR3 arm and the control arm, including the rate of postsurgical wound complications. NBTXR3 did not impair the patients’ ability to receive the planned dose of radiotherapy (“RT” in the table below). In the NBTXR3 arm, 7.9% of patients experienced grade 3-4 acute immune reactions, which were manageable and of short duration. Further, NBTXR3 showed a good local tolerance in patients and did not have any impact on the severity or incidence of radiotherapy-related adverse events (“AEs” in the table below). Long-term patient follow-up is currently ongoing to evaluate the time-to-local/distant recurrence and local/distant recurrence rates at 12 and 24 months. The tables below summarize selected safety information gathered as part of the trial.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The trial results were presented in October 2018 at the European Society for Medical Oncology (“ESMO”) 2018 Congress and the American Society for Radiation Oncology 60th Annual Meeting and subsequently published online in the peer-reviewed journal The Lancet Oncology in July 2019.
Based on these results, in April 2019, we completed the regulatory process for the CE mark of NBTXR3, thereby allowing the product to be commercialized for the treatment of locally advanced STS of the extremities and trunk wall under the brand name Hensify® in the 27 EU countries. In light of our current development priorities, we do not presently intend to pursue commercialization for NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced STS of the extremities and trunk wall in additional jurisdictions. We are currently preparing a post-registrational trial (Study 301) that will continue evaluating the safety and efficacy of Hensify® and still provide patients with access to the product. We expect approximately 100 patients to be recruited as part of Study 301, which is expected to launch in Europe in the second quarter of 2021. Following evaluation of the results from Studies 102 and 312, we intend to undertake a strategic review and to determine where we believe we are best positioned to pursue commercialization, including our commercialization strategy with respect to Hensify®.
The Act.in.Sarc trial followed positive results of our initial Phase I trial, which we conducted to evaluate the tolerance and feasibility of increasing doses of NBTXR3 by intratumoral injection, activated by external radiotherapy, in patients with locally advanced STS of the extremity. Through the course of this dose escalation study, we analyzed 22 patients at two sites in France with a single intratumoral injection of NBTXR3 prior to the first radiotherapy session.
Phase I Trial Design
The primary endpoints of the Phase I trial were to evaluate the feasibility of NBTXR3 intratumoral injection and early dose-limiting toxicities and tolerance of NBTXR3. The secondary endpoints were to evaluate the tumor response to
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy, measured in terms of the destruction of malignant cells, evaluate the response rate to NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy by medical imaging and characterize the distribution of NBTXR3 in the body over time.
Results
Initial data from the Phase I trial confirmed NBTXR3’s long-term intratumoral bioavailability and an absence of leakage to surrounding healthy tissues. We observed persistence of the nanoparticles in the tumor mass throughout five weeks of radiotherapy, confirming the feasibility of local injection of NBTXR3 and the clinical relevance of a single injection. A single injection was sufficient to achieve long-term intratumoral residence in all histological types and sizes for the sarcomas. No grade three or four adverse events were observed at the recommended dose of 10%. The initial data established feasibility for our NBTXR3 therapeutic approach. As a result, we broadened the target patient population for the trial, amending the research protocol in 2013 to include patients with sarcoma of the trunk wall.
The final Phase I trial results were positive—on average, we observed 40% shrinkage in treated tumor size and an average pathological response of 73% in tumors known to be treatment-resistant across different sarcoma subtypes, including undifferentiated sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma. Four serious adverse events of pyrexia, abdominal pain, injection-site reaction and post-operative wound complication were deemed to be related to NBTXR3 and two serious adverse events of injection site pain and hypoaesthesia were deemed to be injection related. All patients that participated in the trial underwent complete extended surgical resection of the tumor, which was the therapeutic aim. Complete tumor resection is optimal because it impacts the local recurrence rate and improves prognosis and survival rates. The following graphic depicts shrinkage of the tumor in a representative patient in the trial after five weeks of treatment.
Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancers
Background and Opportunity
Head and neck cancers include cancers of the oral cavity, tongue and oropharynx, a part of the throat. These structures play a critical role in a human’s ability to swallow, breathe and speak. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2020 in the United States, approximately 53,260 patients will be diagnosed with oral or oropharyngeal cancer and approximately 10,750 patients will die from the cancer. According to 2018 estimates by the Global Cancer Observatory, part of the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer, around 890,000 patients are diagnosed globally each year with head and neck cancer. The five-year survival rate for patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer is approximately 65%. These cancers represent a major public health concern.
Chemotherapy in combination with concomitant radiation is the standard treatment for locally advanced head and neck cancers in both the United States and the EU. However, it is often not an option for elderly patients who are unable to endure the physical strain inherent in chemotherapy treatment. The alternative treatment to chemoradiation is cetuximab in combination with radiotherapy, but it has a limited efficacy in elderly patients. These patients are estimated to account for approximately 25% of patients with head and neck cancers. In data presented at the Multidisciplinary Head and Neck Cancers Symposium 2020, elderly patients treated with radiotherapy alone or radiotherapy in combination with cetuximab had a median PFS of 7.3 months. Elderly patients with locally advanced tumors who receive radiation also generally have short OS rates (median of 12 months following diagnosis, based on our review and sub-group analysis of scientific literature relating to head and neck cancers) and typically experience poor quality of life, as they have limited therapeutic options and a high unmet medical need.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The following table summarizes data from certain published scientific literature relating to head and neck clinical trials evaluating radiotherapy combined with the identified chemotherapies:
| | Patients receiving radiotherapy alone
Bonner et al. 2006 | | | 64% | | | Not available | | | Not available | | | Not available | | | Not available | |
| | Median age (years) | | | 58 | |
| | KPS (Performance Score) | | | | |
| | 90-100 | | | 66 | |
| | 60-80 | | | 33 | |
| | Unknown | | | 1 | |
| | Tumor Stage | | | | |
| | T1-T3 | | | 72 | |
| | T4 | | | 28 | |
| | Patients receiving radiotherapy and cetuximab
Bonner et al. 2006 | | | 74% | | | Not available | | | Not available | | | Not available | | | Not available | |
| | Median age (years) | | | 56 | |
| | KPS (Performance Score) | | | | |
| | 90-100 | | | 70 | |
| | 60-80 | | | 30 | |
| | Unknown | | | 1 | |
| | Tumor Stage | | | | |
| | T1-T3 | | | 70 | |
| | T4 | | | 29 | |
| | TX | | | <1 | |
| | HPV negative patients with oropharyngeal HNSCC receiving radiotherapy and cisplatin
Harrington et al. 2013 (evaluable patients) | | | 58% | | | 31% | | | 27% | | | 0% | | | 42% | |
| | Median age (years) | | | 57 | |
| | ECOG (%) | | | | |
| | 0 (KPS 100) | | | 52 | |
| | 1 (KPS 80-90) | | | 48 | |
| | 2 (KPS 60-70) | | | 0 | |
| | Stage (%) | | | | |
| | III | | | 21 | |
| | IVA/B | | | 79 | |
| | Primary tumor site (%) | | | | |
| | Oral cavity | | | 9 | |
| | Oropharynx | | | 61 | |
| | Hypopharynx | | | 21 | |
| | Larynx | | | 9 | |
| | HPV status OPSCC (%) | | | | |
| | HPV+ | | | 13 | |
| | HPV- | | | 87 | |
| | HPV positive patients with oropharyngeal HNSCC who received induction chemotherapy, radiotherapy and cetuximab
Marur et al. 2017 (evaluable patients) | | | 95% | | | 49% | | | 46% | | | 1% | | | 0% | |
| | Median age (years) | | | 57 | |
| | ECOG | | | | |
| | 0 (KPS 100) | | | 91 | |
| | 1 (KPS 80-90) | | | 9 | |
| | 2 (KPS 60-70) | | | — | |
| | Stage (%) | | | | |
| | III | | | 15 | |
| | IVA/B | | | 85 | |
| | Primary tumor site (%) | | | | |
| | Oral cavity | | | — | |
| | Oropharynx | | | 100 | |
| | HPV status OPSCC (%) | | | | |
| | HPV+ | | | 100 | |
| | HPV- | | | — | |
Abbreviations: HPV (human papillomavirus); OPSCC (oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma); ECOG (a standardized measure–ranging from 5 to 0–of a patient’s level of functioning in terms of his/her ability to care for him/herself, carry out daily activity and engage in physical ability; a lower score means the patient is better able to function); KPS (a standardized measure–ranging from 0 to 100–of a patient's level of functioning in terms of his/her ability to care for him/her self, carry out daily activity and engage in physical ability; a higher score means the patient is better able to function).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
This historical literature is presented solely to illustrate the current market opportunity arising from existing application of the standard treatment—chemotherapies in combination with concomitant radiation—for patients with locally advanced head and neck cancers. Because of the unique design of such studies applied to specific patient populations, no comparison with any of our clinical trials is possible and none should be inferred from this background data.
Phase III Registration Trial Design (“Study 312”)
In February 2020, we submitted Study 312 protocol to the FDA for review, a global Phase III clinical trial for elderly patients with locally-advanced head and neck cancer who are ineligible for platinum-based (cisplatin) chemotherapy. We are in the process of making final protocol refinements in response to FDA feedback and intend to initiate Study 312 in the United States in 2021 with a portion of the proceeds from the offering. Commencement of Study 312 does not require a subsequent FDA review of the final protocol.
The clinical trial will be an investigator’s choice, dual-arm and randomized (1:1) global registration trial including elderly head and neck cancer patients who are ineligible for platinum-based (cisplatin) chemotherapy. Patients in the control arm will receive radiation therapy with or without cetuximab (investigator’s choice), and patients in the treatment arm will receive NBTXR3 activated by radiation therapy with or without cetuximab (investigator’s choice). The trial is expected to be conducted at more than 150 sites worldwide and is expected to treat approximately 500 patients.
The initial readout will be based on event-driven PFS, and the final readout will be based on PFS and OS. The study will be powered to demonstrate the OS superiority of NBTXR3 activated by radiation therapy. In addition, overall response rate will be evaluated as a secondary endpoint and quality of life will be measured as a key secondary outcome.
A futility analysis is expected 18 months after the first patient is randomized, the interim analysis for PFS superiority is expected at 24-30 months, and final analysis will report on PFS and OS. In the event of favorable data from the initial readout, we plan to apply for conditional registration of NBTXR3 in the United States for this indication.
In February 2020, we received Fast Track designation from the FDA for NBTXR3 in this patient population. Fast Track designation is a process designed to facilitate the development and accelerate the review of treatments for serious conditions and that have the potential to address unmet medical needs. We may also potentially pursue Breakthrough Therapy designation. However, the FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant this designation and, even if we believe NBTXR3 is eligible for Breakthrough Therapy designation, there can be no assurance that that the FDA would decide to grant it.
Phase I (“Study 102 Escalation”) and Phase I Expansion (“Study 102 Expansion”) Trial Design
We are conducting a Phase I clinical trial of NBTXR3 activated by intensity-modulated radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx who are ineligible for cisplatin (the frontline chemotherapy drug for advanced head and neck cancers) or intolerant to cetuximab (a monoclonal antibody used as part of targeted cancer therapy in head and neck cancers). Recruitment has been completed for Study 102 Escalation and the Recommended Phase 2 Dose (“RP2D”) has been determined. We are in the process of conducting the dose expansion part of the trial at the RP2D. The Study 102 Expansion is being conducted at 20 sites in Europe. In Study 102 Escalation, the administered dosage was escalated, with 19 patients receiving an injection of NBTXR3, followed by intensity-modulated radiation therapy (70Gy in total, or 2Gy per day, five days a week for seven weeks), in accordance with standard medical practice, commencing one to five days after NBTXR3 injection.
The primary endpoint of Study 102 Escalation was to evaluate the safety of NBTXR3 and determine the recommended Phase II dose of NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy and the primary endpoints of the Study 102 Expansion are to confirm that the recommended dose is safe and to obtain preliminary evidence of efficacy by observing the objective response rate and complete response rate of the primary tumor by imaging according to RECIST 1.1.
The secondary endpoints of both phases were to evaluate the safety and tolerability of NBTXR3, to evaluate the overall response rate and the complete response rate (based on the RECIST 1.1) of NBTXR3, to evaluate the local and general PFS, assess the feasibility of local administration by intratumoral injection of NBTXR3, and characterize the body kinetics of NBTXR3 administered by intratumoral injection.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Under the RECIST 1.1 criteria, (i) complete response, or CR, refers to the disappearance of all target lesions, (ii) partial response, or PR, refers to a decrease of at least 30% of target lesions, (iii) overall response, or OR, refers to CR and PR, taken together, (iv) progressive disease, or PD, refers to an increase of at least 20% of target lesions or the appearance of one or more new lesions, (v) stable disease, or SD, refers to a lack of sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR, but also a lack of sufficient increase to qualify for PD, and (vi) unconfirmed response refers to target lesions that still require a confirmatory scan at a subsequent time point.
Dose Escalation Results
Phase I Escalation. We initially presented preliminary efficacy and safety results from Study 102 Escalation in February 2020 at the Multidisciplinary Head and Neck Cancers Symposium. Additional patient follow-up has been conducted through April 2020. NBTXR3 was well tolerated in the trial. The recruitment in the dose escalation is complete and the recommended dose has been established as equivalent to 22% of tumor volume. Preliminary results included no observed serious side effects or serious adverse events related to NBTXR3 observed, and feasibility of injection at all dose levels (5%, 10%, 15% and 22%) with no leakage to surrounding healthy tissues.
The following graphic depicts shrinkage of the tumor in a representative patient in the trial over time following treatment. The tumor continued to shrink after the end of treatment, with the patient achieving a complete response at seven months.
As of April 2020, nine out of the 16, or 56%, evaluable patients who received the intended dose of NBTXR3 and radiotherapy had achieved a complete response of the injected lesion, according to the RECIST 1.1. Overall complete response (including non-injected lesions) was observed in five of the 16 patients, or 31%, and objective response rate was observed in 11 of the 16 patients, or 68%. Of the seven patients who received the two highest doses of NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy and were alive at the 12-month cut-off date, five patients still alive at 24 months following treatment. Of the 13 evaluable patients receiving the highest dose levels (therapeutic doses 10%, 15%, and 22%), nine patients, or 69%, achieved a complete response of the injected lesion. The trial is ongoing, with the follow up of treated patients. We are encouraged by the preliminary results, and we believe NBTXR3 has the potential to extend survival and improve quality of life in this advanced cancer patient population. The following chart shows follow-up data of the 19 treated patients at the various NBTXR3 dose levels as of the end of April 2020, including the type of cancer, tumor grade, age and human papilloma virus status for each patient.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Patient Follow-up in Study 102 Escalation Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancers Trial
The following chart shows the best observed response from baseline of each of the 16 evaluable patients.
Patients’ Best Response in Study 102 Escalation Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancers Trial
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dose Expansion Results
Phase I Expansion. The expansion cohort utilizes the highest dose level (22%) from Study 102 Escalation in order to potentially strengthen preliminary efficacy data from that initial phase. Recruitment for Study 102 Expansion is ongoing with 43 patients having received NBTXR3 as of August 2020. We expect a total of 44 evaluable patients to be treated at the RP2D. We presented preliminary efficacy and safety results from Study 102 Expansion in October 2020 at the annual meeting of the American Society for Radiation Oncology (“ASTRO”), which results are presented in the table below.
| | Nanobiotix preliminary
data presented
at ASTRO 2020
(31 evaluable patients) | | | 84% | | | 48% | | | 16% | | | 0% | |
| | Median age (years) | | | 70.7 | |
| | ECOG (%) | | | | |
| | 0 (KPS 100) | | | 23 | |
| | 1 (KPS 80-90) | | | 65 | |
| | 2 (KPS 60-70) | | | 12 | |
| | Stage (%) | | | | |
| | III | | | 12 | |
| | IVA/B | | | 79 | |
| | Primary tumor site (%) | | | | |
| | Oral cavity | | | 53 | |
| | Oropharynx | | | 47 | |
| | HPV status OPSCC (%) | | | | |
| | HPV+ | | | 45 | |
| | HPV- | | | 50 | |
Among the 31 evaluable patients, overall response rate according to RECIST 1.1 was 83.9% (26 out of 31 patients), consisting of 15 patients with overall complete response (48.4%) and 11 patients with overall partial response (35.5%). The other five patients were considered to have overall stable disease. Twenty-one out of the 31 evaluable patients (67.7%) had achieved a complete response of the injected lesion. Median follow up as of August 2020 was five months since administration of NBTXR3. Among patients with oropharyngeal head and neck cancer with negative HPV status, objective response rate of the target lesion was 100% (7 out of 7 patients), consisting of 6 patients with complete response (86%) and 1 patient with partial response (14%). In the subgroup composed of oropharyngeal head and neck cancer patients with positive HPV status, objective response rate of the target lesion was 100% (7 out of 7 patients) consisting of 7 patients with complete response (100%). Because many of the patients are early in their follow-up, there is potential for the rate of complete response to improve with the passage of time, as seen in the dose escalation part. The dose expansion part recruitment is still ongoing, and we expect to complete recruitment of patients by the end of 2020. Final results might differ from what has been reported at ASTRO 2020. We anticipate reporting updated results data for Study 102 Expansion in October 2020.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The following chart shows the best observed response from baseline of each of the 31 evaluable patients as of August 13, 2020.
Patients’ Best Response in Study 102 Expansion Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancers Trial
Note:
| Evaluable Population for Objective Tumor Response has included all patients who have had at least 80% of the intended
intratumoral dose of NBTXR3 and 60 Gy of IMRT and the required imaging for tumor burden evaluation (target lesions
assessments) at baseline and at least once post treatment. Follow-up of patients is shown at the bottom of the graph, in
months elapsed since NBTXR3 administration. |
Depending on the favorability of the final Study 102 Expansion data, we may seek to initiate and expedite the regulatory process in the EU.
NBTXR3 continued to be well tolerated in Study 102 Expansion. One serious adverse event (“SAE”) of a swollen tongue was deemed to be related to the injection, one SAE of a swollen tongue was deemed to be related to both the injection and the administration of NBTXR3, and two SAEs (mucosal inflammation and tumor hemorrhage also related to radiotherapy) were observed and considered to be related to NBTXR3 administration. The total number of adverse events (AEs) and SAEs are set forth in the table below.
Adverse Events | | | 461 | | | 363 | | | 71 | | | 21 |
AEs related to the Injection Procedure | | | 15 | | | 11 | | | 3 | | | 1 |
AEs related to NBTXR3 | | | 20 | | | 19 | | | 4 | | | 2 |
AEs related to radiotherapy | | | 232 | | | 180 | | | 43 | | | 7 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Serious Adverse Events | | | 47 | | | 10 | | | 19 | | | 18 |
SAEs related to the Injection Procedure | | | 2 | | | 1 | | | 0 | | | 1 |
SAEs related to NBTXR3 | | | 4 | | | 1 | | | 1 | | | 2 |
SAEs related to radiotherapy | | | 21 | | | 4 | | | 10 | | | 7 |
*
| Includes events deemed to be unrelated to treatment, such as events deemed to be related solely to underlying disease. |
Three patients in the trial died as a result of the radiotherapy or their underlying disease, and four other patients died due to non-oncologic or other reasons. None were deemed to be related to the administration of NBTXR3.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Head and Neck Cancers Treated with Radiotherapy plus Chemotherapy (PharmaEngine Trial)
Trial Design (“PEP503-HN-1002”)
In addition to our contemplated Phase III and ongoing Phase I clinical trials of NBTXR3 in head and neck cancers, our collaborator PharmaEngine is also conducting a Phase I/II clinical trial of NBTXR3 for patients with head and neck cancers to be treated by radiotherapy plus cisplatin. The trial is being conducted at one site in Taiwan and is expected to treat up to 42 patients. PharmaEngine is expecting to complete recruitment of patients in the Phase I escalation dose by the first quarter of 2021.
The primary endpoints are to determine the optimal NBTXR3 dose and to assess the preliminary safety and efficacy of NBTXR3 administered by intratumoral injection in combination with radiotherapy plus chemotherapy.
Liver Cancers
Background and Opportunity
According to the World Health Organization, liver cancer is currently the fourth most common cause of cancer death in the world and is estimated to have caused over 781,000 deaths in 2018. The American Cancer Society estimated that in 2020 in the United States, 42,810 people would be diagnosed with liver cancer and 30,160 patients would die of the disease. In Europe, an estimated 47,000 patients die of liver cancer each year. The five-year survival rate for patients with localized liver cancer is approximately 31%; once the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues, this survival rate drops to approximately 3%.
Two types of liver cancer are hepatocellular carcinoma (“HCC”), the most common type of liver cancer, and secondary liver cancer, or liver metastasis, which occurs when cancer from another part of the body spreads to the liver. Surgical resection is often not an option for patients with either HCC or liver metastasis. Moreover, because patients suffering from HCC or liver metastases typically have underlying liver dysfunction and concomitant malignancies, local and systemic treatment options are few in number, with significant limitations. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (“SBRT”)—a high-precision radiation therapy, delivered as high-energy dose fractions—is a prevalent alternative therapy that has been shown to improve outcomes for these patients, as third-party clinical trials have observed a direct correlation between higher doses of radiation and increased survival rates. However, SBRT dosage is limited due to potential toxicity to surrounding tissues and the need to preserve liver function. Our ongoing Phase I/II clinical trial described below evaluated NBTXR3 in patients with liver cancers in need of an alternative treatment, when standard care protocols either cannot be used or do not exist. By increasing the absorption of the administered SBRT dose within the tumor itself, without causing additional damage to surrounding healthy tissues, and causing more effective tumor destruction, we believe NBTXR3 can improve prognoses for this patient population.
Phase I/II Trial Design (“Study 103”)
We are conducting a Phase I/II clinical trial to evaluate the use of NBTXR3 activated by SBRT in liver cancers. The Phase I trial is being conducted at six sites in the EU. For the dose escalation phase of the Phase I/II clinical trial, we recruited 23 patients, divided in two subgroups: patients with primary liver cancer (HCC) and patients with secondary liver cancer (liver metastases).
The endpoint of the Phase I part of the trial is to determine the recommended dose of NBTXR3 and to assess early signs of anti-tumor activity. In this portion of the trial, patients received a single intra-lesional injection of NBTXR3, at increasing dose levels, in each case activated by SBRT.
Results
Results from Study 103 showed feasibility of injection at each of the five tested dose levels (10%, 15%, 22%, 33% and 42%) with no leakage to surrounding healthy tissues. One SAE of bile duct stenosis has been deemed to be related to NBTXR3 and no dose-limiting toxicities were observed.
For HCC patients, preliminary results showed that out of eleven evaluable patients, ten responded at least partially and five of the eleven patients (45.5%) reached complete response.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Details for the 11 total HCC patients enrolled in Study 103 are set forth in the following chart:
Note:
| Patients are recruited at different points in time during the trial; those who have received the highest doses have received the lowest amount of follow-up. |
In the metastatic setting, out of the seven patients evaluated for efficacy, five patients presented a partial response and two patients presented stable disease.
We believe these results suggest meaningful potential to address an unmet medical need in an indication with typically extremely poor prognosis. Although this data is preliminary, it further supports the potential transferability of NBTXR3 across multiple solid tumor indications. Following the results, the recommended Phase II dose (RP2D) has been set at 42%.
Prostate Cancer
Background and Opportunity
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer and the second-most common form of cancer in the United States in men. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2020 in the United States, approximately 191,930 people will be diagnosed with prostate cancer and approximately 33,330 patients will die from the disease. Worldwide, there were approximately 1.3 million new cases in 2018. Patient prognosis is good for local and regionalized prostate cancer, but for prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body, the five-year survival rate is approximately 31%.
Achieving local control is key for treatment of prostate cancer to prevent relapse and subsequent spreading of the disease. Prostate cancer patients typically receive one of two forms of radiotherapy—EBRT or brachytherapy combined with EBRT. Third-party clinical data has shown that radiotherapy, and specifically the increasing of the radiation dose delivered, significantly improves local control of prostate tumors and reduces recurrence and metastasis.
Phase I/II Trial Design (“Study 104”)
We initiated a Phase I/II clinical trial of NBTXR3 to evaluate the safety and efficacy of NBTXR3 for the treatment of tumors resulting from prostate cancer. Study 104 enrolled patients with intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer who were eligible to receive one of two radiotherapy standards of care at one site in the United States. For one group of patients, we evaluated NBTXR3 in conjunction with EBRT delivered as intensity-modulated radiation therapy. In the other patient group, we evaluated NBTXR3 in combination with brachytherapy and EBRT.
The trial has administered NBTXR3 to five patients in Phase I. No SAEs were reported by these patients.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The primary endpoints of the Phase I dose escalation trial were to determine the safety and the recommended doses and early dose-limiting toxicities of NBTXR3 activated by EBRT or by brachytherapy plus EBRT and to assess early signs of anti-tumor activity. The secondary endpoints were to evaluate the dose toxicity and tolerance of NBTXR3, evaluate the complete response rate of NBTXR3, evaluate the local and general PFS time and the OS rate, assess the feasibility of local NBTXR3 administration by intratumoral injection, and evaluate the biochemical failure before activation by intensity-modulated radiation therapy.
We have paused the advancement of this trial as we focus on advancing the development of NBTXR3 for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers. However, we continue to evaluate this trial within the context of our overall development program for NBTXR3 in the treatment of solid tumors.
Pancreatic Cancer (MD Anderson Trial)
Background and Opportunity
Pancreatic cancer is a rare, deadly disease. Worldwide, there were approximately 460,000 new cases in 2018. Given that surgery with R0 resection (i.e., macroscopically complete tumor removal with negative microscopic surgical margins) remains the only hope for long-term survival, clinical trials have investigated various neoadjuvant strategies—wherein patients receive anti-cancer drugs or radiation prior to surgery—to increase the surgery-eligible population while also increasing the R0 resection rate. According to the American Cancer Society, for all stages of pancreatic cancer combined, the one-year relative survival rate is 20%, and the five-year rate is 7%.
In support of the rationale for neoadjuvant therapy, a retrospective analysis demonstrated a near doubling in OS in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (“PDAC”) patients who underwent surgery, which was attributed, at least in part, to the increased proportion of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (“BRPC”) patients who became eligible for surgery as a result of neoadjuvant intervention. Importantly, there are also select cases of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (“LAPC”) patients being considered for surgical resection based on their response to therapy. Given the poor prognosis of PDAC, therapeutic regimens able to increase the proportion of BRPC and LAPC patients eligible for surgery could improve survival outcomes in this population with unmet need.
Phase I Trial Design
The trial is an open-label, single-arm, prospective phase I study consisting of two parts: (i) dose-escalation to determine the RP2D; and (ii) expansion at RP2D.
The patient population will include adults (age ≥ 18 years) with BRPC or LAPC that are radiographically non-metastatic at screening, and that have not previously received radiation therapy or surgery for pancreatic cancer. The number of participants enrolled will be determined based on the maximum number required to establish the RP2D. Up to 24 subjects will be enrolled, including a maximum of twelve subjects with LAPC for the dose-finding part. Twelve additional subjects with either LAPC or BRPC will be enrolled for the RP2D expansion. Enrollment has commenced, and the planned enrollment period is 18 months. The objectives of the study are the determination of dose-limiting toxicity, the maximum tolerated dose and the RP2D.
In May 2020, we announced that the FDA allowed the clinical trial protocol to proceed, and we dosed the first patient in this trial during September 2020.
Rectal Cancer (PharmaEngine Trial)
Background and Opportunity
The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2020 in the United States, approximately 43,340 people will be diagnosed with rectal cancer. Deaths from rectal cancer are often misclassified as colon cancer; deaths from colon and rectal cancer combined are estimated to exceed 53,200 in 2020 in the United States. Worldwide, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women, with an estimated 1.8 million new cases in 2018. The five-year survival rate for patients with rectal cancer varies greatly depending on the stage of the cancer and whether the cancer has spread. For advanced (stage III) rectal cancer, the five-year survival rate is 71%, and for metastatic (stage IV) rectal cancer, this rate drops to approximately 15%.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Trial Design (“PEP503-RC-1001”)
Our collaborator PharmaEngine is conducting an open-label Phase I/II clinical trial of NBTXR3 with radiotherapy in combination with chemotherapy for patients with unresectable rectal cancer. The goal of the trial is to evaluate NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy in combination with chemotherapy as a potential treatment to shrink tumor size and expedite the surgical removal. The trial is being conducted at one site in Taiwan and is expected to treat up to 42 patients. PharmaEngine has informed us that it expects to complete recruitment of patients in the trial by the end of 2020.
Primary and secondary endpoints will assess the safety profile and determine the dose-limiting toxicity, evaluate the recommended dosage and assess the antitumor activity by evaluating the response rate of NBTXR3 administered by intratumoral injection and activated by external beam radiation, with concurrent chemotherapy treatment in patients with unresectable rectal cancer.
Lung Cancer (MD Anderson Trial)
Background and Opportunity
According to the World Health Organization, lung cancer is currently the most common cause of cancer death in the world and is estimated to have caused over 1,761,000 deaths in 2018. According to the American Cancer Society, in 2020 it is estimated that there will be approximately 228,000 new cases of lung cancer diagnosed in the United States. It is estimated that in the United States there will be approximately 135,720 deaths from lung cancer in 2020. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for 84% of all lung cancer diagnoses. The five-year relative survival rate for NSCLC at all stages was 24%.
Phase I Trial Design
The FDA has indicated that our Phase I clinical trial of NBTXR3 with MD Anderson for patients with lung cancer receiving re-irradiation may proceed.
The trial is an open-label, two-cohort, prospective phase I study consisting of two parts: (i) a radiation therapy safety lead-in, and NBTXR3 activated by radiation therapy dose-finding to determine the RP2D, and (ii) expansion at RP2D with toxicity monitoring.
The patient population will include adults (age ≥ 18) with inoperable, locoregional recurrent (“LRR”) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) stage IA to IIIC that are radiographically non-metastatic at screening and have previously received definitive radiation therapy. The number of participants enrolled will be determined based on the maximum number required to establish the RP2D. Cohort 1 will evaluate the safety of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (“IMRT”) monotherapy in 10 patients using an approach similar to a 3+3 design. If 45 Gy in 15 fractions is deemed safe, cohort 2 will test that regimen with NBTXR3 activated by IMRT. Alternatively, if 45 Gy in 15 fractions is deemed to have excessive toxicity, a 30 Gy in 10 fractions regimen will be used in combination with NBTXR3 in cohort 2. Up to 24 subjects will be enrolled in cohort 2, including a maximum of 12 subjects for the dose-finding part. Twelve additional subjects will be enrolled for the NBTXR3 RP2D expansion. Recruitment is expected to begin in the fourth quarter of 2020, and the planned enrollment period is 36 months.
Esophageal Cancer (MD Anderson Trial)
Background and Opportunity
According to the World Health Organization, esophageal cancer is currently the sixth most common cause of cancer death in the world and is estimated to have caused over 508,585 deaths in 2018. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2020 in the United States, there will be approximately 18,440 new esophageal cancer cases diagnosed, and approximately 16,170 deaths due to esophageal cancer. Approximately 20% of patients survive esophageal cancer at least five years after diagnoses.
Phase I Trial Design
The FDA has indicated that our Phase I clinical trial of NBTXR3 with MD Anderson for patients with esophageal cancer may proceed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
This trial is an open-label, single-arm, prospective phase I study consisting of two parts: (i) does-escalation to determine the RP2D of NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy, and (ii) expansion at RP2D with toxicity monitoring.
The patient population will include adults (age ≥ 18 years) with stage II-III adenocarcinoma of the esophagus that are treatment naïve and radiographically non-metastatic at screening. The number of participants enrolled will be determined based on the maximum number required to establish the RP2D of NBTXR3 activated by radiation therapy. Up to 24 subjects will be enrolled, including a maximum of 12 subjects for the dose-finding part. Twelve additional subjects will be enrolled for the RP2D expansion. Recruitment is expected to begin in the fourth quarter of 2020 and the planned enrollment period is 24 months.
Immuno-Oncology (“I-O”) Program Trials
Background and Opportunity
In recent years, significant attention has been focused on the potential of I-O treatments, and in particular, checkpoint inhibitors. Checkpoint inhibitors are a type of immunotherapy that function to block proteins that stop the immune system from attacking cancer cells. In doing so, they enable the T cells to recognize cancer cells that would otherwise be invisible to immune attack. However, many tumors, which are referred to as “cold” tumors, exhibit little or no response to checkpoint inhibition.
Cancer immunotherapy is becoming a major treatment paradigm for a variety of cancers. Although immunotherapy, especially the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, has achieved clinical success, most cancer patients present resistance to I-O treatments. In fact, published scientific data shows that only 15%-20% of non-small cell lung cancer patients and 13%-22% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. We believe that NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors has the potential to unlock the potential of I-O treatments by converting checkpoint inhibitor non-responders into responders.
Supporting Rationale for I-O Treatment Approach
Our preclinical and preliminary clinical trial results suggest that NBTXR3-enhanced radiotherapy may prime the immune response, thereby rendering otherwise cold tumors more prone to recognition by the patient’s immune system and therefore more responsive to I-O treatments such as checkpoint inhibitors. This effect is also referred to as causing a “cold” tumor to become “hot.”
In preclinical experiments, we observed NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy kill more cancer cells in vitro than radiotherapy alone, leading to the release of a greater number of tumor-associated antigens. In addition, in in vitro experiments performed on different human cancer cell lines, we observed NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy enhance the expression of markers of immunogenic cell death, as well as activation of the cGAS-STING pathway (a component of the immune system that detects tumor-derived DNA and generates intrinsic antitumor immunity). These results suggest that NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy could modulate the immunogenicity of the cancer cells.
We also observed NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy in vivo generate an abscopal effect, which is a reduction of metastases burden outside the irradiated area. This abscopal effect depends on the increase of CD8+ T cell lymphocyte infiltrates (T lymphocytes that work to kill malignant tumor cells) in both treated and untreated tumors, induced by NBTXR3 activated by the radiotherapy.
In our Phase II/III locally advanced STS clinical trial, based on immunohistochemistry analyses, we observed that NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy increased the density of CD8+ T cell lymphocytes and also decreased FOXP3+ (Treg) (regulatory T cells that work to suppress immune response) compared to radiotherapy alone in the tumors, while macrophage number remained relatively constant.
Together, these data suggest that NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy could be able to modulate the antitumor immune response and transform the tumor into an in situ vaccine, which prompted the initial development of our I-O program.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HNSCC, Lung Metastasis or Liver Metastasis
Phase I Basket Trial Design (“Study 1100”)
We initiated a Phase I prospective, multi-center, open-label, non-randomized clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of NBTXR3 activated by SABR combined with checkpoint inhibitors (nivolumab or pembrolizumab). The trial will include three patient populations: (1) patients with local-regional recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma amenable to re-irradiation, (2) lung metastases from any primary cancer eligible for anti-PD-1 therapy or (3) liver metastases from any primary cancer eligible for anti-PD-1 therapy. The trial is being conducted in two consecutive phases: dose escalation followed by dose expansion. The trial’s main objective is to determine the recommended Phase II dose of NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy in combination with an anti-PD-1. The trial is ongoing and will be conducted at multiple sites in the United States; we intend to enroll approximately 60 patients.
The dose escalation phase is based on a classical 3+3 design, meaning that at least three patients will be treated at the initial dose level, with treatment escalated to the next level in the absence of any dose-limiting toxicity occurrences, in order to identify the appropriate dose of NBTXR3 to be injected into the tumor. NBTXR3 doses will be escalated, but the anti-PD-1 antibody dose will remain constant.
Primary and secondary endpoints will evaluate safety and efficacy, while exploratory endpoints will further characterize the treatment-induced gene expression, including enriched cytokine activity and markers of adaptive immune response and T-cell receptor signaling pathways.
We anticipate reporting first new data on already recruited patients in Study 1100 by the end of 2020.
Additional Development in I-O with MD Anderson
There are currently four clinical trials as part of our I-O program contemplated under the MD Anderson collaboration— (i) a Phase II trial of reirradiation with NBTXR3 combined with anti-PD-1/L1 for inoperable, locally advanced head and neck cancer, (ii) a Phase II trial for NBTXR3 combined with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 in Stage IV lung cancer, (iii) a Phase I trial for NBTXR3 combined with anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 in patients with advanced solid tumors and lung or liver metastases and (iv) a Phase II trial for NBTXR3 for recurrent/metastatic HNSCC patients with limited PD-L1 expression. These I-O clinical trials are in various stages of clinical protocol development.
Our Preclinical Program for NBTXR3-gel
We are developing NBTXR3-gel, NBTXR3 in a gel formulation, for direct application in the tumor cavity following tumor ablation or resection surgery, before wound closure. As illustrated below, NBTXR3-gel is designed to prepare the surgical site for postoperative radiotherapy (adjuvant treatment) in order to destroy residual cancer cells not removed during surgery.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
This unique product candidate has dual aims: effective destruction of cancer cells remaining after surgery and enhancement of tumor cavity radiation by localizing the radiation.
The initial cancer indications we are exploring for NBTXR3-gel are certain types of breast cancer, operable lung cancers, vertebral metastases and retroperitoneal STS.
The Curadigm Platform
Beyond NBTXR3, we are also evaluating several additional potential development programs in nanomedicine.
In July 2019, we formed a new, wholly-owned subsidiary—Curadigm—with the mission of leveraging our expertise and know-how beyond oncology to expand treatment benefits across multiple therapeutic classes by increasing drug bioavailability while decreasing unintended off-target effects, specifically liver and spleen toxicities.
For most therapeutics today, only a small portion of the medicine administered is effective. After injection, the dose moves through the patient’s circulatory system within the blood. While a small portion reaches the targeted tissue, the remainder is either cleared from the body or accumulates—potentially with toxic effect—in organs such as the liver or spleen.
Leveraging our deep expertise in nanotechnology, Curadigm is developing nanoparticles, called nanoprimers, that prime the body for therapeutic treatment. Injected prior to the therapeutic, these nanoprimers have been designed with specific physico-chemical properties that allow them to transiently occupy the liver cells responsible for therapeutic clearance. As a result, a greater portion of the therapeutic treatment remains available for accrual in the target tissue, thereby increasing therapeutic action.
We believe that the Curadigm technology could have broad implications across the healthcare system by increasing the efficacy of therapeutics at their current dose, lowering the necessary dose in order to decrease toxicity and cost, and allowing for novel therapeutic approaches and new approaches to drug design. Preclinical in vivo data evaluating
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Curadigm’s concept has been generated combining the nanoprimer with different therapeutic agent families such as small molecules and nucleic acids and has been published in scientific journals.
To support the development of its platform, Curadigm may pursue various funding opportunities, including, without limitation, partnership and collaboration arrangements, licensing opportunities and/or sales of Curadigm securities to third-party investors from time to time.
Manufacturing
We contract the production of NBTXR3 to high-precision manufacturing partners. Our contracts with these third parties generally provide that the manufacturing partner may not transfer its rights or sub-contract any of the services covered. The contracts provide that we retain exclusive ownership of the products, as well as the intellectual property rights and know-how derived from and related to the services rendered thereunder. The manufacturing partners are required to perform their obligations in accordance with international professional standards, including the Good Manufacturing Practices guidelines issued by the International Council for Harmonization.
In November 2017, we opened a new facility to expand our manufacturing capabilities, increase production capacity of NBTXR3 for our clinical trial needs and prepare for potential commercialization. This new facility is located in the Villejuif BioPark, a scientific research and innovation center just outside of Paris, France. We expect that the facility will expand our production capacity to more than 200,000 doses of NBTXR3 per year, which we believe will be sufficient to produce NBTXR3 for our current and contemplated clinical trials. We have designed our manufacturing process so that additional production lines can be added without significant capital investment.
Significant Collaborations and Research Agreements
We have entered into collaboration agreements in order to enable us to optimize our resources, expedite product development, potentially generate revenue and maintain limited risk exposure outside of Europe.
PharmaEngine
In August 2012, we entered into an Exclusive License and Collaboration Agreement (the “Initial PharmaEngine Agreement”) with PharmaEngine, Inc., a Taiwan-based company, for the development and commercialization of NBTXR3 (under the designation PEP503) in multiple countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region (collectively, the “Territory”). Under the agreement, PharmaEngine is responsible for developing (non-clinical and clinical research) and commercializing NBTXR3 throughout the Territory, and making certain development and commercial milestone payments to us. This strategic collaboration enables us to leverage the data generated by PharmaEngine’s efforts to accelerate growth and pursue the development of our products.
In October 2014, we and PharmaEngine entered into Amendment #1 to the Exclusive License and Collaboration Agreement (the “PharmaEngine Amendment,” and, together with the Initial PharmaEngine Agreement, the “License and Collaboration Agreement”) pursuant to which PharmaEngine agreed to prepay a $1.0 million milestone payment under the Initial PharmaEngine Agreement and to conduct, as sponsor, the global pivotal trial of NBTXR3 of STS in the Territory. Under the PharmaEngine Amendment, PharmaEngine agreed to bear all of the costs and expenses it incurs as sponsor of the global pivotal trial of NBTXR3 of STS in the Territory, to share external, centralized clinical research organization costs in proportion to its enrollment contribution to the overall patient population for the trial, and to pay us certain packaging and labeling expenses. Each party retains ownership of its respective clinical trial data but agrees to share such data with the other party.
Under the License and Collaboration Agreement, we received an initial upfront payment of $1.0 million upon signing the agreement and $2.0 million in two milestone payments, including the milestone payment made in connection with the PharmaEngine Amendment. In the aggregate, we are entitled to receive future payments of up to $54.0 million, subject to PharmaEngine’s achievement of specified clinical, regulatory and commercial milestones.
We are also entitled to receive payments for the supply of NBTXR3 and royalties, on a country-by-country basis, based on PharmaEngine’s net product sales at a rate between the mid-single digits and the mid-teens for sales in the Territory, excluding Australia and New Zealand, where a rate in the mid-twenties will be applied, in each case subject to
TABLE OF CONTENTS
country-by-country downward adjustment, or potential cessation, based on the existence and level of sales of competing generic products or where it is determined that it is necessary or advisable to obtain third-party intellectual property licenses with respect to NBTXR3.
Pursuant to the License and Collaboration Agreement, we granted PharmaEngine an exclusive, perpetual license to certain intellectual property (“licensed technology”) in order to develop and commercialize NBTXR3 for the treatment of cancer in combination with radiotherapy in the Territory. Subject to certain conditions, PharmaEngine is permitted to grant sublicenses on terms at least as protective of our rights as those contained in the License and Collaboration Agreement. Except with respect to China (including Hong Kong and Macau) and Taiwan, we may reacquire the rights to such licensed technology under certain circumstances. With respect to Australia and New Zealand, we may reacquire such rights upon written notice. With respect to other countries in Asia, we may reacquire such rights in connection with (i) a third-party acquisition of us or (ii) our entry into a third-party license for exploitation of NBTXR3 outside the Territory, where such third-party licensee wishes to obtain an exclusive license for such Asian countries, and subject to PharmaEngine’s right to refuse such reacquisition with respect to any specific country where it has granted a sublicense or filed for regulatory approval. If we reacquire the rights to such licensed technology, we will be required (i) to make a reasonable one-time negotiated termination payment to PharmaEngine and (ii) to pay royalties based on the development status of NBTXR3 and our post-termination net sales in the applicable country.
The licensed technology includes patent rights covering NBTXR3 in the Territory (e.g., patents and pending patent applications), the related know how necessary for the development, commercialization or exploitation of NBTXR3 (e.g., development data, results of experimentation and testing, trial data, study protocols, etc.) and the “NanoXray” trademark. PharmaEngine is not permitted to modify the substance of NBTXR3 or reverse engineer NBTXR3. PharmaEngine also granted to us a perpetual, non-exclusive, cost-free license to certain intellectual property, including patent rights and related know-how, in order for us to develop and commercialize NBTXR3 outside of the Territory for the treatment of cancer in combination with radiotherapy. We and PharmaEngine have agreed to provide one another with access to all development data resulting from our respective development activities. Each party shall own all inventions and other know how conceived and reduced to practice solely by its own employees or agents and a 50% undivided interest in any invention jointly conceived and reduced to practice.
Under the License and Collaboration Agreement, PharmaEngine committed to use commercially reasonable efforts to start a minimum of two Phase I / pilot clinical trials in two different tumor indications within the Territory within 18 months of the agreement’s effective date, and a third Phase I / pilot clinical trial in a third tumor indication within 36 months of such effective date, in each case, unless delays were caused by a regulatory authority. Generally, PharmaEngine is required to bear all costs for the development and commercialization of NBTXR3 in the Territory.
As noted above, pursuant to the PharmaEngine Amendment, PharmaEngine participated in the global pivotal trial of NBTXR3 in STS that we initiated in 2014 by co-sponsoring the global trial for the Asia-Pacific region. PharmaEngine is currently conducting two other NBTXR3 clinical trials in the Territory: a Phase I/II trial in head and neck cancers in patients receiving radiotherapy plus chemotherapy, as well as a Phase I/II trial in rectal cancer. See “—Our Clinical Programs—Head and Neck Cancers Treated with Radiotherapy plus Chemotherapy (PharmaEngine Trial)” and “—Our Clinical Programs—Rectal Cancer (PharmaEngine Trial).”
Further, PharmaEngine is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to apply for and obtain regulatory approval for NBTXR3 in each country in the Territory and to commercialize NBTXR3 throughout the Territory, in each case in accordance with an agreed upon development plan.
Pursuant to the License and Collaboration Agreement, we agreed to provide PharmaEngine with the necessary quantities of NBTXR3 for its development in the Territory. In some cases, beginning once PharmaEngine begins a pivotal study or a Phase III clinical trial, we are obligated to transfer the manufacturing process of the nanoparticles contained in NBTXR3 (i.e., the formulation, fill and finish) to PharmaEngine and the contact manufacturing organization that PharmaEngine will have appointed. Insofar as PharmaEngine develops and controls any improvements in our manufacturing process, we will be authorized to implement such improvements in our manufacturing process.
The License and Collaboration Agreement is implemented under the supervision of a joint steering committee, comprising three representatives of each party, and provides a dispute resolution process with ultimate decision-making
TABLE OF CONTENTS
authority allocated among the parties and certain key matters, such as determinations of whether a milestone has been achieved, reserved for determination by an independent expert. We and PharmaEngine have agreed to provide customary indemnification to one another for claims relating to our respective obligations under the agreement.
The License and Collaboration Agreement will remain in effect indefinitely until terminated (i) by either party in the event of a material breach that remains uncured following notice thereof, (ii) by either party in connection with certain bankruptcy or insolvency events, or (iii) at our option, on a country-by-country basis, if PharmaEngine fails to commercialize NBTXR3 in any country in the Territory within two years after obtaining all required regulatory approvals for such commercialization in such country.
NBTXR3 Clinical Collaboration with MD Anderson
In December 2018, we entered into a strategic collaboration agreement with MD Anderson, which was amended and restated in January 2020 (as amended and restated, the “MD Anderson Collaboration Agreement”). Pursuant to the MD Anderson Collaboration Agreement, we and MD Anderson established a large-scale, comprehensive NBTXR3 clinical collaboration to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy for certain types of cancer. The collaboration initially is expected to support a total of nine clinical trials conducted by MD Anderson, as sponsor, with NBTXR3 for use in treating several cancer types. We expect to enroll approximately 340 patients across these nine clinical trials.
Within the MD Anderson collaboration, we have commenced a clinical trial to evaluate NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, and the FDA has indicated that the second and third clinical trials under this collaboration for lung cancer and esophageal cancer, respectively, may proceed. In addition, four clinical trials as part of our I-O program are currently contemplated under the MD Anderson collaboration—a Phase II trial of reirradiation with NBTXR3 combined with anti-PD-1/L1 for inoperable, locally advanced HN cancer, a Phase II trial for NBTXR3 combined with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 in Stage IV lung cancer, a Phase I trial for NBTXR3 combined with anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 in patients with advanced solid tumors and lung or liver metastases, and a Phase II trial for NBTXR3 for recurrent/metastatic HNSCC patients with limited PD-L1 expression. We are currently in discussions with MD Anderson to determine the indications and trial design for the remaining two clinical trials to be conducted pursuant to the collaboration.
Under the MD Anderson Collaboration Agreement, MD Anderson will provide all necessary personnel, equipment, supplies, facilities and resources for each trial, and we will provide batches of NBTXR3 to be used in the trials. In addition, we have committed to provide financing of approximately $11.0 million for clinical trials during the collaboration. We made an initial $1.0 million payment at the commencement of the collaboration and a second $1.0 million payment on February 3, 2020. Additional payments will be paid semi-annually during the course of the collaboration on the basis of patients enrolled during the relevant period, with the balance payable upon enrollment of the final patient for all studies.
We are also required to make an additional one-time milestone payment upon (i) the first regulatory approval granted by the FDA and (ii) the date on which a specified number of patients have been enrolled in the clinical trials. The milestone payments increase on an annual basis ranging from $2.2 million to $16.4 million. Accordingly, depending on when the requisite conditions are satisfied, we could be required to pay up to $16.4 million in such milestone payment.
We will be the exclusive owner of any right, title or other interest in and to any and all inventions or discoveries made in a trial that incorporates NBTXR3 (though we have agreed to grant MD Anderson a non-exclusive, perpetual irrevocable license to use any such inventions for academic or non-profit research purposes). Other inventions/discoveries made in a trial will be the property of the inventor, Nanobiotix or MD Anderson, as the case may be. Should MD Anderson obtain ownership of any such other invention/discovery, they have agreed to grant us a non-exclusive, royalty-free license, as well as an exclusive option to negotiate an exclusive, royalty-bearing license within a specified time period. Further, we will be co-owners of the data and clinical results related to the trials, subject to MD Anderson’s first right to publish and/or publicly disclose data and results of collaboration trials.
The MD Anderson Collaboration Agreement will remain in effect until the later of five years or the duration of the clinical trials. Either party may terminate the agreement if the other party commits a material breach that is not cured pursuant to the terms of the agreement. Either party may also terminate a clinical trial in the event of a material breach, due to health/safety issues, or if the parties are unable to agree on the designation of the principal investigator or if the principal
TABLE OF CONTENTS
investigator does not accept the terms of the trial protocol. Termination of the MD Anderson Collaboration Agreement does not affect the conduct of ongoing clinical trials (other than with respect to a termination of a specific trial, as described in the preceding sentence).
Pursuant to the MD Anderson Collaboration Agreement, the collaboration is implemented under the supervision of a joint steering committee, comprising three representatives of each party, and provides a process for dispute resolution by a Senior Vice President of MD Anderson and our Chief Executive Officer. We and MD Anderson have agreed to provide customary indemnification to one another for claims relating to our respective obligations under the agreement.
Other Collaborations
We have established strategic partnerships with a number of hospitals, clinics and cancer treatment centers in France and abroad. These agreements provide that we may negotiate certain commercial rights with such collaborators with respect to joint inventions or inventions made by our collaborators that arise from the results of the collaboration.
Beginning in January 2008, we entered into an agreement with Institut Gustave Roussy, one of the world’s leading cancer-research institutes and the largest cancer center in France, for radiobiology research and preclinical development of NBTXR3. Pursuant to the agreement, we conduct studies at Institut Gustave Roussy’s radiobiology lab to evaluate the antitumor activity of nanoparticles activated by ionizing radiation. We maintain all rights to the products of our studies; however, Institut Gustave Roussy may use the results without charge solely for the purposes of its own academic research.
Commencing in 2018, we partnered with several research institutions, including the Providence Portland Medical Center, MD Anderson and Weil Medical College of Cornell University, to conduct immunotherapeutic preclinical research. These collaborations have generated some preclinical data on the ability of NBTXR3 activated by radiotherapy to induce anti-tumoral immune response some of which supported the general rationale for enhancing checkpoint inhibitor responses. Under the preclinical research agreements for these collaborations, we retain exclusive ownership over any inventions made solely by us. Any invention made solely by a research institution would be owned by the relevant research institution, but would be subject to option to obtain an exclusive license, which would be free for research purposes and royalty-bearing for commercial activities. Inventions made jointly by us and a research institution would be jointly owned. As of the date of this prospectus, no inventions under these programs have been made solely by a research institution or jointly by us and a research institution.
Commercialization
We have not yet developed commercial infrastructure in either the United States or the EU. Following evaluation of the results from Studies 102 and 312, we intend to undertake a strategic review and to determine where we believe we are best positioned to pursue commercialization, including our commercialization strategy with respect to Hensify®. Once our broad commercialization strategy is established, we intend to pursue commercialization activities and establish a global commercial infrastructure by building commercial capabilities and evaluating partnering opportunities.
We believe that our commercial infrastructure, when established, will target the community of physicians who are the key specialists in treating the patient populations for which NBTXR3 is being developed. We may enter into additional development and commercialization agreements with third parties in select geographic territories for any of our product candidates that successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements.
We also plan to build a marketing and sales management organization to create and implement marketing strategies for any products that we market through our own sales organization and to oversee and support our sales force. The responsibilities of the marketing organization would include developing educational initiatives with respect to approved products and establishing relationships with leaders in relevant fields of medicine.
Competition
The development of treatments for cancer is subject to rapid technological change. Many companies, academic research institutions, governmental agencies and public and private research institutions are pursuing the development of medicinal products, devices and other therapies that target the same conditions that we are targeting.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approximately 60% of all cancer patients undergo radiotherapy at some point during their course of treatment. Current research in radiotherapy focuses primarily on (1) methods to increase sensitivity of tumors to radiation and (2) methods to protect healthy tissues from radiation. In addition, many researchers believe that radiotherapy can enhance the body’s immune response, thereby making a previously unsusceptible tumor susceptible to vaccines.
Companies that are developing treatments to increase sensitivities of tumors to radiation and other sources of energy include MagForce AG, NH TherAguix, and Nanospectra Biosciences, Inc. Like us, these companies are pursuing various technologies that involve the delivery of a substance to a tumor that works to destroy the tumor cells without causing additional damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Any product candidates that we or they develop and commercialize may compete with existing therapies, as well as new therapies that may become available in the future.
Many of our competitors, either alone or with their collaboration partners, may have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, preclinical testing, clinical trials, manufacturing, and marketing than we do. Future collaborations and mergers and acquisitions may result in further resource concentration among a smaller number of competitors. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified research and development and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Smaller or early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with more established companies.
The key competitive factors affecting the success of NBTXR3 and any other product candidates that we develop, if approved, are likely to be their efficacy, safety, convenience, price and the availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payors. We must also protect our proprietary technology used in the development of our product candidates. Our commercial opportunity could be reduced if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are more effective or demonstrate a more favorable safety profile than any products that we may develop. Our competitors may also successfully complete applicable pre-marketing regulatory requirements for their products more rapidly than us.
Intellectual Property
We are innovators in oncology-related nanotechnology. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions to protect our intellectual property rights. No single patent or trademark is material to our business as a whole.
We seek to protect and enhance our proprietary technology, product candidates, inventions and improvements that are commercially important to the development of our business by seeking, maintaining, and defending patent rights, whether developed internally or licensed from third parties. We will also seek to rely on regulatory protection afforded through orphan drug designation, data exclusivity, market exclusivity and patent term extensions where available.
To achieve this objective, we maintain a strategic focus on identifying and licensing key patents that provide protection and serve as an optimal platform to enhance our intellectual property and technology base. Our technology and product candidates are protected by more than 300 issued or pending patents and patent applications in over 20 patent families across the world. We hold key patents and patent applications with respect to the concepts, products and uses of nanoparticles activated by ionizing radiation through NBTXR3 technology and for new applications in nanomedicine.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summarized below are our material patents and patent applications in our own name:
| | NanoXray technology(1) | | | 10 | | | 2025
2031 | | | France, Australia, Canada, China, Eurasia (1 country), Europe (21 countries), Israel, India, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, South Africa, Hong Kong
United States
** | |
| | † | | | | | | 2029
2031 | | | Australia, Canada, China, Algeria, Eurasia (9 countries), Europe (34 countries), Indonesia, India, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa, Macau, Hong Kong, Singapore
United States
** | |
| | | | | | | | 2030 | | | Australia, Canada, China, Eurasia (4 countries), Europe (36 countries), Indonesia, Israel, India, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, Mexico, New Zealand, United States, Singapore, South Africa, Hong Kong, Brazil (expected Q4 2020)
** | |
| | | | | | | | 2032
2035
| | | China, Europe (19 countries), Japan
United States | |
| | | | | | | | 2032 | | | Australia, Canada, China, Eurasia (1 country), Europe (19 countries), Indonesia, Israel, India, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, Ukraine, South Africa
** | |
| | †† | | | | | | 2034 | | | Australia, China, Europe (36 countries), Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Israel, Ukraine, United States, Eurasia (1 country), Hong Kong, South Africa
** | |
| | | | | | | | 2034 | | | Australia, China, Europe (36 countries), Indonesia, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, Hong Kong, Eurasia (1 country)
** | |
| | | | | | | | 2034 | | | Japan, United States, Europe (expected Q4 2020)
** | |
| | | | | | | | 2034 | | | United States, Japan
** | |
| | ††† | | | | | | 2036 | | | Israel (expected Q3 2020)
** | |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| | Other technologies/candidates | | | 10 | | | 2034
2035 | | | Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, Ukraine, Singapore, South Africa
United States
**, # | |
| | | | | | | | 2035 | | | Europe (23 countries), Japan
**, # | |
| | | | | | | | 2035 | | | **, # | |
| | | | | | | | 2035 | | | United States
**, # | |
| | | | | | | | 2035 | | | Japan, United States, Singapore
**, # | |
| | | | | | | | 2037 | | | ** | |
| | | | | | | | 2037 | | | ** | |
| | | | | | | | 2037 | | | ** | |
| | | | | | | | 2038 | | | ** | |
| | | | | | | | 2038 | | | ** | |
| | | | | | | | 2040 | | | ** | |
(1)
| The NanoXray technology covers, among other things, three product candidates, each of which is based on the same hafnium oxide core. The goal of each of these three product candidates is to help patients receiving radiotherapy by enhancing the effect of radiotherapy within tumor cells, without increasing the dose to surrounding healthy tissues. The three product candidates differ in the composition of the nanoparticle coating or formulation, which have been developed for three different modes of administration to cover most oncology applications. The most advanced product candidate in the NanoXray portfolio, and our current focus for development and commercialization, is injectable NBTXR3. |
#
| Patent family owned by Curadigm S.A.S. |
*
| This expiration year does not take into account supplementary patent protection that could be obtained for some of our patents in the United States, Europe and other countries. Expiration dates for U.S. patents not yet granted may be subject to patent term adjustment. |
**
| Patent application pending in at least one country/jurisdiction. |
†
| Patent family covering the specific composition utilized in NBTXR3 (i.e., composition of matter). This patent family covers the injectable use of metal oxide nanoparticles with a specific density for killing tumor cells, including cancer cells. The injectable use of an efficient dose of NBTXR3 in oncology is covered by this patent family. |
††
| Patent family covering the specific composition utilized in injectable NBTXR3 (i.e., composition of matter). This patent family covers the injectable use of metal oxide nanoparticles with a specific density for killing tumor cells and shrinking tumors where a certain number of electrons are delivered to the targeted tumor. The injectable use of an efficient dose of NBTXR3 in oncology is covered by this patent family. |
†††
| Patent family covering the specific composition utilized in NBTXR3 (i.e., composition of matter). This patent family covers the injectable use of NBTXR3 as a therapeutic vaccine used to induce an immune response, including its use in immuno-oncology and its combination with other checkpoint inhibitors. |
In addition to patent protection, we have trademark protection in many countries for our “Nanobiotix” name and Nanobiotix logo. We own over 300 trademark registrations and applications related to our products, product candidates, processes and technology worldwide. We anticipate we will apply for additional patents and trademark registrations in the future as we develop new products, product candidates, processes and technologies.
We also rely on trade secrets to develop and maintain our proprietary position and protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection. We seek to protect our proprietary technologies, in part, through confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, contractors and others with access to our proprietary information. There can be no assurance, however, that these agreements will provide meaningful protection or adequate remedies for any breach, or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our competitors.
Government Regulation, Product Approval and Certification
Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local level, and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacturing, quality control, approval, labeling,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of products such as those we are developing. NBTXR3 and any other therapeutic candidates that we develop must be approved by the FDA before they may be legally marketed in the United States and must complete the conformity assessment procedure with the Notified Body before they may be legally marketed in the EU.
Regulation in the United States
United States Drug Development Process
In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and implementing regulations. Drugs are also subject to other federal, state and local statutes and regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state and local statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or post approval may subject an applicant to administrative and/or judicial sanctions. FDA sanctions may include, among other actions, refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold, warning letters, product recalls or withdrawals from the market, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us.
The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:
⯀ | Completion of extensive preclinical laboratory tests, preclinical animal studies and formulation studies in accordance with applicable regulations, including good laboratory practice (“GLP”) regulations; |
⯀ | Submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin; |
⯀ | Performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with applicable regulations, including current good clinical practice (“GCP”) regulations to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug candidate for its proposed indication; |
⯀ | Submission to the FDA of a new drug application (“NDA”) for a new drug product; |
⯀ | A determination by the FDA within 60 days of its receipt of an NDA to accept the submitted NDA for filing and thereafter begin a substantive review of the application; |
⯀ | Satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities where the drug is produced to assess compliance with cGMP regulations to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug’s identity, strength, quality and purity; |
⯀ | Potential FDA audit of the preclinical and/or clinical trial sites that generated the data in support of the NDA; and |
⯀ | FDA review and approval of the NDA prior to any commercial marketing or sale of the drug in the United States. |
Before testing any compounds with potential therapeutic value in humans, the drug candidate goes through a preclinical testing stage. Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies to assess the potential safety and activity of the drug candidate. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements including GLPs. The data sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and a proposed clinical protocol, to the FDA as part of the IND. An IND is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational drug product to humans. The central focus of an IND submission is on the general investigational plan and the protocols for human studies. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA raises concerns or questions regarding the proposed clinical trials and places the IND on clinical hold within that 30-day time period or issues an earlier notice that the clinical trial may proceed. In the case of a clinical hold, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. The FDA may also impose a clinical hold on a drug candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns or noncompliance. Accordingly, we cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to begin, or that, once begun, issues will not arise that cause us or FDA to suspend or terminate such trial.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety and assess efficacy. Each protocol, and any subsequent amendments to the protocol, must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Further, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an independent institutional review board (“IRB”), at or servicing each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted. An IRB is charged with protecting the welfare and rights of trial participants and considers issues such as whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the informed consent form that must be provided to each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. There are also requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and completed clinical trial results to public registries.
Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:
⯀ | Phase I. The drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion, the side effects associated with increasing doses, and if possible, to gain early evidence of effectiveness. In the case of some products for severe or life-threatening diseases, especially when the product may be too inherently toxic to ethically administer to healthy volunteers, the initial human testing is often conducted in patients. |
⯀ | Phase II. The drug is evaluated in a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases or conditions and to determine dosage tolerance, optimal dosage and dosing schedule. |
⯀ | Phase III. Clinical trials are undertaken to further evaluate dosage, clinical efficacy and safety in an expanded patient population at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites. These clinical trials are intended to establish the overall benefit/risk ratio of the product and provide an adequate basis for product approval. Generally, two adequate and well-controlled Phase III clinical trials are required by the FDA for approval of an NDA. Phase III clinical trials usually involve several hundred to several thousand participants. |
Post-approval studies, or Phase IV clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These studies are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication. In certain instances, the FDA may mandate the performance of Phase IV studies.
Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and written IND safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected adverse events or any finding from tests in laboratory animals that suggests a significant risk for human subjects. Phase I, Phase II and Phase III clinical trials may fail to be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA, the IRB or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group provides authorization for whether or not a trial may move forward at designated checkpoints based on access to certain data from the study. We may also suspend or terminate a clinical trial based on evolving business objectives and/or competitive climate.
Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and must also develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the drug as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the drug candidate and, among other things, must include developed methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final drug. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the drug candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FDA Review and Approval Process
The results of product development, preclinical studies and clinical trials, along with descriptions of the manufacturing process, analytical tests conducted on the chemistry of the drug, proposed labeling and other relevant information are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA requesting approval to market the product. The application must include negative or ambiguous results of preclinical and clinical trials as well as positive findings. Data may come from company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and effectiveness of a use of a product, or from a number of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators. To support marketing approval, the data submitted must be sufficient in quality and quantity to establish the safety and effectiveness of the investigational drug product to the satisfaction of the FDA. The submission of an NDA is subject to the payment of substantial user fees; a waiver of such fees may be obtained under certain limited circumstances.
In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act (“PREA”), an NDA or supplement to an NDA must contain data to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of data or full or partial waivers. Unless otherwise required by regulation, PREA does not apply to any drug for an indication for which orphan designation has been granted. However, if only one indication for a product has orphan designation, a pediatric assessment may still be required for any applications to market that same product for the non-orphan indication(s).
The FDA reviews the completeness of each NDA submitted before accepting it for filing and may request additional information rather than accepting the NDA for filing. The FDA must make a decision on accepting an NDA for filing or refusing to file within 60 days of receipt. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the NDA. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under PDUFA, the FDA has ten months from the 60-day filing date in which to complete its initial review of a standard NDA and respond to the applicant, and 6 months from the 60-day filing date for a priority NDA. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority NDAs, and the review process is often significantly extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification.
The FDA reviews each NDA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe and effective for its intended use, and whether the product is being manufactured in accordance with cGMP to assure and preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality and purity. The FDA may refer applications for novel drug products or drug products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.
Before approving an NDA, the FDA will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving an NDA, the FDA may inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP requirements.
After the FDA evaluates the application, manufacturing process and manufacturing facilities, it may issue an approval letter or a Complete Response Letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A Complete Response Letter indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete and the application is not ready for approval. A Complete Response Letter usually describes all of the specific deficiencies in the NDA identified by the FDA. A Complete Response Letter may require additional clinical data and/or an additional pivotal Phase III clinical trial(s), and/or other significant and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials, preclinical studies or manufacturing. If a Complete Response Letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the NDA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application. Even if such data and information is submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data.
If a product receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific diseases, patient populations and dosages, or the indications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. Further, the FDA may require that certain contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the
TABLE OF CONTENTS
product labeling or may condition the approval of the NDA on other changes to the proposed labeling, development of adequate controls and specifications, or a commitment to conduct one or more post-market studies or clinical trials. For example, the FDA may require Phase IV testing which involves clinical trials designed to further assess a drug safety and effectiveness and may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approved products that have been commercialized. The FDA may also determine that a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (“REMS”) is necessary to assure the safe use of the drug. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the NDA must submit a proposed REMS, and the FDA will not approve the NDA without an approved REMS. Depending on FDA’s evaluation of a drug’s risks, a REMS may include medication guides, physician communication plans, or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution requirements, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. Following approval of an NDA with a REMS, the sponsor is responsible for marketing the drug in compliance with the REMS and must submit periodic REMS assessments to the FDA.
Post-Approval Requirements
Any drug products for which we receive FDA approvals are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the product, providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information, product sampling and distribution requirements, and complying with FDA promotion and advertising requirements, which include, among other requirements, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, restrictions on promoting drugs for uses or in patient populations that are not described in the drug’s approved labeling (known as “off-label use”), limitations on industry sponsored scientific and educational activities, and requirements for promotional activities involving the Internet. Although physicians may prescribe legally available drugs for off-label uses, manufacturers may not market or promote such off-label uses.
In addition, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to applicable manufacturing requirements after approval. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the production of clinical and commercial quantities of our products in accordance with cGMP regulations. cGMP regulations require, among other things, quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation and the obligation to investigate and correct any deviations from cGMP. Drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP and other laws. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. Discovery of problems with a product after approval may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer or holder of an approved NDA, including, among other things, recall or withdrawal of the product from the market. In addition, changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated, and depending on the significance of the change, may require prior FDA approval before being implemented. Other types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications and additional labeling claims, are also subject to further FDA review and approval.
The FDA also may require Phase IV testing and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product or place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. Discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or the failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements can have negative consequences, including adverse publicity, judicial or administrative enforcement, warning letters from the FDA, mandated corrective advertising or communications, and civil or criminal penalties, among others. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and also may require the implementation of other risk management measures, such as a REMS. Also, new government requirements, including those resulting from new legislation, may be established, or the FDA’s policies may change, which could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our products under development.
Coverage and Reimbursement
A pharmaceutical manufacturer’s ability to commercialize any approved drug product successfully depends in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for such drug product and related treatments will be available from third-party payors, including government health administration authorities, private health insurers, health maintenance organizations and other organizations. Third-party payors determine which drug products and treatments they will cover and establish reimbursement levels. Assuming coverage is obtained for a given product by a third-party
TABLE OF CONTENTS
payor, the resulting reimbursement payment rates may not be adequate or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high. Patients are unlikely to use a drug product, or agree to treatment using a drug product, unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover all or a significant portion of the cost of the drug product and associated treatment. Therefore, coverage and adequate reimbursement is critical to new drug product acceptance. Coverage decisions may depend upon clinical and economic standards that disfavor new drug products when more established or lower cost therapeutic alternatives are already available or subsequently become available.
Third-party payors are developing increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs, such as by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for drug products and related treatments. In addition, the U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have continued implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Further, no uniform policy requirement for coverage and reimbursement for drug products exists among third-party payors in the United States. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for drug products can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that requires pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of its drug products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance.
Healthcare Laws
Healthcare providers, physicians and others will play a primary role in the recommendation, and the incorporation into treatment regimes, of drug products, if approved. A pharmaceutical manufacturer’s business operations in the United States and its arrangements with clinical investigators, healthcare providers, consultants, third-party payors and patients expose it to broadly applicable federal and state fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws. These laws may impact, among other things, research, proposed sales, marketing and education programs for product candidates that obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable U.S. federal and state and foreign healthcare laws and regulations include, but are not limited to, the following:
⯀ | the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, including any kickback, bribe or rebate, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of, any item, good, facility or service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid; |
⯀ | U.S. federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalties laws, including the civil False Claims Act, which can be enforced by individuals through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, which prohibit individuals or entities from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease, or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government; |
⯀ | HIPAA, which created additional federal criminal statutes which prohibit, among other things, executing or attempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or knowingly and willingly falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making false statements relating to healthcare matters; |
⯀ | HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, and their implementing regulations, which impose certain requirements on covered entities, including certain healthcare providers, health plans and healthcare clearinghouses, and their business associates, individuals and entities that perform functions or activities that involve individually identifiable health information on behalf of covered entities, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information; |
⯀ | U.S. federal transparency requirements under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, enacted as part of the ACA, that require applicable manufacturers of covered drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to track and annually report to CMS payments and other transfers of value provided to physicians and teaching hospitals, and certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians or their immediate family members; and |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | analogous state or foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers, state marketing and/or transparency laws applicable to manufacturers that may be broader in scope than the federal requirements, state laws that require biopharmaceutical companies to comply with the biopharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government, state and local laws that require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives, and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect as HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. |
Ensuring business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations is costly. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If a pharmaceutical manufacturer’s operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to it, it may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, possible exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment of operations.
Healthcare Reform
In the United States, the ACA is significantly impacting the provision of, and payment for, healthcare. Various provisions of the ACA were designed to expand Medicaid eligibility, subsidize insurance premiums, provide incentives for businesses to provide healthcare benefits, prohibit denials of coverage due to pre-existing conditions, establish health insurance exchanges, and provide additional support for medical research. With regard to therapeutic products specifically, the ACA, among other things, expanded and increased industry rebates for drugs covered under Medicaid programs and made changes to the coverage requirements under the Medicare prescription drug benefit.
Since its enactment there have been judicial and legislative challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, as well as efforts by the Trump administration to repeal or replace certain aspects of the ACA. Since January 2017, President Trump has signed two Executive Orders and other directives designed to delay the implementation of certain provisions of the ACA or otherwise circumvent some of the requirements for health insurance mandated by the ACA. Concurrently, Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the ACA. While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, two bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the ACA have been signed into law. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act included a provision which repealed, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the ACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate.” The Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, signed into law on December 19, 2019, repealed certain ACA-mandated fees, including the so-called “Cadillac” tax on certain high cost employer-sponsored insurance plans, the medical device excise tax, and, effective for 2021, the annual fee imposed on certain health insurance providers based on market share. The BBA, among other things, amended the ACA, effective January 1, 2019, to increase from 50% to 70% the point-of-sale discount that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D and to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the “donut hole.” In July 2018, CMS published a final rule permitting further collections and payments to and from certain ACA qualified health plans and health insurance issuers under the ACA risk adjustment program in response to the outcome of federal district court litigation regarding the method CMS uses to determine this risk adjustment. On December 14, 2018, the Texas District Court Judge ruled that the individual mandate is a critical and inseverable feature of the ACA, and therefore, because the mandate was rendered constitutionally invalid when the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act eliminated the penalty, the remaining provisions of the ACA are invalid as well. The decision was appealed to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, which in a December 18, 2019 decision agreed that the individual mandate was not constitutionally invalid but remanded the case to the District Court for more precise consideration of which provisions of the ACA, if any, are inseverable from the individual mandate. The intervenor defendants have petitioned the Supreme Court to take an immediate appeal. It remains unclear how the decisions in this case, the pending petition to the Supreme Court, and other efforts to repeal and replace the ACA will impact the ACA and our business.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
In addition, both the Budget Control Act of 2011 and the ATRA have instituted, among other things, mandatory reductions in Medicare payments to certain providers.
Further, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the costs of drugs under Medicare and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. For example, the Trump administration released a “Blueprint” to lower drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs that contains additional proposals to increase manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal healthcare programs, incentivize manufacturers to lower the list price of their products and reduce the out of pocket costs of drug products paid by consumers. Although a number of these, and other proposed measures may require authorization through additional legislation to become effective, Congress and the Trump administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs.
Additionally, on May 30, 2018, the Right to Try Act was signed into law. The law, among other things, provides a federal framework for certain patients to access certain investigational new drug products that have completed a Phase I clinical trial and that are undergoing investigation for FDA approval. Under certain circumstances, eligible patients can seek treatment without enrolling in clinical trials and without obtaining FDA permission under the FDA expanded access program. There is no obligation for a pharmaceutical manufacturer to make its drug products available to eligible patients as a result of the Right to Try Act.
Regulation in the EU
In the EU, health products qualify typically as medicinal products or as medical devices. The pre-market requirements applicable to each of these types of products vary significantly.
The demarcation between the definitions of “medical device” and “medicinal product” can sometimes be blurred, or difficult to draw, for some products referred to as “borderline products.” In order to determine whether a product constitutes a device or a medicinal product, a number of factors must be taken into account, including the claims regarding the function of the product, the mode of action on the human body and the primary intended purpose of the product. Classification decisions are taken at a national level about individual products. Although these decisions are based on a number of principles that are harmonized across the EU, it is possible that these principles are interpreted differently on a case-by-case basis and, as a result, a product may be classified as a medicinal product in one Member State and as a medical device in another. Our product, NBTXR3, is classified as a medical device in the EU. This classification is supported by the conformity assessment procedure applied by the relevant EU Notified Body, which led to the drawing up of the EU Declaration of Conformity, as well as by the opinions released in 2009 and in 2011 by the national competent authorities of Ireland and Spain, respectively. Should our products be classified as medicinal products, they would be subject to a different regulatory framework, including in particular stringent pre-market authorization requirements that differ significantly from the conformity assessment procedures that are applicable to medical devices.
CE Marking Requirements
As manufacturers of medical devices, in the EU we are required under the EU Medical Devices Directive (Council Directive 93/42/EEC, the “MDD”) and, once it enters into effect in 2021, the Medical Devices Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2017/745, the “MDR”) to affix a CE marking of conformity (a “CE mark”) to our products in order to sell these products in Member States of the EU. The CE mark is a symbol that demonstrates conformity to certain essential principles of safety and performance mandated in the MDD and the MDR, which are referred to as the “Essential Requirements.” Subject to exceptions, CE marked products may be sold within the European Economic Area (the “EEA”), which is composed of the 27 Member States of the EU plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein, as well as in other countries that recognize the validity of the CE mark.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Devices in the EU are classified in four different classes (I, IIa, IIb and III) depending on the risk they pose to the user. Both the MDD and the MDR include specific rules on classification of medical devices. See below under “—The Medicinal Devices Regulation” for a more detailed discussion of the MDR, which will have a direct impact on our business in the near future. Typically, the highest class (Class III) regroups those devices that are deemed to present the highest risk and are therefore subject to more stringent requirements.
EU Development Process
For Class III devices, such as NBTXR3, and for implantable devices, it is typically necessary to carry out a clinical investigation to demonstrate that the product complies with the applicable Essential Requirements.
Clinical investigations are undertaken to assess the safety and performance of a medical device and to evaluate whether the product is suitable for the purpose(s) and population(s) for which it is intended. Any clinical investigation must follow a proper risk management procedure to avoid undue risks, maintain compliance with all relevant legal and regulatory requirements, be appropriately designed and follow appropriate ethical principles.
Clinical investigations must take into account scientific principles underlying the collection of clinical data and be conducted in accordance with good clinical practices, as outlined in the European harmonized standard EN ISO 14155 and consistent with the Helsinki Declaration adopted by the 18th World Medical Assembly, as last amended. This means that, for example, all research subjects must have provided their prior informed consent for participation in any clinical investigation.
Each clinical investigation must be submitted for consideration, comment, guidance and approval to independent ethics committees and competent national authorities.
Both the MDD and the MDR specifically require that all serious adverse events be recorded and immediately notified to all competent authorities of the EU Member States in which the clinical investigation is being performed. Termination of a clinical investigation must also be notified to such authorities. The MDD and the MDR further require that the results of clinical investigations, including a critical evaluation thereof, be documented in a final study report, signed by the authorized person responsible, and included or referenced in the technical documentation of the device.
The MDR specifies conditions required for the collection of data from clinical investigations relating to medical devices. These requirements largely align with those applicable to clinical trials involving medicinal products, and include rules on informed consent and the protection of vulnerable persons (e.g., persons under 18 years of age, pregnant women and disabled persons).
Clinical trials conducted in several European countries are expected to be subject to a single coordinated assessment.
The conduct of a clinical investigation is also subject to EU Member State national laws. For instance, in France, there are specific rules governing the protection of patients (consent form, insurance, etc.).
Tracking
The MDR introduces a system for the registration of devices and their manufacturers, importers and authorized representatives, in order to ensure the traceability of devices throughout the supply chain through a Unique Device Identification (UDI) system. The purpose of this system is to enable action to be taken more quickly in the event of a problem.
Notified Bodies and Conformity Assessment Procedures
To demonstrate compliance with the applicable Essential Requirements, manufacturers of medical devices must follow a conformity assessment procedure which varies according to the type of medical device and its risk classification. Except for low risk medical devices (most Class I devices), a conformity assessment procedure typically requires the intervention of an independent certification organization accredited to conduct conformity assessments, known as a “Notified Body.” Under the conformity assessment procedure we have elected to follow for our products, our Notified Body will audit and examine the technical file and the quality system applied to the manufacture, design and final inspection of our
TABLE OF CONTENTS
products. If we successfully complete the applicable procedure, the Notified Body will issue an EC Certificate of Conformity. This certificate entitles a manufacturer to affix the CE mark to its medical devices after having prepared and signed a “EC Declaration of Conformity” under the MDD (or “EU Declaration of Conformity” under the MDR) indicating that the product meets the Essential Requirements. Such certificate is valid for a maximum of five years, and may be extended on application for a further period of five years. While we have successfully completed the mentioned regulatory procedures for our NBTXR3 product for the treatment of STS, we cannot guarantee that all our product candidates will be equally successful.
If we modify substantively our devices we may need to broaden, or re-perform, the certification underlying the CE marking of the modified product. The EC/EU Certificate of Conformity can be suspended or withdrawn, e.g., where a Notified Body finds that pertinent requirements of the MDD or MDR are not met and the manufacturer has not implemented appropriate corrective measures. The same may be true for any new products that we may develop in the future.
The MDR strengthens the rules on the designation, organization and surveillance of independent Notified Bodies that assess the conformity of medical devices that present a moderate or high risk before such devices are placed on the market. These Notified Bodies must meet the same high quality standards throughout the EU and have the necessary staff to carry out their conformity assessment tasks. Inspections of manufacturers' premises, some of which are unannounced, must be carried out and assessments of certain high-risk devices may also involve independent expert groups established at the EU level.
Post-Market Vigilance
Once CE-marked and placed on the EEA market, medical devices are subject to vigilance requirements. In accordance with these requirements, manufacturers must report incidents to the competent authorities and are required to take “Field Safety Corrective Actions” (“FSCAs”) to reduce a risk of death or serious deterioration in the state of health associated with the use of a medical device that is already placed on the EEA market. Such FSCAs must also be communicated to customers and end users through Field Safety Notices.
In addition to reporting obligations for manufacturers regarding serious incidents and incident trends (whether or not serious), the MDR introduces an obligation for EU Member States to encourage and enable healthcare professionals, users and patients to report suspicious incidents at national level, using an EU-wide consistent format.
The Medical Devices Regulation
The regulation of medical devices in the EU is currently evolving from the MDD to new rules, which will have a direct impact on our business in the near future. Specifically, on May 26, 2017, the new Medical Devices Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2017/745), or MDR, entered into force, with a four-year transition period. The MDR will progressively replace the MDD and introduce substantial changes to the current regulatory regime applicable to medical devices.
Under the transitional provisions of the MDR, until May 26, 2021, the certification procedures underlying the CE marking of medical devices can be carried out, at the manufacturer’s choice, either in accordance with the MDR or in accordance with the MDD. Should a manufacturer elect to perform certification under the MDD as we did in connection with our NBTXR3 product for the treatment of STS, the related certificates will remain valid until the earlier of: a) the end of the period indicated on the certificate (typically five years, but it could be less); and b) May 27, 2024. The medical devices to which these certificates apply may only be sold in the EEA if they continue to comply with the MDD and provided that no significant changes are brought to these devices’ design or intended purpose. Moreover, the manufacturers of those devices that are certified under the MDD will have to comply with a number of requirements of the MDR, e.g., those relating to post-market surveillance and vigilance, and they will be able to sell such devices only up until May 26, 2025 at the latest. After that date, all devices sold in the EEA will have to be fully compliant with the MDR.
Under the MDR, all devices incorporating or consisting of nanomaterials will be classified as Class III if they present a high or medium potential for internal exposure. The MDR introduces higher clinical data requirements for such Class III devices. In particular, manufacturers will be required to conduct new clinical investigations in case they do not have
TABLE OF CONTENTS
“sufficient” clinical data to support the safety, performance and clinical benefit claims of their devices. We cannot guarantee that our ongoing trials for our product candidates, including our lead product candidate NBTXR3, will be considered as “sufficient” under the MDR.
The MDR also introduces increased scrutiny of conformity assessments by Notified Bodies for implantable Class III devices. For such devices, the MDR requires that relevant European Commission expert panels scrutinize, as part of the conformity assessment procedure, the clinical assessment of the concerned Notified Body. Such devices will be further subject to a mechanism allowing competent authorities of the EEA and the European Commission Medical Device Coordination Group to scrutinize the documentation submitted by the manufacturer as well as the documentation produced by the Notified Body and the relevant expert panels, in the context of the applicable conformity assessment procedure.
In addition, under the MDR, manufacturers of Class III devices will be subject to a new annual safety reporting requirement called the Periodic Safety Update Report, aimed at capturing the analyses of the post-market surveillance data gathered, including data from their Post-Market Clinical Follow-Up.
The amount of guidance available on these new requirements is currently very limited and the European Commission is set to adopt a number of delegated and implementing acts to further specify applicable requirements and obligations under the MDR. We are in the process of assessing the impact of the MDR and associated acts and guidance on our business, but will be able to complete such assessment only once these guidance and acts are formally adopted. Due to these new regulatory requirements, conformity assessment procedures in the EU may experience delays.
Pricing and Reimbursement
Sales of our products in the EEA will be largely influenced by the outcome of our pricing and reimbursement negotiations with the national authorities of each of the EEA Member States, such as government social security funds. These third-party payors are increasingly limiting coverage and reimbursement for medical products and services. In addition, EEA governments have continued implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution with cheaper products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit our net revenue and results. Decreases in third-party reimbursement for our products or a negative outcome of our reimbursement negotiations could reduce physician usage of our products once approved and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition.
Marketing, Advertising and Transparency
In the EU, the marketing and advertising of medical devices is subject to both legal and self-regulatory rules that prohibit (i) the promotion of such products for uses that were not assessed as part of the conformity assessment underlying the products’ CE marking and (ii) the promotion of non-CE marked medical devices. Specific rules also prohibit misleading and unfair advertising of medical devices. The advertising of medical devices is also subject to EU Member State national laws, which may further restrict or prohibit the advertising of our products. Moreover, any interactions between medical device manufacturers and healthcare professionals – including in particular any transfers of value – are strictly regulated throughout the EU with a view to ensuring that (a) such interactions cannot be misused to influence purchasing decisions through undue or improper advantages – which interactions are prohibited throughout the EU – and (b) to ensure that such interactions are not contingent upon sales transactions or use or recommendation of any specific products.
Finally, increasing transparency requirements are mandated under national legislation and/or self-regulatory codes of conduct. Under these requirements, manufacturers of health products are required to publicly disclose any transfers of value (whether in kind or in cash) they provide to, e.g., healthcare professionals and healthcare organizations.
As a result of the above requirements, manufacturers of both medical devices and drugs are subject to increased monitoring of their promotional activities. Any breach of the applicable rules can result in serious sanctions, including criminal, civil or administrative sanctions depending on the affected jurisdiction.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Data Protection Rules
The GDPR, as well as EU Member State national legislation, apply to the collection and processing of personal data, including health-related information, by companies located in the EU, or in certain circumstances, by companies located outside of the EU and processing personal information of individuals located in the EU.
These laws impose strict obligations on the processing of personal data, including health-related information, including their collection, use, disclosure and transfer.
Also, in certain countries, including France, the conduct of clinical trials is subject to compliance with specific provisions of the Act No.78-17 of January 6, 1978 on Information Technology, Data Files and Civil Liberties, as amended, and in particular Chapter IX, which relates to the processing of personal data in the health sector. These provisions require, among other things, the filing of compliance undertakings with "standard methodologies" adopted by the French Data Protection Authority (the “CNIL”), or specific authorization from CNIL permitting non-compliance.
The most common standard methodologies are the following:
⯀ | Decision No. 2018-154 (May 3, 2018) concerning the approval of a standard methodology for processing personal data in the context of research in the field of health, which does not require the express consent of the person involved (methodology MR-003); |
⯀ | Decision No. 2018-153 (May 3, 2018) concerning the approval of a standard methodology for the processing of personal data carried out within the context of research in the field of clinical trials, which requires the express consent of the person involved (standard methodology MR-001); |
In certain specific cases, entities processing health personal data may have to comply with article L1111-8 of the French Public Health Code, which imposes certifications requirements on hosting service providers.
Regulation in Asia
In August 2012, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement with PharmaEngine for the development and commercialization of NBTXR3 in multiple countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region. We anticipate that PharmaEngine may seek to develop and commercialize NBTXR3 initially in Taiwan, China and Japan.
Taiwan
In Taiwan, NBTXR3 has been tentatively classified as a drug for regulatory purposes.
Taiwan Drug Development Process
The Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare (“MOHW”) administers the public health system in the country. The MOHW delegates oversight of drug and medical device approvals to the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (“TFDA”) pursuant to the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act. Foreign companies that plan to import or market drug products in Taiwan must receive a prior drug permit license from MOHW. Similar to the regulatory regimes in the United States and the EU, the drug development process in Taiwan involves preclinical tests, clinical trials, manufacturing and post-market monitoring. Each stage is subject to scrutiny by the TFDA. In general, the TFDA follows the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (the “ICH”) guidelines in the new drug review and approval process.
TFDA Review and Approval Process
The regulatory processes in Taiwan are generally similar with those in the United States, and include:
⯀ | Extensive preclinical laboratory tests, preclinical animal studies and formulation studies in accordance with applicable regulations. |
⯀ | Submission to the TFDA of an IND, which must be approved by the TFDA before human clinical trials may begin. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | Human clinical trials in Taiwan typically include: |
−
| Phase I trials. The new drug product is initially introduced into healthy human subjects and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism and side effects associated with increasing doses. If possible, early evidence of effectiveness of the new drug product is collected as well. |
−
| Phase II trials. The new drug product is evaluated for its efficacy and proposed indication in a limited patient population, as well as its adverse effects and safety risks. |
−
| Phase III trials. The new drug product is further evaluated for dosage tolerance, efficacy and safety in an expanded patient population. |
⯀ | Submission to the TFDA of an NDA, which generally requires two Phase III trials, unless the NDA otherwise qualifies for exemptions as provided by the TFDA. |
In addition to information and data collected from the preclinical and clinical trials of the new drug product, chemistry data and information regarding manufacturing and controls serve as significant considerations during the course of the TFDA review and approval process. Where a new drug product will be manufactured in facilities located in Taiwan, the TFDA has the authority to inspect and assess compliance with the Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme GMP regulations to ensure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug’s identity, strength, quality and purity. Further, the TFDA may audit the preclinical and/or clinical trial sites that generated the data in support of the NDA. Finally, the TFDA must review and approve the NDA prior to any commercial marketing or sale of the drug in Taiwan.
People’s Republic of China
In the People’s Republic of China (excluding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan), no determination has yet been made as to whether NBTXR3 will be classified as a drug or medical device for regulatory purposes.
Extensive data derived from preclinical laboratory tests and preclinical animal studies meeting the requirements of Chinese law are required to support the granting of approval by the National Medical Product Administration (“NMPA”) for a new drug or medical device product to proceed with clinical trials. If clinical trials sufficiently establish that the product is safe and effective, the NMPA will issue approval for the product to be marketed. Similar to the United States and the EU, the process for obtaining such marketing approval is lengthy, although the Chinese government has recently made efforts to reduce the time required and to streamline the process. After obtaining marketing approval, the marketing approval holder must conduct post-marketing approval studies to closely monitor the use of the product for purposes of reporting its demonstrated safety and efficacy to the NMPA. Further, the marketing approval holder must closely monitor any adverse events or product quality issues, and disclose any such events or issues to the NMPA, as well as potentially to other government agencies and the public.
Japan
In Japan, no determination has yet been made as to whether NBTXR3 will be classified as a drug or medical device for regulatory purposes.
The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (the “MHLW”) regulates drugs and medical devices under the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Act (the “PMD Act”) and its implementing regulations. The MHLW delegates part of the oversight to the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (the “PMDA”), an independent administrative institution. In order to market a drug or a highly-controlled medical device in Japan, marketing authorization must be obtained in advance. Foreign companies that plan to import drugs or medical devices into Japan must be registered with the MHLW through a separate process. The process for obtaining marketing authorization includes preclinical tests, clinical trials and compliance review of the application for marketing authorization by the PMDA. After marketing authorization is obtained, drugs and medical devices are subject to continuing regulations under the PMD Act. For example, a new drug is subject to periodic reexamination by the MHLW and the marketing authorization holder must
TABLE OF CONTENTS
continue to collect clinical data during such specified reexamination period. In addition, the marketing authorization holder must report to the MHLW when it learns of new information regarding the efficacy and safety of its product, including occurrences of adverse events.
Employees
As of June 30, 2020, we had 98 full-time employees. We consider our labor relations to be positive.
Facilities
Our corporate headquarters is located in Paris, France, where we lease approximately 2,622 square meters of office space. The lease of our Paris headquarters continues through June 30, 2027. In July 2017, we expanded our manufacturing capabilities by leasing approximately 1,195 square meters of space at a new facility located in the Villejuif BioPark, a scientific research and innovation center just outside of Paris, France, with a lease term until June 30, 2026. We may terminate the Villejuif lease early, at our option, beginning in July 2023. We also rent office space in New York City, New York and rent office space for Nanobiotix Corp., our wholly owned U.S. subsidiary, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in each case on a month-to-month basis.
We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our near-term needs, and we believe that suitable additional or alternative office and manufacturing space will be available as required in the future on commercially reasonable terms.
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we may be involved in various claims and legal proceedings relating to claims arising out of our operations. We are not currently a party to any legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Corporate Governance
We have a two-tier corporate governance system consisting of an executive board (Directoire), which is responsible for managing the Company and a supervisory board (Conseil de Surveillance), which oversees the executive board.
Executive Board and Supervisory Board Members
The following table sets forth information regarding our current executive board members and supervisory board members. The address for supervisory board members and executive board members is 60, rue de Wattignies, 75012 Paris, France.
Executive Board Members: | | | | | | |
Dr. Laurent Levy, Ph.D. | | | 48 | | | Chief Executive Officer and Co-founder, Chairman |
Mr. Philippe Mauberna | | | 56 | | | Chief Financial Officer |
Ms. Anne-Juliette Hermant | | | 46 | | | Chief People Officer |
| | | | | | |
Supervisory Board Members: | | | | | | |
Mr. Laurent Condomine | | | 75 | | | Chairman |
Ms. Anne-Marie Graffin | | | 59 | | | Deputy Chairman |
Dr. Alain Herrera, M.D. | | | 69 | | | Member |
Mr. Enno Spillner | | | 50 | | | Member |
Mr. Christophe Douat | | | 57 | | | Observer |
Board Structure
Our two-tier board structure consists of an executive board and a supervisory board. The roles and functions of each board and the interactions between them are described below.
Executive Board
We are managed by an executive board under the control of a supervisory board. The members of the executive board determine the broad lines of our business activities and ensure their implementation. Without prejudice to the powers expressly vested in the shareholders’ meetings, and insofar as our By-laws allow, the executive board deals with all matters relating to the conduct of our business. The executive board is vested with the broadest powers to act in all circumstances on our behalf, within the limits of our corporate purpose and subject to the powers granted to the shareholders’ meeting and supervisory board.
Our executive board must be composed of between two and seven members. Pursuant to our By-laws, the executive board, in its entirety, is appointed by the supervisory board for a four-year term renewable by the supervisory board. Executive board members may be dismissed at the ordinary general meeting and by the supervisory board. In the case of a vacancy between annual meetings, the supervisory board must within a two-month period appoint a temporary member to fill the vacancy or must change the number of executive board members.
We currently have three members of the executive board. The following table sets forth the names of the members of the executive board, the year of their initial appointment as members of the executive board and the expiration date of their current term.
Dr. Laurent Levy, Ph.D. | | | Chairman | | | 2004 | | | 2024 |
Mr. Philippe Mauberna | | | Member | | | 2013 | | | 2024 |
Ms. Anne-Juliette Hermant | | | Member | | | 2019 | | | 2024 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The following is a brief summary of the business experience of the members of our executive board.
Dr. Laurent Levy, Ph.D. is the co-founder of Nanobiotix and has served as our Chief Executive Officer since March 2003. He was first appointed as Chairman of the executive board of the Company on May 27, 2004. He has extensive experience in sciences and techniques related to nanotechnologies, a field in which he has worked for more than 10 years. His research at the frontier of biotechnology and nanotechnologies has resulted in the development of a number of concrete applications such as NanoXray, which could open a new method for cancer treatment. Prior to joining Nanobiotix, from 2000 to 2003, he served as consultant for Altran Technologies and worked on the development of applications of nanotechnologies with companies such as Sanofi S.A., Guerbet S.A., and Rhodia S.A., as well as for early-stage biotechnology companies. He has served as president of the supervisory board of Valbiotis S.A. (Euronext Paris: ALVAL) since March 2017, as a founding member of the Nanomedicine Translation Advisory Board since June 2014 and as vice chairman of the executive board of the European Technology Platform on Nanomedicine from December 2012 to June 2019. He is the author of more than 35 international scientific publications and communications, has applied for several patents and regularly speaks on the topic of using nanoparticles to fight cancer, including at a recent TEDxParis event. He holds a Doctorate in Physical Chemistry, specializing in nanomaterials, from the Pierre and Marie Curie University (Université Paris VI Pierre et Marie Curie) in Paris and from the CEA (Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives) and a DEA (advanced studies and diplomas) in Physics of condensed matter from The City of Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Higher Educational Institution (École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) (UPVI-ESPCI), followed by a post-doctoral fellowship at the Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, SUNY (State University of New York), Buffalo, USA.
Mr. Philippe Mauberna has served as our Chief Financial Officer since May 2013 and as an executive board member since August 2013. Mr. Mauberna has also served as owner and director of Impulse Consulting Ltd. since September 2012. Prior to that, he served as general manager of MitryChem from 2011 to 2012, as principal, life sciences at Capgemini Consulting from 2010 to 2011 and in senior financial and operation roles at Astellas Pharma from 2002 to 2008. An expert in management and development of financial and operational projects for the pharmaceutical industry, Mr. Mauberna has been involved in several international projects (UK, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Indonesia). He has also been heavily involved in financial projects for start-up launches and innovative small and medium-size enterprise development. As a consultant, he has provided strategic change management support for European pharmaceutical companies during their development phases. Mr. Mauberna received his master’s degree in finance, management, administration and economy from Université Paris II Panthéon-Assas (ASSAS) and his specialized master’s in finance, marketing and law from ISG (Institut Supérieur de Gestion), extended by management training from INSEAD, each in Paris.
Ms. Anne-Juliette Hermant has served as our Chief People Officer since April 2019 and as an executive board member since July 2019. Ms. Hermant brings over 14 years in talent management and development acquired in different entities at AXA, a multinational firm engaged in global insurance, investment management and other financial services. She worked at AXA Partners from September 2016 to April 2019 as Global Head of Talent, Development, Culture and Corporate Responsibility. Before AXA Partners, Ms. Hermant served as Chief Learning Officer of the AXA Group and was the Founder and Head of the AXA Research Fund, a fund created by the AXA Group to support frontier science in all fields related to an understanding of the risks faced by human society, from 2007 to 2011. Ms. Hermant holds a Ph. D in French literature from the Ecole Normale Supérieure and studied Politics at Sciences Po Paris.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Supervisory Board
The members of the supervisory board exercise control over the management of the executive board. The supervisory board operates pursuant to a separate charter adopted by its members on March 18, 2019.
Under French law, our supervisory board must be composed of between three and eighteen members. Within this range, the number of members is determined by our shareholders. Further, Euronext Paris gender equality rules require that the number of members of each gender not be less than 40%. However, if the board is composed of eight or less members, the number of members of one gender cannot exceed the number of members of the other by more than two.
Any appointments made in violation of these limitations are null and void. In addition, payment of fees to any member of the board will be suspended until any such violation is remedied.
Members of our supervisory board are elected, re-elected and may be removed, with or without cause, at a shareholders general meeting with a simple majority vote of our shareholders. Pursuant to our By-laws, the members of our supervisory board are elected for six-year terms. In accordance with French law, our By-laws also provide that any vacancy on our supervisory board resulting from the death or resignation of a member, provided there are at least three members remaining, may be filled by a majority vote of our members then in office provided that there has been no shareholders meeting since such death or resignation. Members chosen or appointed to fill a vacancy are elected by the supervisory board for the remaining duration of the current term of the replaced member. The appointment must then be ratified at the next shareholders general meeting. In the event the supervisory board would be composed of less than three members as a result of a vacancy, the remaining members shall immediately convene a shareholders general meeting to elect one or several new members so there are at least three members serving on the supervisory board, in accordance with French law. In addition, any appointment made in violation of the gender equality rule described above that is not remedied within six months of such appointment, will be null and void.
We currently have four members of the supervisory board and one observer. The following table sets forth the names of the members and observer of the supervisory board, the year of their initial appointment as members or observer of the supervisory board and the expiration dates of their current term.
Mr. Laurent Condomine | | | Chairman | | | 2011 | | | 2023 |
Ms. Anne-Marie Graffin | | | Deputy Chairman | | | 2013 | | | 2024 |
Dr. Alain Herrera, M.D. | | | Member | | | 2013 | | | 2024 |
Mr. Enno Spillner | | | Member | | | 2014 | | | 2026 |
Mr. Christophe Douat(1) | | | Observer | | | 2017 | | | 2023 |
(1)
| Mr. Christophe Douat previously served as member of the supervisory board from 2011 until 2017. Since 2017, Mr. Christophe Douat has served as an observer and is entitled to attend all meetings of the supervisory board in a non-voting capacity. |
The following is a brief summary of the business experience of the members and observer of our supervisory board.
Mr. Laurent Condomine has served as Chairman of our supervisory board since June 2011. After working as a consultant for ADL, Mr. Condomine joined ICI-Pharma (France) in 1973, where he held several positions, including Chief Financial Officer and Commercial Director, before being promoted to Chairman and Chief Executive in 1984. In 1992 he became Vice-President of Business Development of ICI PLC, at the company’s head office in London. In 1993 he was involved in ICI’s de-merger, creating Zeneca PLC, where he held a similar position. In 1998 he played a key role in the merger with Astra, creating AstraZeneca PLC, where he held the position of VP of Business Development, until 2008. He has a master’s degree in Economics, is an HEC graduate and has an MBA from INSEAD.
Ms. Anne-Marie Graffin has served as a supervisory board member since 2013, as chairman of the appointments and compensation committee since 2017 and as Deputy Chairman of the supervisory board since July 2017. She has over 20 years of experience in life sciences and pharmaceutical companies. She has served as a non-executive board member of Valneva SE (Nantes, FR – Vienna, AT) since 2013 and of Sartorius Stedim Biotech SA (Aubagne, FR – Goëttingen, Ger) since 2015. Ms. Graffin has expertise in both developing market access strategies and driving biotechnology companies’ growth. She has been a consultant to the pharmaceutical industry since 2011, developing many initiatives
TABLE OF CONTENTS
within the innovation and startups fields, connecting biotech and medtech startups with major EU venture capital firms and investors. Previously, she was a vice president at Sanofi Pasteur MSD, a European leader in the vaccine field, and acted as a member of the Executive Committee. Prior to working at Sanofi Pasteur MSD, she worked for five years at ROC as international brand manager. Ms. Graffin graduated from ESSEC Business School Paris.
Dr. Alain Herrera, M.D. has served as a supervisory board member since 2013. Dr. Herrera has more than 25 years of experience in the pharmaceutical industry with a strong focus in oncology drug development and marketing. Dr. Herrera currently works at Alain Oncologie Consulting, an oncology consultancy company he started. Previously, Dr. Herrera has served as Head of Corporate Development, Managing Director of PharmaEngine Europe Sarl, as well as the head of the Oncology business at Sanofi-Aventis for 10 years. He also served as Vice President for the Global Oncology Business Strategy and Development from 2007-2008 and Head of the Global Oncology Franchise from 1998-2007. While at Sanofi-Aventis, he contributed to the worldwide registration of Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin®) and Rasburicase (Fasturtec®/Elitek®), as well as the Gastric and Head & Neck indications for Docetaxel (Taxotere®). Prior to Sanofi-Aventis, he served as Chairman of Chiron Therapeutics Europe, Managing Director at Pierre Fabre Oncology Laboratories and Head of the Oncology Platform at Roger Bellon (Rhône Poulenc). Dr. Herrera has also served as a Hematologist Consultant at Antoine Beclere Hospital since 1991.
Mr. Enno Spillner has served as a supervisory board member and chairman of the audit committee since 2014. He has 20 years of experience in the life science industry and currently serves as Chief Financial Officer and Member of the Management Board at German biotech company Evotec SE. From March 2013 until June 2016, he served as Chairman of the Management Board, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of 4SC AG. From September 2005 to March 2013 he acted as Chief Financial Officer of 4SC AG. Mr. Spillner started his life science industry career as Head of Finance and Managing Partner of the Munich-based biotech venture fund, BioM AG. He was also Managing Director of two portfolio companies, ACTIPAC Biosystems GmbH and Munich innovative Biomaterials GmbH. Prior to moving into the life science field, he was engaged in the media and marketing industry. Mr. Spillner earned his Dipl.-Kaufmann degree (Masters in Business) at the University of Bamberg, Germany.
Mr. Christophe Douat serves as a supervisory board observer and is entitled, in this capacity, to attend all meetings of the supervisory board in a non-voting capacity. Mr. Douat previously served as member of the supervisory board from 2011 until 2017 and from 2006 to 2009 when he was the lead investor. He is currently CEO of Medincell (MEDCL, Euronext), a pharmaceutical company that specializes in drug delivery technologies. Mr. Douat worked at the venture capital company Matignon Investissement & Gestion from 2001 to 2009, where he invested in a broad range of companies, and cofounded Matignon Technologies II, one of Europe’s largest funds specialized in medtech. Mr. Douat is also an alumnus of the Boston Consulting Group. He graduated from École des Mines de Paris, an engineering French “Grande Ecole” and holds a master’s of science in engineering (U.S.A.) and an MBA (Canada).
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships among any of our executive board members or supervisory board members.
Supervisory Board Member Independence
As a foreign private issuer, under the listing requirements and rules of Nasdaq, we are not required to have independent members on our supervisory board, except with respect to our audit committee. Our supervisory board has undertaken a review of the independence of its members and considered whether any member has a material relationship with us that could compromise his or her ability to exercise independent judgment in carrying out his or her responsibilities. Based upon information requested from, and provided by, each supervisory board member concerning such member’s background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our supervisory board determined that all of its members, except for Dr. Alain Herrera, qualify as “independent directors” as defined under applicable rules of Nasdaq and the independence requirements contemplated by Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. In making these determinations, our supervisory board considered the current and prior relationships that each member has and has had with our company and all other facts and circumstances that our supervisory board deemed relevant in determining their independence, including the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares by each member and his or her affiliate entities, if any.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Furthermore, the MiddleNext Corporate Governance Code is a reference governance code published by MiddleNext that is specifically tailored for small and mid-cap companies. Listed companies in France must comply with the corporate governance provisions of general corporate law and may also refer to the recommendations of a reference governance code, such as the MiddleNext Corporate Governance Code. French companies referring to a reference governance code must disclose whether their governance practices deviate from the recommendations set out in such reference code. The MiddleNext Corporate Governance Code sets out the following five criteria to be used to evaluate the independence of supervisory board members, which are characterized by the absence of any significant financial, contractual or family relationship likely to affect a member’s independence of judgment. Each supervisory board member:
⯀ | must not be a salaried employee or corporate officer of us or any of our affiliates and must not have held such a position within the last five years; |
⯀ | must not be in a significant business relationship with us or any of our affiliates (e.g., client, supplier, competitor, provider, creditor, banker, etc.) within the last two years; |
⯀ | must not be a reference shareholder or hold a significant number of voting rights; |
⯀ | must not have close relationships or family ties with any of our corporate officers or reference shareholders; and |
⯀ | must not have been our auditor within the last six years. |
Our supervisory board believes that all of its members, with the exception of Dr. Alain Herrera, are independent under the independence criteria of the MiddleNext Corporate Governance Code.
Role of the Supervisory Board in Risk Oversight
Our supervisory board is responsible for the oversight of our risk management activities and has delegated to the audit committee the responsibility to assist our supervisory board in this task. The audit committee also monitors our system of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting and reviews contingent financial liabilities. Additionally, the audit committee reviews and discusses with management all reports regarding our enterprise risk management activities, including management’s assessment of our major risk exposures and the steps taken to monitor and manage those exposures.
While our supervisory board oversees our risk management, our executive board is responsible for our day-to-day risk management processes. Our supervisory board expects our executive board to consider risk and risk management in each business decision and to proactively develop and monitor risk management strategies and processes for day-to-day activities. We believe this division of responsibility is the most effective approach for addressing the risks we face.
Corporate Governance Practices
As a French société anonyme listed on Euronext Paris, we are subject to various corporate governance requirements under French law. In addition, as a foreign private issuer listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, we will be subject to the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, the Nasdaq listing standards permit foreign private issuers to follow home country corporate governance practices in lieu of the Nasdaq rules, with certain exceptions. Certain corporate governance practices in France may differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. For example, neither the corporate laws of France nor our By-laws require that (i) a majority of our directors be independent, (ii) our compensation committee include only independent directors, or (iii) our independent directors hold regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present. Other than as set forth below, we currently intend to comply with the corporate governance listing standards of Nasdaq to the extent possible under French law. However, we may choose to change such practices to follow home country practices in the future.
Even as a foreign private issuer, we are required to comply with Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act, relating to audit committee composition and responsibilities. Rule 10A-3 provides that the audit committee must have direct responsibility for the nomination, compensation and choice of our auditors, as well as control over the performance of the auditor’s duties, management of complaints made, and selection of consultants. Under Rule 10A-3, if the laws of a foreign private issuer’s home country require that any such matter be approved by board members or the shareholders of the company, the audit committee’s responsibilities or powers with respect to such matter may instead be advisory.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Under French law, the audit committee may only have an advisory role and the appointment of our statutory auditors, in particular, must be approved by our shareholders at our annual meeting. Therefore, in accordance with Rule 10A-3, our audit committee will only have an advisory role with respect to the aforementioned responsibilities. Under French law, an audit committee may have only two members, whereas Nasdaq listing standards require a three-member audit committee. We currently intend to have only two members on our audit committee in accordance with French law.
French law does not require our independent directors to hold regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present. We intend to follow home country practice in this regard, although, if the independent directors decide to meet in such executive sessions, they may do so.
In addition, Nasdaq rules require that a listed company specify that the quorum for any meeting of the holders of share capital be at least 33 1/3% of the outstanding shares of the company’s common voting stock. We follow our French home country practice, rather than complying with this Nasdaq rule. Consistent with French law, our By-laws provide that when first convened, general meetings of shareholders may validly deliberate only if the shareholders present or represented hold at least (1) 20% of the shares entitled to vote in the case of an ordinary general meeting or of an extraordinary general meeting where shareholders are voting on a capital increase by capitalization of reserves, profits or share premium, or (2) 25% of the shares entitled to vote in the case of any other extraordinary general meeting. If such quorum required by French law is not met, the meeting is adjourned. There is no quorum requirement under French law when an ordinary general meeting or an extraordinary general meeting where shareholders are voting on a capital increase by capitalization of reserves, profits or share premium is reconvened, but the reconvened meeting may consider only questions that were on the agenda of the adjourned meeting. When any other extraordinary general meeting is reconvened, the required quorum under French law is 20% of the shares entitled to vote. If a quorum is not met at a reconvened meeting requiring a quorum, then the meeting may be adjourned for a maximum of two months. See the section of this prospectus titled “Description of Share Capital—Key Provisions of our By-laws and French Law Affecting Our Ordinary Shares.”
Further, Nasdaq rules require that listed companies have a compensation committee comprised solely of independent directors and that director nominees be selected solely by independent directors. We follow our French home country practice rather than complying with these Nasdaq rules, since one non-independent director, Dr. Alain Herrera, serves as a member of our appointments and compensation committee.
Finally, Nasdaq rules require shareholder approval when a plan or other equity compensation arrangement is established or materially amended. Under French law our shareholders must decide any issuance of equity, as a general matter. However, we intend to follow our French home county practice and ask our shareholders to delegate their authority to issue incentive equity and define the final terms of any equity compensation plan or arrangements to either our supervisory or our executive board. We may, from time to time, ask for our shareholders’ subsequent approval on an equity compensation arrangement in order to obtain advantageous tax treatment or otherwise. In addition, under French law, our executive board must obtain the prior approval of our shareholders before establishing or amending a plan or arrangement that would exceed the limits of the granted delegation.
Supervisory Board Committees
In September 2010, the supervisory board established an audit committee and compensation committee, each of which operates pursuant to a separate charter adopted by the respective members of each committee on April 11, 2012 and then approved by our supervisory board. On February 28, 2019, the supervisory board revised the mission of our compensation committee, amended its charter and restated its name as the “appointments and compensation committee.” In connection with this offering, the members of the respective committees and our supervisory board will amend both the audit committee and the appointments and compensation committee charters to ensure compliance with all applicable requirements of the French Commercial Code, the Exchange Act and the Nasdaq Global Market, as well as the rules and regulations of the SEC.
In accordance with French law, committees of our supervisory board will only have an advisory role and can only make recommendations to our supervisory board. As a result, decisions are made by our supervisory board, taking into account non-binding recommendations of the relevant board committee.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Audit Committee
Our audit committee monitors the questions relating to the processing and control of accounting and financial information. To this end, it ensures the quality of our internal controls and the reliability of information provided to shareholders and financial markets.
The duties specifically assigned to the audit committee by our supervisory board include, but are not limited to:
⯀ | monitoring the financial reporting process; |
⯀ | monitoring the effectiveness of internal control and risk management systems; |
⯀ | monitoring the legal audit of the annual and consolidated accounts of the statutory auditors; |
⯀ | making recommendations regarding the selection of our statutory auditors to be appointed by our shareholders, determining their compensation and ensuring their independence; |
⯀ | examining the use of derivatives; |
⯀ | reviewing reports on any significant litigation; |
⯀ | examining our procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by us regarding accounting, internal accounting controls, auditing or compliance matters, as well as for the confidential, anonymous submissions by our employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters; and |
⯀ | generally advising the supervisory board and making recommendations with respect to all of the areas above. |
The audit committee may meet or consult with any member of our executive board and may conduct internal or external due diligence reviews with respect to any matter that may be relevant to the performance of its duties, so long as our supervisory board and the chairman of our executive board are informed in advance. In particular, our audit committee has the right to interview the persons involved in the preparation or control of our financial statements, including our Chief Financial Officer and those persons responsible for significant areas within our financial department.
Our audit committee shall be comprised of at least two members from, and appointed by, the supervisory board, after consultation with our appointments and compensation committee. Members shall be independent in accordance with Nasdaq's listing rules and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act as well as the criteria established by the MiddleNext Corporate Governance Code. At least one member shall have specific financial and accounting skills. Further, under French law an audit committee may only have two members, whereas Nasdaq requires a three-member audit committee. We currently intend to only have two members on our audit committee in accordance with French law.
Currently, our audit committee is comprised of two members: Mr. Enno Spillner (chairman) and Mr. Laurent Condomine, and one observer, Mr. Christophe Douat, who attends in a non-voting capacity. Our supervisory board has determined that Mr. Spillner is an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by SEC rules and regulations, and that each member qualifies as financially sophisticated under the Nasdaq listing rules.
Our audit committee met ten times in 2019.
Appointments and Compensation Committee
Our appointments and compensation committee provides recommendations and proposals to our executive and supervisory board members on the composition and compensation policies of our executive and supervisory boards, and also prepares any related reports to be provided by us.
The principal duties and responsibilities of our appointments and compensation committee include, but are not limited to:
⯀ | making recommendations on the composition of the executive and supervisory boards and the supervisory board’s committees; |
⯀ | annually evaluating independence and submitting to our supervisory board a list of its members who may qualify as independent members based on Nasdaq's listing rules and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act as well as the criteria set forth in the MiddleNext Corporate Governance Code; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | establishing a succession plan for our executive officers and assisting our supervisory board in the selection and evaluation of executive and supervisory board members; |
⯀ | preparing the list of persons who may be recommended for appointment as a member of either the executive or the supervisory board; |
⯀ | preparing the list of supervisory board members who may be recommended for appointment as a committee member; |
⯀ | reviewing the main objectives recommended by management regarding the compensation granted to the non-executive officers of the Company, including under free share and stock option plans; |
⯀ | reviewing compensation, pension and insurance plans, benefits in kind and other various pecuniary rights of non-executive officers, including under free share and stock option plans; |
⯀ | making recommendations to our supervisory board regarding: |
—
| the compensation, pension and insurance plans, benefits in kind and other various pecuniary rights, including termination, of the members of the executive board. The committee makes recommendations on the amount and structure of executive board member compensation and, notably, variable compensation, taking into account strategy, objectives, outcomes, and general market practice, and |
—
| the free share and stock option plans, as well as any similar equity incentive instrument and in particular, the allocation to members of the executive board, |
⯀ | examining the amount of fees and the system for distributing such fees among the members of the supervisory board, as well as the conditions for reimbursing any expenses incurred by the members of the supervisory board; |
⯀ | preparing and presenting the reports provided for in the supervisory board charter (règlement intérieur); |
⯀ | making any other recommendation that might be requested by our supervisory board regarding compensation; and |
⯀ | generally advising the supervisory board and making recommendations with respect to all of the areas above. |
Our appointments and compensation committee shall be comprised of at least two members from and appointed by the supervisory board. Currently, our appointments and compensation committee is comprised of three members: Ms. Anne-Marie Graffin (chairman), Dr. Alain Herrera and Mr. Laurent Condomine.
This committee was, from 2010 to 2019, solely a compensation committee whose principal duties and responsibilities concerned solely compensation matters.
Our appointments and compensation committee met seven times in 2019.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
In connection with the offering, we will adopt a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (“Code of Conduct”) that is applicable to all of our, and our subsidiaries', employees, executive board members and supervisory board members. Following the completion of the offering, the Code of Conduct will be available on our website at www.nanobiotix.com. Our supervisory board will be responsible for overseeing the Code of Conduct and will be required to approve any waivers of the Code of Conduct for employees, executive board members and supervisory board members. We expect that any amendments to the Code of Conduct, or any waivers of its requirements, will be disclosed on our website.
Compensation of Supervisory Board and Executive Board Members
The aggregate compensation paid and benefits in kind granted by us to our current executive board members and supervisory board members, including share-based compensation, for the year ended December 31, 2019 was €3,743,493.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Following the entry into force of the Sapin 2 Law (French law no. 2016-1691 of December 9, 2016), the payment of any variable or exceptional compensation attributed for a financial year to any member of the supervisory or executive board is subject to approval at the next ordinary general meeting. All payments of variable or exceptional compensation for the year ended December 31, 2019 detailed below were approved at the ordinary shareholder meeting held on April 28, 2020.
Executive Board Compensation
The following table sets forth information regarding the compensation earned by our executive board members for service on our executive board during the year ended December 31, 2019.
Although the executive board members are entitled to receive the bonuses set forth below, the executive board members have conditioned the payment of the bonuses they are due for the year ended December 31, 2019 on the completion of additional funding equal to or greater than €10 million. Thus, the bonuses set forth below would be payable upon the closing of this offering.
Dr. Laurent Levy | | | 330,000(1) | | | 132,000(4) | | | 1,578,000(5) | | | 435,500(7) | | | 17,757(8) | | | 2,493,257 |
Ms. Anne-Juliette Hermant | | | 90,000(2)(3) | | | 54,000(4) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 144,000 |
Mr. Philippe Mauberna | | | 242,000(2) | | | 96,800(4) | | | 673,280(6) | | | — | | | — | | | 1,012,080 |
(1)
| Compensation earned for his corporate office (Chairman of the executive board) that was set by the supervisory board. |
(2)
| Compensation earned under an employment agreement. |
(3)
| Ms. Hermant entered into an employment agreement with us on April 1, 2019 and was appointed as a member of the executive board by the supervisory board on June 20, 2019, effective July 1, 2019. The compensation due to her for the year ended December 31, 2019 covers the six months during which she served as a member of the executive board. Her fixed compensation in 2019 amounted to €180,000, to which was added variable compensation of up to 50% of her fixed compensation, i.e., up to €90,000. |
(4)
| Reflects compensation earned for the achievement of specified individual (representing 20% of said bonus), as well as company-wide, performance criteria (representing the remaining 80%) (together, the “strategic goals”). The executive board proposes the strategic goals annually, which are reviewed by the appointments and compensation committee and ultimately approved by the supervisory board. |
(5)
| Reflects the valuation of 150,000 free shares granted during the year ended December 31, 2019. |
(6)
| Reflects the valuation of 64,000 free shares granted during the year ended December 31, 2019. |
(7)
| Reflects the valuation of 500,000 stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2019. |
(8)
| Reflects the value of premiums paid for an unemployment insurance policy with the Garantie Sociale des Chefs et Dirigeants d’Entreprise. |
Supervisory Board Compensation
The supervisory board meeting held on March 13, 2020 decided the allocation of the fees among the members of the supervisory board for the year ended December 31, 2019.
The aggregate amount of fees payable for service on the supervisory board and its committees is determined at the shareholders’ annual ordinary general meeting. The supervisory board then divides all or part of the aggregate amount of fees among some or all of its members (at the supervisory board’s discretion). In addition, the supervisory board may grant exceptional compensation (rémunérations exceptionnelles) to members on a case-by-case basis for special and temporary assignments. The supervisory board may also authorize the reimbursement of reasonable travel and accommodation expenses as well as other expenses incurred by its members.
Our supervisory board members and our supervisory board observer are currently entitled to the following minimum annual compensation for serving on the supervisory board and each committee of the supervisory board, it being specified that such compensation shall not exceed €185,000 in the aggregate, which amount will be increased to €225,000 upon the completion of this offering:
⯀ | Fees for the chairman of the supervisory board: €15,000; |
⯀ | Fees for the members of the supervisory board: €7,500; |
⯀ | Fees for the chairperson of the appointments and compensation committee: €1,500 (additional); and |
⯀ | Fees for the chairperson of the audit committee: €2,500 (additional). |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Each supervisory board member must attend 80% of all meetings of the supervisory board and committees of the supervisory board, as applicable, over the course of the year in order to receive this compensation. In the event a member’s attendance rate is less than 80%, the amount paid is calculated on a pro rata basis.
The following table sets forth information regarding the compensation earned by our supervisory board members and our supervisory board observer for service on our supervisory board during the year ended December 31, 2019.
Mr. Laurent Condomine | | | 21,428 | | | 8,215(1) | | | 29,643 |
Ms. Anne-Marie Graffin | | | 12,857 | | | 2,813(2) | | | 15,670 |
Dr. Alain Herrera | | | 10,715 | | | 2,900(3) | | | 13,615 |
Mr. Enno Spillner | | | 14,286 | | | 4,080(4) | | | 18,365 |
Mr. Christophe Douat | | | 10,715 | | | 6,148(5) | | | 16,863 |
(1)
| Reflects the valuation of 5,300 warrants (BSA) granted during the year ended December 31, 2019, it being specified that Mr. Laurent Condomine paid the Company a total amount of €6,095 for these BSA. |
(2)
| Reflects the valuation of 2,900 warrants (BSA) granted during the year ended December 31, 2019, it being specified that Ms. Anne-Marie Graffin paid the Company a total amount of €3,335 for these BSA. |
(3)
| Reflects the valuation of 2,900 warrants (BSA) granted during the year ended December 31, 2019, it being specified that Dr. Alain Herrera paid the Company a total amount of €3,335 for these BSA. |
(4)
| Reflects the valuation of 4,000 warrants (BSA) granted during the year ended December 31, 2019, it being specified that Mr. Enno Spillner paid the Company a total amount of €4,600 for these BSA. |
(5)
| Reflects the valuation of 2,900 warrants (BSA) granted during the year ended December 31, 2019, it being specified that Mr. Christophe Douat paid the Company a total amount of €3,335 for these BSA. |
Unemployment Insurance
We purchased officer unemployment insurance (assurance perte d’emploi des dirigeants – GSC) for our Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Laurent Levy, for each of the 2017, 2018 and 2019 fiscal years, at an annual cost of €17,189, €17,410 and €17,757, respectively.
Severance Pay
On May 27, 2004 and July 2, 2013, our supervisory board approved terms for severance pay to be awarded to our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our executive board, Dr. Laurent Levy. The terms provide that Dr. Levy is entitled to severance pay in either of the following circumstances:
(i)
| dismissal or non-renewal of executive board membership for any reason other than gross negligence or willful misconduct (“faute lourde” as defined under French case law); or |
(ii)
| resignation within six months following a change of control (within the meaning of Article L. 233-3 of the French Commercial Code) due to a significant reduction in duties and responsibilities or compensation (including fixed compensation, benefits in kind, variable compensation or severance pay) or transfer of workplace to another country, in each case, without consent. |
In such circumstance, as applicable, Dr. Levy is entitled to severance pay in an amount not to exceed the annual gross compensation (fixed and variable) he received during the year preceding departure.
The payment of severance is subject to calculation of the “average achievement rate,” which is based on specified performance objectives and is used to calculate the variable compensation received by the payee during the three years preceding departure. If the average achievement rate is less than 50%, no severance is payable, and if the average achievement rate falls between 50% and 100%, severance is payable in full. Any such payment shall include legal indemnities, but exclude compensation due under any non-compete arrangements, subject to certain limitations.
However, the severance to be paid, together with compensation under any non-compete arrangements that is separately due, may not exceed twice the annual gross compensation received by the payee during the year of resignation, dismissal or non-renewal of executive board membership.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
No severance payment will be payable if, following resignation, dismissal or non-renewal of executive board membership, Dr. Levy becomes an employee and his duties, responsibilities or compensation have not been reduced nor has he been required to transfer his workplace to another country, in each case, without consent.
Employment Agreement with Philippe Mauberna
On May 23, 2013, we entered into a permanent employment agreement (contrat à durée indéterminée) with our Chief Financial Officer and member of our executive board, Mr. Philippe Mauberna. The employment agreement was revised by an amendment authorized by the supervisory board on April 11, 2019 and executed on April 25, 2019. Under the employment agreement, Mr. Mauberna was entitled to an annual base salary of €220,000 in 2018 and variable compensation in an amount up to 50% of the annual base salary, depending on the achievement of specified performance objectives. In 2019, Mr. Mauberna was entitled to an annual base salary of €242,000 and variable compensation in an amount up to 50% of the annual base salary, depending on the achievement of specified performance objectives. The agreement provides for a 12-month non-compete period following the termination of employment. Mr. Mauberna is entitled to monthly compensation during the non-compete period of 66% of his annual base salary. Further, the agreement provides for an exclusivity undertaking during the term of the agreement, and a confidentiality undertaking for the term of the agreement and 10 years thereafter. This employment agreement may be terminated by both Mr. Mauberna and us under the conditions provided for by regulation and the collective labor agreement applicable to the employee and subject to a three-month prior notice.
Employment Agreement with Anne-Juliette Hermant
On April 1, 2019, we entered into a permanent employment agreement (contrat à durée indéterminée) with our Chief People Officer and member of our executive board, Ms. Anne-Juliette Hermant. Ms. Hermant was entitled to an annual base salary of €180,000 in 2019 and variable compensation in an amount up to 50% of the annual base salary, depending on the achievement of specified performance objectives. The agreement provides for a 12-month non-compete period following the termination of employment. Ms. Hermant is entitled to monthly compensation during the non-compete period of 66% of her annual base salary. Further, the agreement provides for an exclusivity undertaking during the term of the agreement, and a confidentiality undertaking for the term of the agreement and 10 years thereafter. This employment agreement may be terminated by both Ms. Hermant and us under the conditions provided for by regulation and the collective labor agreement applicable to the employee and subject to a three-month prior notice.
Limitations on Liability
Under French law, provisions in the By-laws that limit the liability of directors and officers are ineffective. However, French law allows sociétés anonymes to contract for and maintain liability insurance against civil liabilities incurred by any of their directors and officers involved in a third-party action, provided that they acted in good faith and within their capacities as directors or officers of the company. Criminal liability cannot be indemnified under French law, whether directly by the company or through liability insurance. Such rules apply to executive and supervisory board members.
We expect to maintain customary liability insurance coverage for our supervisory board members and executive board members, including insurance against liability under the Securities Act. We believe that this insurance is necessary to attract qualified supervisory board members and executive board members.
Equity Incentives
We believe that our ability to grant incentive awards is a valuable and necessary compensation tool that allows us to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility, provide additional incentives to employees and promote the success of our business. Due to French corporate law and tax considerations, we have historically granted (and may continue to grant in the future) the following equity incentive instruments to our supervisory board members, executive board members, executive officers, employees and other service providers:
⯀ | founders’ warrants (bons de souscription de parts de créateur d’entreprise or BSPCE), granted only to employees and members of our executive board. We can no longer issue these instruments; |
⯀ | warrants (bons de souscription d’actions or BSA), granted only to non-employee supervisory board members and service providers not eligible for either founders’ warrants or stock options; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | restricted stock units (actions gratuites or free shares or AGA), generally granted to our employees and corporate officers (including members of the executive board) and the employees and corporate officers of our subsidiaries; and |
⯀ | stock options (options de souscription et/ou d’achat d’actions or OSA), generally granted to the employees of our subsidiaries. |
Our executive board’s authority to grant these equity incentive instruments and the aggregate amount authorized to be granted under these instruments must be approved by a two-thirds majority of the votes held by our shareholders present, represented or voting by authorized means, at the relevant extraordinary shareholders’ meeting. Once approved by our shareholders, our executive board can, with the prior approval of the supervisory board, grant warrants (BSA) for up to 18 months, and free shares (the French equivalent of restricted stock units) and stock options for up to 38 months, in each case from the date of the applicable shareholders’ approval. The authority of our executive board to grant equity incentives may be extended or increased only at extraordinary shareholders’ meetings. As a result, we typically request that our shareholders authorize new pools of equity incentive instruments at every annual shareholders’ meeting. However, notwithstanding any shareholder authorization, under applicable law we are no longer eligible to issue founders’ warrants (BSPCE).
As of September 30, 2020, founders’ warrants, warrants, employee stock options and free shares were outstanding allowing for the issuance or purchase of an aggregate of 2,413,655 ordinary shares (assuming that such instruments’ vesting conditions are met) at a weighted average exercise price, if any, of €10.54 per ordinary share.
Founders’ Warrants (BSPCE)
Historically, we have issued founders’ warrants to certain of our employees. However, notwithstanding any shareholder authorization, under applicable law, we can no longer issue founders’ warrants as a result of no longer meeting the criteria to do so.
Founders’ warrants were granted only to our employees who were French tax residents, as they provided favorable tax and social security treatment for French tax residents. Founders’ warrants could have also been granted to our corporate officers having an employee tax status at the time the founders’ warrants were granted. Similar to stock options, founders’ warrants entitle a holder to exercise the warrant for the underlying vested shares at an exercise price per share determined by our executive board and at least equal to the fair market value of an ordinary share on the date of grant.
Administration
Our shareholders, or pursuant to delegations granted by our shareholders, our executive board, determine, with prior approval of the supervisory board, the recipients of the founders’ warrants, the grant dates, the number and exercise price of the founders’ warrants to be granted, the number of shares issuable upon exercise of the founders’ warrants and certain other terms and conditions of the founders’ warrants, including the period of their exercisability and their vesting schedule. As stated above, we are no longer eligible to issue any further founders’ warrants.
There is no legal limitation to the size of the founders’ warrant pool.
Founders’ warrants are not transferable and may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred or disposed of in any manner other than by will or by laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised, during the lifetime of the founders’ warrant holder, only by the employee warrant holder.
Term
The term of each founders’ warrant is 10 years from the date of grant or, unless otherwise decided by our supervisory and executive boards, six months from (i) the death or disability of the holder or (ii) the termination of the holder from employment with us or any of our affiliates during such 10-year period.
Exceptions:
⯀ | the term of the founders’ warrants granted on May 4, 2012 was seven years from the date of grant; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | neither the founders’ warrants granted on May 4, 2012, nor those granted on April 28, 2013, are subject to continuous employment; and |
⯀ | on July 23, 2019, the executive board decided to lift, for two of our employees and for Mr. Bernd Muehlenweg, a former member of the executive board, the continued service condition, and, for Bernd Muehlenweg, where applicable, the performance conditions to which the exercise of certain founders’ warrants was subject, notwithstanding the termination of their employment agreement or corporate office. |
Change in Control
The terms of the founders’ warrants usually provide that, unless otherwise decided by our supervisory and executive boards, in the event of a merger into another corporation or of the sale by one or several shareholders, acting alone or in concert, of our Company to one or several third parties of a number of shares resulting in a change of control (a “Liquidity Event”), the right of holders to exercise outstanding founders’ warrants will be accelerated so that all of such shares may be exercised with effect immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event. Any founders’ warrant not exercised for any reason on or prior to the date of completion of the relevant Liquidity Event will automatically lapse.
Exceptions:
⯀ | for founders’ warrants granted on May 4, 2012, the shareholders’ meeting decided to limit Liquidity Events to the filing of a tender offer for our shares and that the number of shares that may be exercised by holders in such event be subject to the price per share offered in the tender offer; and |
⯀ | for founders’ warrants granted on April 10, 2013, the executive board decided not to include any right of acceleration of the founders’ warrants in the event of a change in control. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
As of September 30, 2020, the following types of founders’ warrants that we have issued are outstanding:
Date of the shareholders' meeting | | | May 4,
2012 | | | June 28,
2013 | | | June 18,
2014 | | | June 18,
2014 | | | June 18,
2014 | | | June 25,
2015 | | | June 25,
2015 | | | June 23,
2016 | | | June 23,
2016 |
Grant date | | | December 18,
2012 | | | August 28,
2013 | | | September 16,
2014 | | | February 10,
2015 | | | June 10,
2015 | | | February 2,
2016 | | | February 2,
2016 | | | January 7,
2017 | | | January 7,
2017 |
Total number of BSPCE authorized | | | 500,000 | | | 500,000 | | | 450,000 | | | 450,000 | | | 450,000 | | | 450,000 | | | 450,000 | | | 450,000 | | | 450,000 |
Total number of BSPCE granted | | | 100,000 | | | 50,000 | | | 97,200 | | | 71,650 | | | 53,050 | | | 126,400 | | | 129,250 | | | 117,650 | | | 80,000 |
Starting date of the exercise of the BSPCE | | | December 18,
2012 | | | August 28,
2013 | | | September 16,
2014 | | | February 10,
2016 | | | June 10,
2016 | | | February 2,
2017 | | | February 2,
2017 | | | January 7,
2017 | | | January 7,
2017 |
BSPCE expiry date(3) | | | December 18,
2022 | | | August 28,
2023 | | | September 16,
2024 | | | February 10,
2025 | | | June 10,
2025 | | | February 2,
2026 | | | February 2,
2026 | | | January 7,
2027 | | | January 7,
2027 |
Exercise price per BSPCE | | | 6.63€ | | | 5.92€ | | | 18.68€ | | | 18.57€ | | | 20.28€ | | | 14.46€ | | | 14.46€ | | | 15.93€ | | | 15.93€ |
Number of shares subscribed as of September 30, 2020 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 333 | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Total number of BSPCEs lapsed or cancelled as of September 30, 2020 | | | — | | | — | | | 11,050 | | | 3,200 | | | 22,350 | | | 25,150 | | | 28,950 | | | 16,800 | | | — |
Total number of BSPCEs outstanding as of September 30, 2020 | | | 100,000 | | | 50,000 | | | 86,150 | | | 68,450 | | | 30,700 | | | 100,917 | | | 100,300 | | | 100,850 | | | 80,000 |
Total number of shares available for subscription as of September 30, 2020 | | | 100,000 | | | 50,000 | | | 86,150 | | | 68,450 | | | 30,700 | | | 100,917 | | | 38,544 | | | 100,850 | | | 80,000 |
Maximum total number of shares that can be issued | | | 100,000 | | | 50,000 | | | 86,150 | | | 68,450 | | | 30,700 | | | 100,917 | | | 100,300 | | | 100,850 | | | 80,000 |
(1)
| All such BSPCE can be exercised. |
(2)
| The BSPCE2016-Performance may be exercised as from their date of grant, subject to the achievement of the following targets: |
•
| up to 15% of the BSPCE may be exercised if the number of patients under treatment is at least equal to 200, |
•
| additional 15% of the BSPCE may be exercised if the number of patients under treatment is at least equal to 300, |
•
| additional 30% of the BSPCE may be exercised if the number of patients under treatment is at least equal to 400, and |
•
| the balance, i.e., 40% of the BSPCE, may be exercised if the number of patients under treatment is at least equal to 500. As of September 30, 2020, 30% of the BSPCE2016-Performance can be exercised, it being specified that, on July 23, 2019, the executive board decided to lift the performance conditions to which the exercise of Mr. Bernd Muehlenweg’s 11,500 BSPCE2016 Performance was subject. Accordingly, all of Mr. Bernd Muehlenweg’s BSPCE2016 Performance may be exercised. |
(3)
| See also “—Founders’ Warrants (BSPCE)—Term” and “—Founders’ Warrants (BSPCE)—Change in Control.” |
Warrants (BSA)
Warrants are typically granted by our executive board to third-party service providers and members of the supervisory board not eligible for either founders’ warrants or stock options. Similar to stock options, warrants entitle a holder to exercise the warrants for the underlying vested shares at an exercise price per share determined by our executive board that is meant to reflect the fair market value of an ordinary share on the date of grant. In addition to such exercise price, warrants are subscribed for at a price determined by the executive board that is meant to reflect the fair market value of the applicable warrants on the grant date.
Administration
Our shareholders, or pursuant to delegations granted by our shareholders, our executive board, with the prior approval of the supervisory board, determine the recipients of the warrants, the grant dates, the number and exercise price of the
TABLE OF CONTENTS
warrants to be granted, the number of shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants and certain other terms and conditions of the warrants, including the period of their exercisability and their vesting schedule.
There is no legal limitation to the size of the warrant pool.
Term
The term of warrants granted before June 25, 2015 as well as the BSA2015-2 (a), the BSA2018-2, the BSA2019-1 and the BSA2020 is 10 years from the date of grant.
The term of warrants granted from June 25, 2015 to March 6, 2018 (except as specified in the preceding sentence) is five years from the date of grant.
In addition, unless otherwise decided by our supervisory and executive boards, the warrants granted on February 2, 2016 and January 7, 2017 must be exercised within six months from (i) the death or disability of the holder or (i) the termination of the holder from employment with us or any of our affiliates during such 10-year period.
Change in Control
The terms of the warrants granted on February 10, 2015, February 2, 2016 and those granted from January 7, 2017 onwards provide that, unless otherwise decided by our supervisory and executive boards, in the event of a Liquidity Event, the right of any holder to exercise outstanding warrants will be accelerated so that all such warrants may be exercised with effect immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event, subject, if applicable, to continued service by the warrant holder. Any warrant not exercised for any reason on or prior to the date of completion of the relevant Liquidity Event will automatically lapse.
The terms of the warrants granted on June 25, 2015 provide their holder with the right to exercise all of his or her warrants in the event of a change of control (i.e., through a merger, a transfer of shares or assets, an operation on share capital or liquidation).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
As of September 30, 2020, the following types of warrants that we have issued are outstanding:
Date of the shareholders' meeting | | | May 4,
2012 | | | May 4,
2012 | | | June 18,
2014 | | | June 18,
2014 | | | June 18,
2014 | | | June 25,
2015 | | | June 25,
2015 | | | June 23,
2016 | | | June 23,
2016 | | | June 14,
2017 | | | June 14,
2017 | | | May 23,
2018 | | | May 23,
2018 | | | April 11,
2019 |
Grant date | | | May 4,
2012 | | | April 10,
2013 | | | September 16,
2014 | | | February 10,
2015 | | | June 25,
2015 | | | February 2,
2016 | | | February 2,
2016 | | | November 3,
2016 | | | January 7,
2017 | | | March 6,
2018 | | | March 6,
2018 | | | July 27,
2018 | | | March 29,
2019 | | | March 17,
2020 |
Total number of BSA authorized | | | 200,000 | | | 200,000 | | | 100,000 | | | 100,000 | | | 100,000 | | | 100,000 | | | 100,000 | | | 100,000 | | | 100,000 | | | 116,000 | | | 116,000 | | | 140,000 | | | 140,000 | | | 500,000 |
Total number of BSA granted | | | 52,500 | | | 10,000 | | | 14,000 | | | 26,000 | | | 64,000 | | | 18,103 | | | 18,105 | | | 8,000 | | | 18,000 | | | 18,000 | | | 10,000 | | | 5,820 | | | 18,000 | | | 18,000(15) |
Starting date of the exercise of the BSA | | | October 23,
2013 | | | April 30,
2014 | | | September 16,
2014 | | | February 10,
2015 | | | June 25,
2015 | | | February 2,
2016 | | | February 2,
2016 | | | November 3,
2016 | | | January 7,
2017 | | | March 6,
2018 | | | March 6,
2018 | | | July 27,
2018 | | | March 29,
2019 | | | March 17,
2020 |
BSA expiry date(16) | | | May 4,
2022 | | | April 10,
2023 | | | September 16,
2024 | | | February 10,
2025 | | | June 25,
2025 | | | February 2,
2021 | | | February 2,
2021 | | | November 3,
2021 | | | January 7,
2022 | | | March 6,
2023 | | | March 6,
2023 | | | July 27,
2028 | | | March 29,
2029 | | | March 17,
2030 |
Exercise price per BSA | | | 6.00€ | | | 6.37€ | | | 17.67€ | | | 17.67€ | | | 19.54€ | | | 13.74€ | | | 13.74€ | | | 15.01€ | | | 15.76€ | | | 13.55€ | | | 13.55€ | | | 16.102€ | | | 11.66€ | | | 6.59€ |
Number of shares subscribed as of September 30, 2020 | | | 22,500 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Total number of forfeited or cancelled BSAs as of September 30, 2020 | | | — | | | 4,000 | | | 4,000 | | | 5,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Total number of BSAs outstanding as of September 30, 2020 | | | 30,000 | | | 6,000 | | | 10,000 | | | 21,000 | | | 64,000 | | | 18,103 | | | 18,105 | | | 8,000 | | | 18,000 | | | 18,000 | | | 10,000 | | | 5,820 | | | 18,000 | | | 18,000 |
Total number of shares available for subscription as of September 30, 2020 | | | 30,000 | | | 6,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 5,431 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Maximum total number of shares that can be issued | | | 30,000 | | | 6,000 | | | 10,000 | | | 21,000 | | | 64,000 | | | 18,103 | | | 18,105 | | | 8,000 | | | 18,000 | | | 18,000 | | | 10,000 | | | 5,820 | | | 18,000 | | | 18,000 |
(1)
| Each BSA04-2012 gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €6 (issue premium included) provided that, on the day the BSA is exercised, the relevant beneficiary, when a supervisory board member, has attended at least 75% of the supervisory board meetings held during the period preceding the exercise of the warrants or, as the case may be, the date the beneficiary ceases to be part of our group. |
(2)
| Each BSA2013 gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €6.37 (issue premium included) provided that, on the day the BSA is exercised, the relevant beneficiary, when a supervisory board member, has attended at least 75% of the supervisory board meetings held during the period preceding the exercise of the warrants or, as the case may be, the date the beneficiary ceases to be part of our group. |
(3)
| Each BSA2014 gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €17.67 (issue premium included) provided that, on the day the BSA is exercised, (i) the relevant beneficiary, when a supervisory board member, has attended at least 75% of the supervisory board meetings held during the period preceding the exercise of the warrants or, as the case may be, the date the beneficiary ceases to be part of our group, and (ii) the market value of a share shall be at least equal to €40. |
(4)
| Each BSA2015-1 gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €17.67 (issue premium included) provided that, on the day the BSA is exercised, (i) the relevant beneficiary, when a supervisory board member, has attended at least 75% of the supervisory board meetings held during the period preceding the exercise of the warrants or, as the case may be, the date the beneficiary ceases to be part of our group, and (ii) the market value of a share shall be at least equal to €40. |
(5)
| Each BSA2015-2 (a) gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €19.54 (issue premium included) provided that, on the day the BSA is exercised, the market value of a share shall be at least equal to €50. |
(6)
| Each BSA2016-01-Ordinary gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €13.74 (issue premium included) provided that, on the day the BSA is exercised, (i) the relevant beneficiary, when a supervisory board member, has attended at least 75% of the supervisory board meetings held during the period preceding the exercise of the warrants or, as the case may be, the date the beneficiary ceases to be part of our group, and (ii) the market value of a share shall be at least equal to €40. |
(7)
| Each BSA2016-01-Performance gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €13.74 (issue premium included), subject to the achievement of the following targets: |
•
| up to 15% of the BSA may be exercised if the number of patients under treatment is at least equal to 200, |
•
| additional 15% of the BSA may be exercised if the number of patients under treatment is at least equal to 300, |
•
| additional 30% of the BSA may be exercised if the number of patients under treatment is at least equal to 400, and |
•
| additional 40% of the BSA may be exercised if the number of patients under treatment is at least equal to 500. |
As of September 30, 2020, 30% of the BSA2016-01-Performance, i.e., 5,431, can be exercised.
(8)
| Each BSA2016-2 gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €15.01 (issue premium included) provided that, on the day the BSA is exercised, the market value of a share shall be at least equal to €40. |
(9)
| Each BSA2017 gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €15.76 (issue premium included) provided that, on the day the BSA is exercised, (i) the relevant beneficiary, when a supervisory board member, has attended at least 75% of the supervisory board meetings held during the period preceding the exercise of the warrants or, as the case may be, the date the beneficiary ceases to be part of our group and, (ii) the market value of a share shall be at least equal to €40. |
(10)
| Each BSA2018 gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €13.55 (issue premium included) provided that, on the day the BSA is exercised, (i) the relevant beneficiary, when a supervisory board member, has attended at least 75% of the supervisory board meetings held during the period preceding the exercise of |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
the warrants or, as the case may be, the date the beneficiary ceases to be part of our group, and (ii) the market value of a share shall be at least equal to €40.
(11)
| Each BSA2018-01 gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €13.55 (issue premium included) provided that, on the day the BSA is exercised, the market value of a share shall be at least equal to €40. |
(12)
| Each BSA2018-02 gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €16.102 (issue premium included) provided that, on the day the BSA is exercised, the market value of a share shall be at least equal to €40. |
(13)
| Each BSA2019-01 gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €11.66 (issue premium included) provided that, on the day the BSA is exercised, (i) the relevant beneficiary, when a supervisory board member, has attended at least 75% of the supervisory board meetings held during the period preceding the exercise of the warrants or, as the case may be, the date the beneficiary ceases to be part of our group, and (ii) the market value of a share shall be at least equal to €40. |
(14)
| Each BSA2020 gives the right to subscribe to one share at the fixed price of €6.59 (issue premium included) provided that, on the day the BSA is exercised, (i) the relevant beneficiary, when a supervisory board member, has attended at least 75% of the supervisory board meetings held during the period preceding the exercise of the warrants or, as the case may be, the date the beneficiary ceases to be part of our group, and (ii) the market value of a share shall be at least equal to €40. |
(15)
| Includes 3,976 to Mr. Condomine, 3,843 to Ms. Graffin, 3,195 to Dr. Hererra, 3,829 to Mr. Spillner and 3,157 to Mr. Douat. |
(16)
| See also “—Warrants (BSA)—Term” and “—Warrants (BSA)—Change in Control.” |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Stock Options (OSA)
We have granted stock options to our employees and the employees of our subsidiaries pursuant to our stock option plans. We currently have two plans, the 2019 Stock Option Plan (“2019 Plan”), which was adopted by our executive board on March 11, 2020 and was approved by our shareholders on April 28, 2020, and the LLY 2019 Stock Option Plan (the “LLY 2019 Plan”), which was adopted by our executive board on October 24, 2019 and was approved by our shareholders on April 28, 2020. All of the stock options that could have been granted under the LLY 2019 Plan have already been granted. Our executive board has also previously adopted the 2018 Stock Plan, the 2017 Stock Option Plan and the 2016 Stock Option Plan (collectively, the “Former Plans” and together with the 2019 Plan and the LLY 2019 Plan, the “Stock Option Plans”).
Stock options may be granted to any individual employed by us or our subsidiaries. Stock options may also be granted to the members of our executive board. Incentive stock options may not be granted to holders of 10% or more of our share capital.
Under French law, the maximum number of shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options may not exceed one-third of the outstanding share capital on a non-diluted basis as of the grant date. Stock options may be granted under the 2019 Plan until 2022.
Administration
Our executive board has the authority to administer and interpret the Stock Option Plans. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Stock Option Plans, our executive board, with the prior approval of the supervisory board, determines the recipients, grant dates, exercise prices, number of ordinary shares underlying and the terms and conditions of the stock options, including their periods of exercisability and their vesting schedules. Our executive board is not required to grant stock options with vesting and exercise terms that are the same for every participant. The term of each stock option granted under the Stock Option Plans is generally 10 years from the grant date.
Our executive board has the authority to amend and modify stock options outstanding under our Stock Option Plans, including the authority to extend the post-termination exercise period of the options, subject to the written consent of the optionees holding such options, if such amendments or modifications impair the rights of the optionees.
Employee Stock Options
The Stock Option Plans provide for the grant of incentive stock options within the meaning of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and non-statutory Stock options.
These employee stock options are granted pursuant to employee stock option agreements adopted by the executive board. The executive board determines the exercise price for an employee stock option, within the terms and conditions of the applicable Stock Option Plan, provided that the exercise price of an employee stock option generally cannot be less than the per share fair market value of our ordinary shares on the grant date. Employee stock options granted under the Stock Option Plans vest at the rate specified by the executive board.
In accordance with French Law, our supervisory board decided that the members of our executive board must continue to hold at least 10% of the shares acquired by them upon exercise of the stock options until the termination of their respective term of office.
Stock options are not transferable (except by succession) and may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred or disposed of in any manner, other than by will or by laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised, during the lifetime of the optionee, only by the optionee.
Term
The term of each employee stock option is 10 years from the date of grant or, in the event of death or disability of the optionee during such 10-year period, six months from the date of such death or disability.
Unless a longer period is specified in the notice of grant or otherwise resolved by our executive board, an employee stock
TABLE OF CONTENTS
option shall remain exercisable, to the extent vested, for six months following an optionee’s termination from continuous employment with us. In the case of an “Incentive Stock Option” (as such term is defined in the Stock Option Plan), such period cannot exceed three months following an optionee’s termination from continuous employment.
By way of exception, the stock options granted under the LLY 2019 Plan are not subject to any continuous employment condition nor will they lapse in the event of death or disability of the optionee during the exercise period and six months after the death or disability of the optionee. In addition, on April 30, 2020, the executive board decided to lift, for one of our employees, the continued service condition to which the exercise of his stock options granted in 2016, 2019 and 2020 is subject, notwithstanding the termination of his employment agreement.
Change in Control
Pursuant to the Stock Option Plans, in the event of a Liquidity Event, an optionee’s right to exercise his or her employee stock options governed by any such plans will be accelerated so that the optionee may exercise all vested and unvested employee stock options immediately prior to the completion of the Liquidity Event. Any employee stock option that is not exercised for any reason on or prior to the completion of the Liquidity Event will automatically lapse.
U.S. Tax Limitations on Incentive Stock Options
The aggregate fair market value, determined at the time of grant, of our ordinary shares issuable under incentive stock options that are exercisable for the first time by an optionee during any calendar year under all of our Stock Option Plans may not exceed $100,000. Employee stock options, or portions thereof, that exceed such limit will generally be treated as non-statutory stock options. No incentive stock option may be granted to any person who, at the time of grant, owns or is deemed to own shares representing more than 10% of our total combined voting power or that of any of our affiliates unless (1) the exercise price is at least 110% of the fair market value of the shares subject to the employee stock option on the date of grant and (2) the term of the incentive stock option does not exceed five years from the date of grant.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
As of September 30, 2020, the following types of stock options that we have issued are outstanding:
Date of the shareholders’ meeting | | | June 25,
2015 | | | June 23,
2016 | | | June 23,
2016 | | | June 14,
2017 | | | May 23,
2018 | | | April 11,
2019 | | | April 11,
2019 |
Grant date | | | February 2,
2016 | | | November 3,
2016 | | | January 7,
2017 | | | March 6,
2018 | | | March 29,
2019 | | | October 24,
2019 | | | March 11,
2020 |
Total number of stock options authorized | | | 450,000 | | | 450,000 | | | 450,000 | | | 526,800 | | | 648,000 | | | 500,000 | | | 500,000 |
Total number of stock options granted | | | 6,400 | | | 4,000 | | | 3,500 | | | 62,000 | | | 37,500 | | | 500,000 | | | 407,972(9) |
Starting date of the exercise of the stock options | | | February 2,
2016(5) | | | November 3,
2017 | | | January 7,
2018 | | | March 7,
2019 | | | March 30,
2021 | | | October 24,
2019 | | | March 11,
2021 |
Stock options expiry date | | | February 2,
2026 | | | November 3,
2026 | | | January 7,
2027 | | | March 6,
2028 | | | March 29,
2029 | | | October 24,
2029 | | | March 11,
2030 |
Exercise price per stock option | | | €13.05 | | | €14.26 | | | €14.97 | | | €12.87 | | | €11.08 | | | €6.41 | | | €6.25 |
Number of shares subscribed as of September 30, 2020 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Total number of stock options lapsed or cancelled as of September 30, 2020 | | | 6,000 | | | — | | | 3,000 | | | 10,000 | | | 8,750 | | | — | | | 5,862 |
Total number of stock options outstanding as of September 30, 2020 | | | 400 | | | 4,000 | | | 500 | | | 52,000 | | | 28,750 | | | 500,000 | | | 402,110 |
Maximum number of shares available for subscription as of September 30, 2020 | | | 120 | | | 4,000 | | | 500 | | | 52,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Maximum total number of shares that can be issued | | | 400 | | | 4,000 | | | 500 | | | 52,000 | | | 28,750 | | | 500,000 | | | 402,110 |
(1)
| The OSA2016-1 Performance may be exercised as from their date of grant, subject to the achievement of the following targets: |
•
| up to 15% of the OSA may be exercised if the number of patients under treatment is at least equal to 200, |
•
| an additional 15% of the OSA may be exercised if the number of patients under treatment is at least equal to 300, |
•
| an additional 30% of the OSA may be exercised if the number of patients under treatment is at least equal to 400, and |
•
| the balance, i.e. 40% of the OSA, may be exercised if the number of patients under treatment is at least equal to 500. As of September 30, 2020, 30% of the OSA2016-1-Performance, i.e., 120 OSA2016-1 Performance, can be exercised. |
(2)
| All of the OSA2016-2 may be exercised. |
(3)
| All of the OSA2017 Ordinary may be exercised. |
(4)
| The OSA2018 may be exercised as follows: |
•
| up to one-third of the OSA2018 as from March 7, 2019; |
•
| an additional one-third of the OSA2018, as from March 7, 2020; and |
•
| the balance, i.e., one-third of the OSA2018, as from March 7, 2021, |
subject to, for each increment, a continued service condition.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, all of the 50,000 OSA2018 granted to one of our employees may be exercised.
(5)
| The starting date for the exercise of OSA2016-1 Performance is February 2, 2016. The starting date for the exercise of OSA2016-1 Ordinary is February 2, 2017. |
(6)
| The OSA2019-1 may be exercised as follows: |
•
| up to two-thirds of the OSA2019-1as from March 30, 2021; and |
•
| the balance, i.e., one-third of the OSA2019-1as from March 30, 2022, subject to, for each increment, a continued service condition. |
(7)
| The OSALLY 2019 may be exercised under the following conditions: |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
•
| 10% of the OSALLY 2019 may be exercised when the market value of a share on the regulated market of Euronext in Paris reaches €24; |
•
| an additional 10% of the OSALLY 2019 may be exercised when the market value of a share on the regulated market of Euronext in Paris reaches €30; |
•
| an additional 40% of the OSALLY 2019 may be exercised when the market value of a share on the regulated market of Euronext in Paris reaches €40; |
•
| the balance, i.e. 40% of the OSALLY 2019 may be exercised when the market value of a share on the regulated market of Euronext in Paris reaches €60; and |
•
| it being specified that, in the event of a Liquidity Event, the performance conditions regarding the price of the Company’s share price on the regulated market of Euronext in Paris will be automatically waived. |
(8)
| The OSA2020 may be exercised as follows: |
•
| up to one-third of the OSA2020 as from March 11, 2021; |
•
| an additional one-third of the OSA2020 as from March 11, 2022, and |
•
| the balance, i.e., one-third of the OSA2020 as from March 11, 2023, |
subject to, for each increment, a continued service condition.
The exercise of the OSA2020 granted to members of the executive board and one of our employees is also subject to the achievement of positive results in the 1100 study in 2020. The satisfaction of this performance condition must be acknowledged by the executive board, with the approval of the supervisory board, before March 11, 2021.
(9)
| Includes 120,000 granted to Dr. Levy, 60,000 granted to Mr. Mauberna and 60,000 granted to Ms. Hermant. |
Free Shares (AGA)
We have granted free shares to our employees, employees of our subsidiaries and members of our executive board pursuant to our free share plans. Our current plan, the 2019 Free Share Plan (the “2019 AGA Plan”), was adopted by our executive board on March 11, 2020. Our executive board has also previously adopted the 2018 Free Share Plan and the 2017 Free Share Plan (the “Former AGA Plans” and together with the 2019 AGA Plan, the “AGA Plans”).
Free shares may be granted to any individual employed by us or by any affiliated company under the terms and conditions of an employment contract. Free shares may also be granted to members of our executive board. However, no free shares may be granted to a beneficiary holding more than 10% of our share capital or to a beneficiary who would hold more than 10% of our share capital as a result of such grant.
Administration
Our executive board has the authority to administer and interpret the AGA Plans. Subject to the terms and conditions of the AGA Plans, our executive board, with the prior approval of the supervisory board, determines recipients, dates of grant, the number of free shares to be granted and the terms and conditions of the free shares, including the length of their acquisition period (period starting on the date of grant during which the beneficiary holds a right to acquire shares for free, but does not currently hold any shares) and, as the case may be, holding period (period starting at the end of the acquisition period when the shares are issued and definitively acquired and issued, but may not be transferred) within the limit determined by the shareholders.
Our executive board has the authority to modify awards outstanding under our AGA Plans, subject to the consent of the beneficiary if such modification is detrimental to him/her, including the authority to release a beneficiary from the continued service condition during the acquisition period after the termination of the employment on the continued service condition, see also “—Vesting”).
Vesting
The free shares granted under the AGA Plans will be definitively acquired at the end of the acquisition period as set by our executive board. At the end of the acquisition period, the beneficiary will be the owner of the shares. However, during the holding period (as set by our executive board), if any, the shares may not be sold, transferred or pledged. The sum of the duration of the acquisition and holding periods must be at least two years, in accordance with the provisions of Article L. 225-197-1 of the French Commercial Code.
Unless otherwise decided by our supervisory and executive boards, the AGA2018-1 granted on March 6, 2018, the AGA2019-1 granted on March 23, 2019 and the AGA granted on March 11, 2020 are subject to continued service during the acquisition period (i.e., for the AGA2018-1, until March 6, 2020 for French tax residents and March 6, 2021 for foreign tax residents, for the AGA2019-1, until March 29, 2021 for French tax residents and March 29, 2022 for foreign tax residents, and, for the AGA2020, until March 11, 2022), it being specified that, failing such continued service, the beneficiary definitively and irrevocably loses his or her right to acquire the relevant AGA2018-1, AGA2019-1 or AGA2020.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
In accordance with the AGA Plans, in 2019 and 2020, the executive board decided to lift, for six of our employees and Mr. Bernd Muehlenweg, a former executive board member, the continued service condition to which the definitive acquisition of their AGA2018-1 and/or AGA2019-1, as applicable, is subject, notwithstanding the termination of their employment agreement or corporate office. The executive board also decided to amend the conditions for the acquisition of Mr. Bernd Muehlenweg’s AGA2018-1.
Unless otherwise decided by our supervisory and executive boards, in the event of disability or death of a beneficiary before the end of the acquisition period, the relevant free shares shall be definitely acquired at, respectively, the date of disability or the date of the request of allocation made by his or her beneficiary in the framework of the inheritance, provided that such request is made within six months from the date of death.
Change In Control
In the event of a Liquidity Event, unless otherwise decided by the executive and supervisory board, all of the free shares shall be completely and definitely acquired:
1.
| For French tax residents, (i) if the Liquidity Event occurs before or on the first anniversary date of the grant and (ii) if the change of control occurs after the first anniversary of grant, on the date of completion of the Liquidity Event, it being specified that, in both cases, the relevant free shares will then be subject to a holding period until the second anniversary of the grant. |
2.
| For foreign tax residents, if the Liquidity Event occurs before the second anniversary of the grant, on the first anniversary of the grant, it being specified that, the relevant free shares will then be subject to a year-long holding period as from their date of acquisition. |
As of September 30, 2020, the following types of free shares that we have issued are outstanding:
Date of the shareholders’ meeting | | | June 14, 2017 | | | May 23, 2018 | | | April 11, 2019 |
Grant date | | | March 6, 2018 | | | March 29, 2019 | | | March 11, 2020 |
Total number of free shares authorized | | | 526,800 | | | 648,000 | | | 500,000 |
Total number of free shares granted | | | 396,250 | | | 438,250 | | | 50,000 |
Date of acquisition (end of the acquisition period)(5) | | | (1)(2) | | | (3) | | | March 11, 2022(4) |
Duration of the holding period(5) | | | (1) | | | (3) | | | 1 year |
Number of shares acquired as of September 30, 2020 | | | 316,083 | | | — | | | — |
Total number of free shares lapsed or cancelled as of September 30, 2020 | | | 55,667 | | | 67,250 | | | — |
Total number of free shares outstanding as of September 30, 2020 | | | 24,500 | | | 371,000 | | | 50,000 |
Maximum total number of shares that may be created | | | 24,500 | | | 371,000 | | | 50,000 |
(1)
| The AGA2018-1 granted to French tax residents were definitely acquired on March 6, 2020 and are now subject to a one-year holding period ending on March 6, 2021. The AGA2018-1 granted to foreign tax residents will be definitely acquired on March 6, 2021 and will not be subject to any holding period. |
(2)
| The definitive acquisition of the AGA2018-1 granted to the members of the executive board was subject to the achievement of clinical and strategic objectives in the head and neck indication, the completion of which was recorded by the executive board and the supervisory board on March 15, 2019. On July 23, 2019, the executive board decided that the two-thirds of the AGA2018-1 granted to Mr. Bernd Muehlenweg, i.e. 28,333 AGA2018-1 would be definitively acquired on March 6, 2020. The balance, i.e. 14,167 AGA2018-1, was subject to the conclusion of a clinical trial supply contract before March 6, 2020. As this performance condition was not met, these 14,167 AGA2018-1 lapsed on March 6, 2020. |
(3)
| The AGA2019-1 granted to French tax residents will be definitely acquired on March 29, 2021 and will then be subject to a one-year holding period ending on March 29, 2022. The AGA2018-1 granted to foreign tax residents will be definitely acquired on March 29, 2022 and will not be subject to any holding period. The acquisition of the AGA2019-1 granted to members of our executive board was subject to NBTXR3 receiving the CE mark before June 30, 2019. The satisfaction of this performance condition was recorded by the supervisory board on April 6, 2020 and by the executive board on April 27, 2020. |
(4)
| The acquisition of the AGA2020 granted to Ms. Hermant is conditioned upon the achievement of positive results in Study 1100 in 2020. The satisfaction of this performance condition must be acknowledged by the executive board, with the approval of the supervisory board, before March 11, 2021. |
(5)
| See also “—Free Shares (AGA)—Vesting” and “—Free Shares (AGA)—Change In Control.” |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED-PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Since January 1, 2017, we have engaged in the following transactions with our supervisory board members, executive board members or holders of more than 5% of our outstanding voting securities and their affiliates, which we refer to collectively as our related parties. We have also entered into compensation arrangements with members of our supervisory board and executive board, including employment agreements with certain of the members of our executive board, as described in this prospectus under the caption “Management.”
It is the policy of the supervisory board that in order to mitigate the risk of any actual or perceived conflicts of interest, whenever a matter comes before the supervisory board for its consideration in which a related party supervisory board member has a potential interest, such member shall be recused from participating in any discussions and voting in any decisions on such matter.
PharmaEngine License and Collaboration Agreement
In August 2012, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement with PharmaEngine for the development and commercialization of NBTXR3 in multiple countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Pursuant to the agreement, we have received $1.0 million in an initial upfront payment and $2.0 million in development milestone payments from PharmaEngine, as of the date of this prospectus. Potential development and commercial milestone payments, including those paid to date, amount to an aggregate of up to $56 million. Dr. Alain Herrera, a member of our supervisory board, served as Head of Corporate Development, Managing Director of PharmaEngine Europe Sarl. To mitigate the risk of any actual or perceived conflicts of interest due to Dr. Herrera’s role with PharmaEngine, it is our policy that, with respect to any decisions or considerations made by the supervisory board with respect to our business or contractual relations with PharmaEngine, Dr. Herrera be recused from participating in any discussions and voting in any decisions on any such matters. For further information regarding the license and collaboration agreement, see “Business—Significant Collaborations and Research Agreements—PharmaEngine.”
Alain Oncology Consulting Agreement
In the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized €60 thousand of consultancy fees related to advisory services provided by Alain Oncology Consulting, whose President, Dr. Alain Herrera, is a member of the supervisory board.
Related-Person Transactions Policy
Prior to the completion of the offering, we expect to adopt a related-party transaction policy that sets forth our procedures for the identification, review, consideration and approval or ratification of related-party transactions. The policy will become effective immediately upon the completion of the offering. For purposes of our policy only, a related-party transaction is defined as (1) a transaction, arrangement or relationship (or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships), in which we and any related parties are, were or will be participants, or otherwise have a direct or indirect interest, in which the amount involved exceeds $120,000, or (2) any agreement or similar transaction under French law which falls within the scope of Article L. 225-86 of the French Commercial Code. For purposes of this policy, a related party is any executive board member, supervisory board member or beneficial owner of more than five percent (5%) of any class of our voting securities, including any of their respective immediate family members and any entity owned or controlled by such persons.
Under the policy, related-party transactions must be reported to us by the relevant related parties. If a transaction has been identified as a related-party transaction, including any transaction that was not a related-party transaction when originally consummated or any transaction that was not initially identified as a related-party transaction prior to consummation, our management must present information regarding the related-party transaction to our supervisory board for review, consideration and approval or ratification. Certain transactions may be presented to the audit committee, which may make recommendations to the supervisory board on whether the transaction is a related-party transaction; in any case, the related-party transaction will be submitted to our supervisory board for review, consideration and approval or ratification. The presentation must include a description of, among other things, the material facts, the interests in the transaction, direct and indirect, of the related parties, the benefits to us of the transaction and whether the transaction is on terms that are comparable to the terms available to or from, as the case may be, an unrelated
TABLE OF CONTENTS
third-party or to or from employees generally. Under the policy, we will collect information that we deem reasonably necessary from each member of our executive board and supervisory board and, to the extent feasible, significant shareholder to enable us to identify any existing or potential related-party transactions and to effectuate the terms of the policy.
We comply with French law regarding approval of transactions with related parties. In particular, in accordance with articles L. 225-86 et seq. of the French Commercial Code, our executive board informs on an annual basis our supervisory board of any agreement or similar transaction under French law which falls within the scope of Article L. 225-86 of the French Commercial Code entered into during the past fiscal year. Our supervisory board shall review the purpose and financial conditions of these agreements and confirm or deny their classification as current agreements, meaning agreements relating to current operations and entered into under normal conditions. In accordance with Article L. 225-88-2 of the French Commercial Code, we shall disclose on our website information related to any related-party transaction entered into by no later than the day of the relevant transaction's conclusion.
In addition, we intend to adopt a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics policy in connection with the offering. Under this policy, our employees and members of our supervisory and executive boards have an affirmative responsibility to disclose any transaction or relationship that reasonably could be expected to give rise to a conflict of interest.
In considering related-party transactions, our supervisory board will take into account the relevant available facts and circumstances including, but not limited to:
⯀ | the benefits and perceived benefits to us; |
⯀ | the opportunity costs of alternative transactions; |
⯀ | the materiality and character of the related party’s interest; |
⯀ | the actual or apparent conflict of interest of the related party; and |
⯀ | the terms available to or from, as the case may be, unrelated third parties or to or from employees generally. |
The policy requires that, in determining whether to approve, ratify or reject a related-party transaction, our supervisory board must consider, in light of known circumstances, whether the transaction is in, or is not inconsistent with, our best interests and those of our shareholders, as our supervisory board determines in the good faith exercise of its discretion.
All of the transactions referred to above were entered into prior to the adoption of the written related-party transaction policy but all were approved by our supervisory board to the extent required by, and in compliance with, French law.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of September 30, 2020 for:
⯀ | each person, or group of affiliated persons, known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares; |
⯀ | each of our supervisory board members and executive board members; and |
⯀ | all of our supervisory board members and executive board members as a group. |
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities and include ordinary shares that can be acquired within 60 days of September 30, 2020. The percentage ownership information shown in the table prior to the offering is based upon 26,037,122 ordinary shares outstanding as of September 30, 2020. In computing the number of ordinary shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we deemed outstanding ordinary shares subject to founders’ warrants, warrants and stock options held by that person that are immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of September 30, 2020 (and we have assumed no vesting of outstanding free shares). We did not deem these shares outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.
The percentage ownership information shown in the table after the offering is based upon ordinary shares outstanding, following the sale of of our ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) by us in the offering and assumes no issuance by us of additional shares (including in the form of ADSs) at the option of the underwriters. The percentage ownership information shown in the table after the offering if we issue additional shares (including in the form of ADSs) pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option is based upon ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) outstanding, assuming the sale of ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) by us in the offering and the issuance by us of additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) at the option of the underwriters.
Except as otherwise indicated in the footnotes below the table, we believe, based on the information furnished to us, that the persons named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws where applicable. The information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose, including for purposes of Sections 13(d) and 13(g) of the Securities Act.
The information in the table below is based on information furnished to us or ascertained by us from public filings made by the shareholders in France. Except as otherwise indicated in the table below, addresses of the supervisory board members, executive board members and named beneficial owners are in care of Nanobiotix S.A., 60, rue de Wattignies, 75012 Paris, France.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Supervisory Board and Executive Board Members:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Laurent Levy, Ph.D.(1) | | | 943,010 | | | 3.60 | | | | | | |
Philippe Mauberna(2) | | | 174,750 | | | * | | | | | | |
Anne-Juliette Hermant | | | — | | | — | | | | | | |
Laurent Condomine(3) | | | 141,662 | | | * | | | | | | |
Alain Herrera, M.D.(4) | | | 1,298 | | | * | | | | | | |
Christophe Douat(5) | | | 973 | | | * | | | | | | |
Anne-Marie Graffin(6) | | | 600 | | | * | | | | | | |
Enno Spillner(7) | | | 450 | | | * | | | | | | |
All Supervisory Board and Executive Board members as a group (8 persons)(8) | | | 1,262,743 | | | 4.79 | | | | | | |
*
| Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1%. |
(1)
| Consists of 809,060 ordinary shares and 133,950 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of founders’ warrants and stock options. |
(2)
| Consists of 50,000 ordinary shares and 124,750 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of founders’ warrants. |
(3)
| Consists of 103,553 ordinary shares held by SCI Toucondo, of which entity Mr. Condomine serves as managing partner, and 38,109 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of warrants. |
(4)
| Consists of 1,298 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of warrants. |
(5)
| Consists of 973 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of warrants. |
(6)
| Consists of 600 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of warrants. |
(7)
| Consists of 450 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of warrants. |
(8)
| Consists of 962,613 ordinary shares and 300,130 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of founders’ warrants and warrants. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL
The following description of our share capital summarizes certain provisions of our By-laws. Such summaries do not purport to be complete and are subject to, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of our By-laws as they will be in effect upon the completion of the offering, copies of which have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.
General
As of September 30, 2020, our outstanding share capital consisted of a total of 26,037,122 issued and fully paid ordinary shares, with nominal value €0.03 per share.
As of September 30, 2020, to our knowledge, approximately 1,246,463, or 4.8%, of our outstanding ordinary shares were held of record by 11 shareholders in the United States.
Under French law, our By-laws set forth only our issued and outstanding share capital as of the date of the By-laws. Our fully diluted share capital represents all issued and outstanding shares, as well as all potential shares which may be issued upon exercise of outstanding founders’ warrants, warrants and stock options, as approved by our shareholders and granted by our supervisory board.
Upon closing of the offering, our outstanding share capital will consist of ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs), nominal value €0.03 per share (or if we issue additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) pursuant to the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option in the offering).
Reconciliation of the Shares Outstanding Prior to the Offering
Shares outstanding at January 1, 2017 | | | 15,965,272 |
Number of ordinary shares issued in connection with the exercise of founders’ warrants (BSPCE) and stock options (OSA) | | | 129,785 |
Number of ordinary shares issued on April 11, 2017 in connection with the share capital increase decided on April 7, 2017 | | | 1,596,527 |
Number of ordinary shares issued on November 2, 2017 in connection with the share capital increase decided on October 31, 2017 | | | 1,941,789 |
Shares outstanding at December 31, 2017 | | | 19,633,373 |
Shares outstanding at December 31, 2018 | | | 19,633,373 |
Number of ordinary shares issued on April 9, 2019 in connection with the share capital increase decided on April 9, 2019 | | | 2,566,666 |
Number of ordinary shares issued in connection with the exercise of founders’ warrants (BSPCE) | | | 215,000 |
Shares outstanding at December 31, 2019 | | | 22,415,039 |
Number of ordinary shares issued in connection with the definitive acquisition of free shares (AGA) | | | 316,083 |
Shares outstanding at June 30, 2020 | | | 22,731,122 |
Number of ordinary shares issued in connection with the definitive acquisition of free shares (AGA) | | | 6,000 |
Number of ordinary shares issued on July 30, 2020 in connection with the share capital increase decided on July 28, 2020 | | | 3,300,000 |
Shares outstanding at September 30, 2020 | | | 26,037,122 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
History of Securities Issuances
Since January 1, 2017, the following events have changed the number of our issued and outstanding shares:
On April 11, 2017, we issued an aggregate of 1,596,527 ordinary shares in a private placement, at an issue price per share of €15.75, for a total subscription amount of €25,145,300.25.
On November 2, 2017, we issued an aggregate of 1,941,789 ordinary shares in a private placement, at an issue price per share of €14.00, for a total subscription amount of €27,185,046.
On April 9, 2019, we issued an aggregate of 2,566,666 ordinary shares in a private placement, at an issue price per share of €11.50, for a total subscription amount of €29,516,659.
On March 11, 2020, we issued an aggregate of 316,083 ordinary shares as a result of the definitive acquisition of free shares.
On July 27, 2020, we issued an aggregate of 6,000 ordinary shares as a result of the definitive acquisition of free shares.
On July 30, 2020, we issued an aggregate of 3,300,000 ordinary shares in a private placement, at an issue price per share of €6.10, for a total subscription amount of €20,130,000.
From January 1, 2017 to September 30, 2020, founders’ warrants, stock options and warrants were exercised at a weighted average exercise price, if any, of €6.11 per share. Pursuant to these exercises, we issued an aggregate of 660,868 ordinary shares.
Key Provisions of Our By-laws and French Law Affecting Our Ordinary Shares
The description below reflects the terms of our By-laws, and summarizes the material rights of holders of our ordinary shares under French law. Please note that this is only a summary and is not intended to be exhaustive. For further information, please refer to the full version of our By-laws, which is included as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
Corporate Purpose (Article 3 of the By-laws)
Our corporate purpose, either directly or indirectly, in particular through the intermediary of subsidiaries or holdings, in France and abroad, is:
⯀ | the research and development in natural and physical sciences; |
⯀ | the filing, study, acquisition, granting of any patents, licenses, methods, trademarks and protection of specialized knowledge connected or relating in any way to the fields or technologies covering our corporate purpose; |
⯀ | the design, development, production, marketing, importation, exportation and exploitation by any means of drugs, pharmaceutical specialties, medical devices and other health possessions; |
⯀ | the creation, acquisition, rental, lease-management of all business assets or facilities (fonds de commerce), lease, installation, operation of all establishments (fonds de commerce) factories and workshops, relating to any of the specified activities; |
⯀ | the participation in any transactions that may relate to our corporate purpose by creating new companies, subscribing or purchasing securities or corporate rights, merging or otherwise; and |
⯀ | more generally, all financial, commercial, industrial transactions and transactions involving real estate or movable properties relating directly or indirectly to any of the aforementioned corporate purposes or any similar or related purpose, in order to promote their development or extension. |
Supervisory Board (Conseil de surveillance)
Quorum and voting (Article 17 of the By-laws)
The supervisory board may only deliberate if at least half of the members attend the applicable meeting in the manner provided for in our By-laws. In particular, French law and the charter of the supervisory board allow its members to attend
TABLE OF CONTENTS
meetings of the supervisory board in person or, to the extent permitted by applicable law, by videoconference or other telecommunications arrangements. In addition, a supervisory board member is allowed to grant another supervisory board member a proxy to represent him or her at a meeting of the supervisory board, but no member can hold more than one proxy at any meeting. Moreover, since the amendment of our By-laws decided by the shareholders’ meeting held on May 20, 2020, the members of the supervisory board are allowed to take certain specific decisions by written consultation, such as convening a shareholders’ meeting or making provisional appointments to the supervisory board in accordance with Article L. 225-78 of the French Commercial Code. Decisions of the supervisory board are adopted by the majority of the voting rights held by the members present or represented, it being specified that in case of a vote-split, the chairman of the supervisory board shall have the deciding vote.
Supervisory board members’ voting powers on proposals, arrangements or contracts in which any member is materially interested (Article 19 of the By-laws)
Under French law, any agreement entered into (directly or through an intermediary) between us and any member of our supervisory board that is not entered into (1) in the ordinary course of business and (2) under standard terms and conditions is subject to the prior authorization of the supervisory board, excluding the vote of the interested member.
The foregoing requirements also apply to agreements between us and any member of our executive board, agreements between us and another company, provided that the company is not one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, if one of the members of our executive or supervisory board is the owner or a general partner, manager, director, general manager or member of the executive or supervisory board of the other company, as well as to agreements in which one of the members of our executive or supervisory board has an indirect interest.
Supervisory board members’ compensation
The aggregate amount of fees of the supervisory board is determined at the shareholders’ annual ordinary general meeting. The supervisory board then divides all or part (at the supervisory board’s discretion) of this aggregate amount among some or all of its members by a simple majority vote. In addition, the supervisory board may grant exceptional compensation (rémunérations exceptionnelles) to individual members on a case-by-case basis for special and temporary assignments. The supervisory board may also authorize the reimbursement of reasonable travel and accommodation expenses, as well as other expenses incurred by its members in the corporate interest. Supervisory board members who are employed by us receive separate compensation as officers or employees.
Supervisory board’s borrowing powers
There are currently no limits imposed by our By-laws on the amounts of loans or other borrowings that the supervisory board may approve.
Supervisory board’s composition (Article 15 of the By-laws)
Our supervisory board must be composed of at least three members, but may not exceed 18 members. Members of the supervisory board are appointed and have their terms renewed or are dismissed at the ordinary general meeting. Supervisory board members may be natural persons or legal entities. Legal entities appointed to the supervisory board must designate a permanent representative. If a supervisory board member dies or resigns between annual meetings, the supervisory board may appoint a temporary member to fill the vacancy, subject to ratification at the next ordinary general meeting, or if such vacancy results in a number of supervisory members below three, the executive board must call an ordinary general meeting in order to fill the vacancy.
Supervisory board members’ age limits (Article 15 of the By-laws)
No more than one-third of the supervisory board members shall be older than 70 years old.
Term of supervisory board member office (Article 15 of the By-laws)
Supervisory board members are elected for six-year terms.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Employee supervisory board member limits (Article 15 of the By-laws)
No more than one-third of the supervisory board members may be party to employment contracts with us.
Supervisory board members’ share ownership requirements
None.
Executive Board
Quorum and voting (Article 13 of the By-laws)
No quorum is required for the executive board to deliberate. The executive board members are not allowed to grant a proxy to represent them at a meeting of the executive board. Decisions of the executive board are adopted by the majority of the voting rights held by the members present, it being specified that in case of a vote-split, the chairman of the executive board shall not have the deciding vote.
Executive board members’ voting powers on proposals, arrangements or contracts in which any member is materially interested
See “—Supervisory board members’ voting powers on proposals, arrangements or contracts in which any member is materially interested.”
Executive board members’ compensation
The supervisory board determines each executive board member’s compensation when appointing him or her to the executive board. Executive board members who are employed by us receive separate compensation as officers or employees.
Executive board’s borrowing powers (Article 14 of the By-laws)
There are currently no limits imposed by our By-laws on the amounts of loans or other borrowings that the executive board may execute.
Executive board’s composition (Article 11 of the By-laws)
Our executive board must be composed of at least two members, but may not exceed seven members. Members of the executive board are appointed and their terms are renewed by the supervisory board. Executive board members may be dismissed at the ordinary general meeting and by the supervisory board. In the case of a vacancy between annual meetings, the supervisory board must within a two-month period appoint a temporary member to fill the vacancy or must change the number of executive board members.
Executive board members’ age limits (Article 11 of the By-laws)
No member of our executive board shall be more than 65 years old.
Term of executive board member office (Article 11 of the By-laws)
The executive board, as a whole, is elected for a four-year term and the term of office of each executive board member shall expire on the same date.
Employee executive board member limits
A member can only work as an employee if his or her contract corresponds to an actual position.
Executive board members’ share ownership requirements
None.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Rights, Preferences and Restrictions Attaching to Ordinary Shares
Dividends (Articles 24 and 25 of the By-laws)
We may only distribute dividends out of our “distributable profits,” plus any amounts held in our reserves that the shareholders decide to make available for distribution, other than those reserves that are specifically required to be maintained by law. “Distributable profits” consist of our statutory net profit in each fiscal year, calculated in accordance with accounting standards applicable in France, as increased or reduced by any profit or loss carried forward from prior years, less any contributions to the reserve accounts pursuant to French law (see “—Legal Reserve”).
Legal Reserve (Article 24 of the By-laws)
Pursuant to French law, we must allocate at least 5% of our statutory net profit for each year to our legal reserve fund before dividends may be paid with respect to that year. Such allocation is compulsory until the amount in the legal reserve is equal to 10% of the aggregate par value of our issued and outstanding share capital.
Approval of Dividends (Article 25 of the By-laws)
Pursuant to French law, our executive board may propose a dividend for approval by the shareholders at the annual ordinary general meeting.
Upon recommendation of our executive board, our shareholders may decide to allocate all or part of any distributable profits to special or general reserves, to carry them forward to the next fiscal year as retained earnings or to allocate them to the shareholders as dividends. However, dividends may not be distributed when as a result of such distribution our net assets are or would become lower than the amount of the share capital plus the amount of the legal reserves which, under French law, may not be distributed to shareholders.
Our executive board may distribute interim dividends after the end of the fiscal year but before the approval of the financial statements for the relevant fiscal year when the interim balance sheet, established during such year and examined by an auditor, reflects that we have earned distributable profits since the close of the last fiscal year, after recognizing the necessary depreciation and provisions and after deducting prior losses, if any, and the sums to be allocated to reserves, as required by law or the By-laws, and including any retained earnings. The amount of such interim dividends may not exceed the amount of the profit so defined.
Distribution of Dividends (Article 25 of the By-laws)
Dividends are distributed to shareholders proportionally to their shareholding interests. In the case of interim dividends, distributions are made to shareholders on the date set by our executive board during the meeting in which the distribution of interim dividends is approved. The actual dividend payment date is decided by the shareholders at an ordinary general shareholders’ meeting or by our executive board in the absence of such a decision by the shareholders. Shareholders that own shares on the actual payment date are entitled to the dividend.
Dividends may be paid in cash or, if the shareholders’ meeting so decides, in kind, provided that all the shareholders receive a whole number of assets of the same nature paid in lieu of cash. Our By-laws provide that, subject to a decision of the shareholders’ meeting taken by ordinary resolution, each shareholder may be given the choice to receive his dividend in cash or in shares.
Timing of Payment (Article 25 of the By-laws)
Pursuant to French law, dividends must be paid within a maximum period of nine months following the end of the relevant fiscal year. An extension of such timeframe may be granted by court order. Dividends that are not claimed within a period of five years after the payment date will be deemed to expire and revert to the French state.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Voting Rights (Article 9 of the By-laws)
Each of our ordinary shares entitles its holder to vote and be represented in the shareholders’ meetings in accordance with French law and our By-laws. The ownership of a share implies, ipso facto, the acceptance of our By-laws and any decision of our shareholders.
In general, each shareholder is entitled to one vote per share at any general shareholders’ meeting. The company’s major shareholders do not have different voting rights than other shareholders of the company. However, pursuant to French law, a double voting right is attached to each registered share, which is held in the name of the same shareholder for at least two years. However, ADSs are not eligible for double voting rights. Purchasers of ADSs or ordinary shares in this offering, in the open market following the completion of this offering or in subsequent offerings will be unlikely to meet the requirements to have double voting rights attach to any ordinary shares held by them.
Under French law, treasury shares or shares held by entities controlled by us are not entitled to voting rights and are not taken into account for purposes of quorum calculation.
Rights to Share in Our Profit (Article 9 of the By-laws)
Under French law, each ordinary share entitles its holder to a portion of the corporate profits and assets proportional to the amount of share capital represented thereby.
Rights to Share in the Surplus in the Event of Liquidation (Articles 9 and 30 of the By-laws)
If we are liquidated, any assets remaining after payment of our debts, liquidation expenses and all of our remaining obligations will first be used to repay in full the par value of our outstanding shares. Any surplus will then be distributed among shareholders in proportion to the number of our shares they hold.
Repurchase and Redemption of Shares
Under French law, we may acquire our own shares. Such acquisition may be challenged on the ground of market abuse regulations. However, Market Abuse Regulation (EU) No. 596/2014 of April 16, 2014 and its related delegated regulations (“MAR”) provides for safe harbor exemptions when the acquisition is made (i) under a buy-back program to be authorized by the shareholders in accordance with the provisions of Article L. 225-209 of the French Commercial Code and with the General Regulations of the Autorité des marchés financiers (“AMF”) and (ii) for one of the following purposes which shall be provided for in the buy-back program:
⯀ | to decrease our share capital, provided that such a decision is not driven by losses and that a purchase offer is made to all shareholders on a pro rata basis, with the approval of the shareholders at an extraordinary general meeting; in this case, the shares repurchased must be cancelled within one month from their repurchase date; |
⯀ | to meet obligations arising from debt securities that are exchangeable into shares; or |
⯀ | to meet our obligations arising from share option programs, or other allocations of shares, to our employees or to our managers our the employees or managers of our affiliate. In this case the shares repurchased must be distributed within 12 months from their repurchase, after which they must be cancelled. |
In addition, we benefit from a simple exemption when the acquisition is made under a liquidity contract complying with the general regulations of, and market practices accepted by, the AMF.
All other purposes, and especially share buy-backs made for external growth operations in pursuance of Article L. 225-209 of the French Commercial Code, while not forbidden, must be pursued in strict compliance of market manipulation and insider dealing rules.
Under MAR and in accordance with the General Regulations of the AMF, we shall report to the AMF, no later than by the end of the seventh daily market session following the date of the execution of the transaction, all the transactions relating to the buy-back program in a detailed form and in an aggregated form. By exception, we shall provide to the AMF, on a monthly basis, and to the public, on a biannual basis, a summary report of the transactions made under a liquidity contract.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
In any case, no such repurchase of shares may result in us holding, directly or through a person acting on our behalf, more than (i) 10% of our issued share capital, or (ii) 5% of our issued share capital in case of repurchase of shares to be used in payment or in exchange in the context of a merger, division or transfer of assets.
Shares repurchased by us continue to be deemed “issued” under French law but are not entitled to dividends and/or voting rights so long as we hold them directly or indirectly, and we may not exercise the preemptive rights attached to them.
Sinking Fund Provisions
Our By-laws do not provide for any sinking fund provisions.
Liability to Further Capital Calls
Shareholders are liable for corporate liabilities only up to the par value of the shares they hold; they are not liable for further capital calls.
Requirements for Holdings Exceeding Certain Percentages
There are no such requirements, except as described in “—Form, Holding and Transfer of Shares—Ownership of Shares and ADSs by Non-French Persons.”
Actions Necessary to Modify Shareholders’ Rights
Shareholders’ rights may be modified as permitted by French law. Only the extraordinary shareholders’ meeting is authorized to amend any and all provisions of our By-laws. It may not, however, increase any of the shareholders’ commitments without the prior approval of each shareholder.
Special Voting Rights of Warrant Holders
Under French law, the holders of warrants of the same class (i.e., warrants that were issued at the same time and with the same rights), including founders’ warrants (BSPCE) and warrants (BSA), are entitled to vote as a separate class at a general meeting of that class of warrant holders under certain circumstances, principally in connection with any proposed modification of the terms and conditions of the class of warrants or any proposed issuance of preferred shares or any modification of the rights of any outstanding class or series of preferred shares.
Rules for Admission to and Calling Annual Shareholders’ Meetings and Extraordinary Shareholders’ Meetings
Access to, Participation in and Voting Rights at Shareholders’ Meetings (Article 22 of the By-laws)
The right to participate in a shareholders’ meeting is granted to all shareholders, regardless of the number of shares they hold, whose shares are paid up or for whom a right to attend a shareholders’ meetings is established by registration of the shares in an account in the name of the shareholder or the intermediary registered on his or her behalf, on the second business day prior to the shareholders’ meeting, at midnight (Paris time), either in the registered share accounts held by us, or in the bearer share accounts held by the authorized intermediary.
Each shareholder has the right to attend the meetings, participate in the discussions and vote (1) in person, (2) by granting a proxy to any individual or legal entity of his choosing, (3) by sending a proxy to us without indication of the beneficiary (in which case such proxy shall be cast in favor of the resolutions supported by the executive board), or (4) by correspondence.
Shareholders may, in accordance with legal and regulatory requirements, send their vote or proxy, either by hard copy or via telecommunications means. The final date for returning such vote or proxy is set by the executive board and disclosed in the notice of meeting published in the French Journal of Mandatory Statutory Notices (Bulletin des Annonces Légales Obligatoires, or “BALO”). This date cannot be earlier than (1) at least three days prior to the meeting, in the case of hard copies, (2) by 3:00 p.m. (Paris time) on the day before the meeting, in the case of, electronic votes by email and (3) by 3:00 p.m. (Paris time) on the day before the meeting, in the case of electronic proxies.
Shareholders sending their vote within the applicable time limit, using the form provided to them by us for this purpose, are deemed present or represented at the shareholders’ meeting for purposes of quorum and majority calculation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The voting by correspondence form addressed to a shareholder is only valid for a single meeting or for successive meetings convened with the same agenda.
To better understand the voting rights of the ADSs, you should carefully read the section of this prospectus titled “Description of American Depositary Shares—Voting Rights.”
Notice of Annual Shareholders’ Meetings
Shareholders’ meetings are convened by our executive board, or, failing that, by our supervisory board, our statutory auditors, by a court appointed agent or liquidator in certain circumstances, or by the majority shareholder in capital or voting rights following a change in control. Meetings are held at our registered offices or at any other location indicated in the convening notice.
A first convening notice (avis de réunion) must be published in the BALO at least 35 days prior to the meeting as well as on our website at least 21 days prior to the meeting. The convening notice must include the meeting’s agenda and the draft resolutions that will be presented at the meeting. A request to include any issues or draft resolutions in the agenda must be addressed to the company in accordance with French law.
Subject to special legal provisions provided by French law, the convening notice (avis de convocation) must be given at least 15 days before the date of the meeting, by means of a notice inserted in the French BALO and a legal announcement bulletin of the registered office department of the Company. Further, holders of registered shares for at least a month at the time of the latest insertion of the notices shall be summoned individually, by regular letter or by registered letter if the shareholders so request and include an advance of expenses, sent to their last known address. This notice to registered shareholders may also be transmitted by electronic means of telecommunication, in lieu of any such mailing, to any relevant shareholder requesting it beforehand by registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt in accordance with legal and regulatory requirements, specifying his e-mail address. A shareholder may request, at any time, by registered letter to the company with acknowledgement of receipt that electronic means of telecommunication is no longer acceptable and should be replaced by a mailing.
The convening notice must also include the conditions under which shareholders may vote by correspondence and how they can obtain voting forms by mail.
The convening notice may be sent, when appropriate, with a proxy form and a voting by correspondence form, under the conditions specified in our By-laws, or with a voting by correspondence form alone, under the conditions specified in our By-laws.
When the shareholders’ meeting cannot deliberate due to quorum not being met, the second meeting must be called at least 10 days in advance and in the same manner as the first notice.
Agenda and Conduct of Annual Shareholders’ Meetings (Article 22 of the By-laws)
The agenda of the shareholders’ meeting shall appear in the convening notice of the meeting and is set by the author of the notice. The shareholders’ meeting may only deliberate on the items on the agenda except for the removal of members of our supervisory board and the appointment of their successors, which may be put to vote by any shareholder during any shareholders’ meeting. One or more shareholders representing the percentage of share capital required by French law (i.e. as of the date of this prospectus, 5% of our share capital), and acting in accordance with legal requirements and within applicable time limits, may request the inclusion of items or proposed resolutions on the agenda. Such request must be received no later than 25 days before the shareholders’ meeting, and in any event no later than 20 days after the announcement of the shareholders’ meeting.
Shareholders’ meetings are chaired by the chairman of the supervisory board or, in his or her absence, by the vice president of the supervisory board. Failing that, the meeting itself will elect a chairman. Vote counting is performed by the two members of the meeting who are present and accept such duties, who represent, either on their own behalf or as proxies, the greatest number of votes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ordinary Shareholders’ Meeting (Article 22 of the By-laws)
Ordinary shareholders’ meetings are those meetings called to make any and all decisions that do not result in a modification of our By-laws. In addition, pursuant to an AMF recommendation dated June 15, 2015, French listed companies may be required to conduct a consultation of the ordinary shareholders’ meeting prior to the disposal of the majority of their assets, under certain circumstances.
An ordinary shareholders’ meeting shall be convened at least once a year within six months of the end of each fiscal year in order to approve the annual and consolidated accounts for the relevant fiscal year or, in case of postponement, within the period established by court order. Upon first notice, the meeting may validly deliberate only if the shareholders present, represented by proxy or voting by mail represent at least one-fifth of the shares entitled to vote. Upon second notice, no quorum is required. This differs from Nasdaq rules that require 331∕3% of shareholders be present at a meeting. Decisions are made by a majority of the votes cast by the shareholders present, represented by proxy, or voting by mail. The votes cast do not include those attached to shares for which the shareholder did not participate in the vote, abstained, voted blank or the vote is otherwise void.
Extraordinary Shareholders’ Meeting (Article 22 of the By-laws)
Only an extraordinary shareholders’ meeting is authorized to amend our By-laws. It may not, however, increase shareholders’ commitments without the approval of each shareholder. Subject to the legal provisions governing share capital increases from reserves, profits or share premiums, the resolutions of the extraordinary meeting will be valid only if the shareholders present, represented by proxy or voting by mail represent at least one-fourth of all shares entitled to vote upon first notice, or one-fifth upon second notice. If the latter quorum is not reached, the second meeting may be postponed to a date no later than two months after the date for which it was initially called. Decisions are made by a two-thirds majority vote cast by the shareholders present, represented by proxy, or voting by mail. The votes cast do not include those attached to shares for which the shareholder did not participate in the vote, abstained, voted blank or the vote is otherwise void.
In addition to the right to obtain certain information regarding us at any time, any shareholder may, from the date on which a shareholders’ meeting is convened until the fourth business day preceding the date of the shareholders’ meeting, submit written questions relating to the agenda for the meeting to our executive board. Our executive board is required to respond to these questions during the meeting.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the rules governing meetings and deliberations of assemblies and governing bodies of French legal entities held until November 30, 2020 were temporarily adapted to allow, in particular, closed-doors meetings.
Provisions Having the Effect of Delaying, Deferring or Preventing a Change in Control of the Company
Provisions contained in our By-laws and the corporate laws of France could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us, even if doing so might be beneficial to our shareholders. In addition, provisions of French law and our By-laws impose various procedural and other requirements, which could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect certain corporate actions. These provisions include the following:
⯀ | provisions of French law allowing the owner of 90% of the share capital or voting rights of a public company to force out the minority shareholders following a tender offer made to all shareholders are only applicable to companies listed on a regulated market or a multilateral trading facility in a Member State of the EU or in a state party of the European Economic Area Agreement, including the main French stock exchange, and will therefore be applicable to us only if we continue to dual-list in France; |
⯀ | a merger (i.e., in a French law context, a stock-for-stock exchange after which our Company would be dissolved without being liquidated into the acquiring entity and our shareholders would become shareholders of the acquiring entity) of our Company into a company incorporated in the EU would require the approval of our executive board as well as a two-thirds majority of the votes cast by the shareholders present, represented by proxy or voting by mail at the relevant meeting; |
⯀ | a merger of our Company into a company incorporated outside of the EU would require the unanimous approval of our shareholders; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | under French law, a cash merger is treated as a share purchase and would require the consent of each participating shareholder; |
⯀ | our shareholders have granted and may grant in the future to our executive board broad authorizations to increase our share capital or to issue additional ordinary shares or other securities (for example, warrants) to our shareholders, the public or qualified investors, including as a possible defense following the launching of a tender offer for our shares; |
⯀ | our shareholders have preferential subscription rights proportional to their shareholding in our Company on the issuance by us of any additional shares or securities giving right, immediately or in the future, to new shares for cash or a set-off of cash debts, which rights may only be waived by the extraordinary shareholders’ general meeting (by a two-thirds majority vote) of our shareholders or on an individual basis by each shareholder; |
⯀ | our supervisory board has the right to appoint new members to fill a vacancy created by the resignation or death of a member, subject to the approval by the shareholders of such appointment at the next shareholders’ meeting, which prevents shareholders from having the sole right to fill vacancies on our supervisory board; |
⯀ | the members of our executive board are appointed by our supervisory board and can be removed either by our supervisory board or at the shareholders’ general meeting; |
⯀ | our supervisory board can only be convened by its chairman, or by its vice-president or, on a reasoned request (e.g. when no board meeting has been held for more than two consecutive months), by (1) members representing at least one-third of the total number of members of our supervisory board or (2) a member of the executive board; |
⯀ | our supervisory board’s meetings can only be regularly held if at least half of its members attend either physically or by way of videoconference or teleconference, enabling the members’ identification and ensuring their effective participation in the supervisory board’s decisions; |
⯀ | our shares are nominative or bearer, if the legislation so permits, according to the shareholder’s choice; |
⯀ | under French law, (a) any non-French citizen, (b) any French citizen not residing in France, (c) any non-French entity or (d) any French entity controlled by one of the aforementioned persons or entities may have to file a declaration for statistical purposes with the Bank of France (Banque de France) within 20 working days following the date of certain direct foreign investment in us, including any purchase of our ADSs. In particular, such filings are required in connection with investments exceeding €15,000,000 that lead to the acquisition of at least 10% of our share capital or voting rights or cross such 10% threshold; see “—Form, Holding and Transfer of Shares—Ownership of Shares and ADSs by Non-French Persons”; |
⯀ | under French law, certain investments in any entity governed by a French law relating to certain strategic industries (such as research and development in biotechnologies and activities relating to public health) and activities by individuals or entities not French, not resident in France or controlled by entities not French or not resident in France are subject to prior authorization of the Ministry of Economy; see “Limitations Affecting Shareholders of a French Company;” |
⯀ | approval of at least a majority of the votes held by shareholders present, represented by a proxy, or voting by mail at the relevant ordinary shareholders’ general meeting is required to remove members of the supervisory board with or without cause; |
⯀ | advance notice is required for nominations to the members of the supervisory board or for proposing matters to be acted upon at a shareholders’ meeting, except that a vote to remove and replace a member of our supervisory board can be proposed at any shareholders’ meeting without notice; |
⯀ | pursuant to French law, our By-laws, including the sections relating to the number of our supervisory board’s members and election and removal of a member of the supervisory board from office, may only be modified by a resolution adopted by a two-thirds majority vote of our shareholders present, represented by a proxy or voting by mail at the meeting; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | in the event where certain ownership thresholds would be crossed, a number of disclosures should be made by the relevant shareholder and can impose certain obligations; see “—Declaration of Crossing of Ownership Thresholds”; and |
⯀ | transfers of shares shall comply with applicable insider trading rules and regulations, and in particular with the MAR. |
Declaration of Crossing of Ownership Thresholds
Subject to requirements of French law, our By-laws do not require any specified disclosure by shareholders that cross ownership thresholds with respect to our share capital, except as described in “—Form, Holding and Transfer of Shares—Ownership of Shares and ADSs by Non-French Persons.”
The absence of specific requirements in our By-laws is without prejudice to the following disclosures which are applicable to us in accordance with French legal and regulatory provisions, it being understood that the following is a summary which is not intended to be a complete description of applicable rules under French law.
Any individual or legal entity referred to in Articles L. 233-7, L. 233-9 and L. 233-10 of the French Commercial Code coming to directly or indirectly own, or cease to own, alone or in concert, a number of shares representing a fraction of our capital or voting rights greater or equal to 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 33.33%, 50%, 66.66%, 90% and 95% shall inform us as well as the AMF of the total number of shares and voting rights and of securities giving access to the capital or voting rights that it owns immediately or over time within a period of four trading days from the crossing of the said holding thresholds.
This obligation also applies when crossing each of the above-mentioned thresholds in a downward direction.
In case of failure to declare shares or voting rights exceeding the fraction that should have been declared, such shares shall be deprived of voting rights at shareholders’ meetings for any meeting that would be held until the expiry of a period of two years from the date of regularization of the notification in accordance with Article L. 233-14 of the French Commercial Code. Additional sanctions may apply pursuant to Article L. 621-15 of the French Monetary and Financial Code.
In addition, any shareholder crossing, alone or acting in concert, the 10%, 15%, 20% or 25% threshold shall file a declaration with the AMF pursuant to which it shall expose its intention over the following six months, including notably whether it intends to continue acquiring our shares, it intends to acquire control over us and its intended strategy for us.
Further, and subject to certain exemptions, any shareholder crossing, alone or acting in concert, the 30% threshold shall file a mandatory public tender offer with the AMF. Also, any shareholder holding directly or indirectly a number between 30% and 50% of the capital or voting rights and who, in less than 12 consecutive months, increases his/her/its holding of capital or voting rights by at least 1% of our capital or voting rights, shall file a mandatory public tender offer.
Changes in Share Capital
Increases in Share Capital
Pursuant to French law, our share capital may be increased only with shareholders’ approval at an extraordinary general shareholders’ meeting following the recommendation of our executive board. The shareholders may delegate to our executive board either the authority (délégation de compétence) or the power (délégation de pouvoir) to carry out any increase in share capital in accordance with applicable laws.
Increases in our share capital may be effected by:
⯀ | issuing additional shares; |
⯀ | increasing the par value of existing shares; |
⯀ | creating a new class of equity securities; and |
⯀ | exercising the rights attached to securities giving access to the share capital. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Increases in share capital by issuing additional securities may be effected through one or more of the following:
⯀ | issuances in consideration for cash; |
⯀ | issuances in consideration for assets contributed in kind; |
⯀ | issuances through an exchange offer; |
⯀ | issuances by conversion of previously issued debt instruments; |
⯀ | issuances by capitalization of profits, reserves or share premium; and |
⯀ | subject to certain conditions, issuances by way of offset against debt incurred by us. |
Decisions to increase the share capital through the capitalization of reserves, profits and/or share premium require shareholders’ approval at an extraordinary general shareholders’ meeting, acting under the quorum and majority requirements applicable to ordinary shareholders’ meetings. Increases in share capital effected by an increase in the par value of shares require unanimous approval of the shareholders, unless effected by capitalization of reserves, profits or share premium. All other capital increases require shareholders’ approval at an extraordinary general shareholders’ meeting acting under the regular quorum and majority requirements for such meetings.
Reduction in Share Capital
Pursuant to French law, any reduction in our share capital requires shareholders’ approval at an extraordinary general shareholders’ meeting following the recommendation of our executive board. The share capital may be reduced either by decreasing the par value of the outstanding shares or by reducing the number of outstanding shares. The number of outstanding shares may be reduced by the repurchase and cancellation of shares. Holders of each class of shares must be treated equally unless each affected shareholder agrees otherwise.
Preferential Subscription Right
According to French law, if we issue additional shares or securities giving right, immediately or in the future, to new shares for cash, current shareholders will have preferential subscription rights to these securities on a pro rata basis. Preferential subscription rights entitle the individual or entity that holds them to subscribe proportionally to the number of shares held by them to the issuance of any securities increasing, or that may result in an increase of, our share capital by means of a cash payment or a set-off of cash debts. The preferential subscription rights may be transferred and/or sold during the subscription period relating to a particular offering. Pursuant to French law, the preferential subscription rights will be transferable during a period starting two days prior to the opening of the subscription period and ending two days prior to the closing of the subscription period.
The preferential subscription rights with respect to any particular offering may be waived at an extraordinary general meeting by a two-thirds vote of our shareholders or individually by each shareholder. Our executive board and our independent auditors are required by French law to present reports to the shareholders’ meeting that specifically address any proposal to waive the preferential subscription rights.
Further, to the extent permitted under French law, we may seek, during an extraordinary general shareholders’ meeting, the approval of the shareholders to waive their preferential subscription rights in order to authorize the executive board to issue additional shares and/or other securities convertible or exchangeable into shares.
Form, Holding and Transfer of Shares
Form of Shares
Pursuant to our By-laws, our shares may be held in registered or bearer form, at each shareholder’s discretion.
Further, in accordance with applicable laws, we may request at any time from the central depositary responsible for holding our shares or directly to one or several intermediaries listed in Article L. 211-3 of the French Monetary and Financial Code, information regarding the owners of our shares or securities, if any, giving immediate or future voting rights at our shareholders’ meetings in accordance with Article L. 228-2 of the French Commercial Code.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Holding of Shares (Article 7 of the By-laws)
In accordance with French law concerning the “dematerialization” of securities, the ownership rights of shareholders are represented by book entries instead of share certificates. Shares are registered in individual accounts maintained by us or by an authorized intermediary (depending on the form of the relevant shares) appointed by us or the relevant shareholder in the name of each shareholder and are kept in accordance with French law. Each shareholder’s account shows the name of the relevant shareholder and number of shares held.
Ownership of Shares and ADSs by Non-French Persons
Neither the French Commercial Code nor our By-laws presently impose any restrictions on the right of non-French residents or non-French shareholders to own and vote shares.
However, (a) any non-French citizen, (b) any French citizen not residing in France, (c) any non-French entity or (d) any French entity controlled by one of the aforementioned persons or entities may have to file a declaration for statistical purposes with the Bank of France (Banque de France) within twenty working days following the date of certain direct foreign investments in us, including any purchase of our ADSs. In particular, such filings are required in connection with investments exceeding €15,000,000 that lead to the acquisition of at least 10% of our share capital or voting rights or cross such 10% threshold. Violation of this filing requirement may be sanctioned by five years of imprisonment and a fine of up to twice the amount of the relevant investment. This amount may be increased fivefold if the violation is made by a legal entity.
Moreover, under French law, certain investments in any entity governed by a French law relating to certain strategic industries (such as research and development in biotechnologies and activities relating to public health) and activities by individuals or entities not French, not resident in France or controlled by entities not French or not resident in France are subject to prior authorization of the Ministry of Economy. See “Limitations Affecting Shareholders of a French Company.”
Assignment and Transfer of Shares
Shares are freely negotiable, subject to applicable legal and regulatory provisions (including, in particular, the prohibition on insider trading).
Equity Incentives
See “Management—Equity Incentives” for a description of securities granted by our executive board to our founders, officers, employees and other service providers.
Differences in Corporate Law
The laws applicable to French sociétés anonymes differ from laws applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of certain differences between the provisions of the French Commercial Code applicable to us and the Delaware General Corporation Law relating to shareholders’ rights and protections. This summary is not intended to be a complete discussion of the respective rights and it is qualified in its entirety by reference to Delaware law and French law.
Number of Directors | | | Under French law, a société anonyme with an executive board (directoire) and a supervisory board (conseil de surveillance) (i) must have at least 2 (or 1 when its share capital is below €150,000) and may have up to 5 (or 7 when the company is listed on a regulated market) executive board members and (ii) must have at least three but no more than 18 supervisory board members. The number of members is fixed by or in the manner provided in the by-laws. The | | | Under Delaware law, a corporation must have at least one director and the number of directors shall be fixed by or in the manner provided in the certificate of incorporation or by-laws. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| | | members of the supervisory board are appointed at the shareholders’ general meetings. The number of supervisory board members of each gender may not be less than 40%. As an exception, for a supervisory board having up to 8 members, the difference between each gender may not exceed 2. Any appointment made in violation thereof will be null and void. Moreover, the deliberations of the board in which the member appointed in contravention of the aforementioned rule would have participated will also be deemed null and void. | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Director Qualifications | | | Under French law, a corporation may prescribe qualifications for executive and supervisory board members under its by-laws. In addition, under French law, members of a supervisory board of a corporation may be legal entities, and such legal entities may designate an individual to represent them and to act on their behalf at meetings of the supervisory board. However, only individuals may be appointed members of an executive board. | | | Under Delaware law, a corporation may prescribe qualifications for directors under its certificate of incorporation or by-laws. Under Delaware law, only individuals may be members of a corporation’s board of directors. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Removal of Directors | | | Under French law, the supervisory board members may be removed from office, at any time, with or without cause, at any shareholders’ meeting by a simple majority vote. The members of the executive board may be removed at the shareholders’ meeting or, if provided in the by-laws, by the supervisory board. The executive board member removed without cause may claim damages. | | | Under Delaware law, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, directors may be removed from office, with or without cause, by a majority stockholder vote, though in the case of a corporation (1) whose board of directors is classified, stockholders may effect such removal only for cause (unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise), or (2) who has cumulative voting, if less than the entire board of directors is to be removed, no director may be removed without cause if the votes cast against such director’s removal would be sufficient to elect such director if then cumulatively voted at an election of the entire board of directors, or, if there are classes of directors, at an election of the class of directors of which such director is a part. |
| | | | | | | |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Vacancies on the Board of Directors | | | Under French law, vacancies on the executive board resulting from death or a resignation or for any other reason will have to be filled by the supervisory board within two months, unless the supervisory board decides to amend the number of executive board meetings. Vacancies on the supervisory board may be filled temporarily by such board pending ratification by the next shareholders’ meeting. The shareholders’ meeting will immediately be held to appoint new supervisory board members if their number went below the minimum required by law. | | | Under Delaware law, unless the certificate of incorporation or by-laws provide otherwise, vacancies on a corporation’s board of directors, including those caused by an increase in the number of directors, may be filled by stockholders or by a majority of the remaining directors. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Annual General Meeting | | | Under French law, the annual general meeting of shareholders shall be held at such place, on such date and at such time as decided each year by the executive board and notified to the shareholders in the convening notice of the annual meeting, within six months after the close of the relevant fiscal year unless such period is extended by court order. | | | Under Delaware law, the annual meeting of stockholders shall be held at such place, on such date and at such time as may be designated from time to time by the board of directors or as provided in the certificate of incorporation or by the by-laws, provided that the court may order an annual meeting upon the application of a director or stockholder if a corporation has not held a meeting within 30 days of a date designated for the meeting or within 13 months after the latest of the Company’s organization, the last annual meeting or the last action by written consent to elect directors. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
General Meeting | | | Under French law, general meetings of the shareholders may be called by the executive board or, failing that, by the statutory auditors, or by a court appointed agent (mandataire ad hoc) or liquidator in certain circumstances, or by the majority shareholder in capital or voting rights following a public tender offer or exchange offer or the transfer of a controlling block, on the date decided by the executive board or the relevant person. General meetings of the shareholders may also be called by the supervisory board. | | | Under Delaware law, special meetings of the stockholders may be called by the board of directors or by such person or persons as may be authorized by the certificate of incorporation or by the by-laws. |
| | | | | | | |
Notice of General Meetings | | | A first convening notice must be published in the mandatory statutory notices (BALO) at least 35 days prior to the meeting. Subject to limited exceptions provided by French law, additional convening notices must be given at least 15 days before the date of the meeting, by means of a notice inserted in both the BALO and a newspaper for legal notices (journal d’annonces légales) of the registered office department of the Company. Further, the shareholders holding registered shares for at | | | Under Delaware law, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or by-laws, written notice of any meeting of the stockholders generally must be given to each stockholder entitled to vote at the meeting not less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting and shall specify the place, date, hour, and (in the case of a special meeting of stockholders) purpose or purposes of the meeting. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| | | least one month at the time of the latest insertion of the notices shall be summoned individually, by regular letter or by registered letter if the shareholders so request and include an advance of expenses, sent to their last known address. This notice to registered shareholders may also be transmitted by electronic means of telecommunication, in lieu of any such mailing, to any relevant shareholder requesting it beforehand by registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt in accordance with legal and regulatory requirements, specifying his e-mail address. When the shareholders’ meeting cannot deliberate due to the lack of required quorum, the second meeting must be called at least ten calendar days in advance in the same manner as used for the first notice. The convening notice shall specify the name, acronym, legal form, share capital, registered office address and registration number with the French Trade and Companies Register (Registre du commerce et des sociétés) of the company and the place, date, hour, agenda and nature (ordinary or extraordinary) of the meeting.
This notice must also indicate the conditions under which the shareholders may vote by correspondence and the places and conditions in which they can obtain voting forms by mail and, as the case may be, the email address to which they may send written questions. | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Proxy | | | Under French law, any shareholder may attend the meetings and vote (1) in person, or (2) by granting a proxy to any person, or (3) by sending a proxy to us without indication of the beneficiary (in which case, such proxy shall be cast in favor of the resolutions supported by the executive board), or (4) by correspondence, or by videoconference or another means of telecommunication allowing identification of the relevant shareholder in accordance with applicable laws. The proxy is only valid for a single meeting or successive meeting convened with the same agenda. It can also be granted for two meetings, one ordinary, the other extraordinary, held within a period of fifteen days. | | | Under Delaware law, at any meeting of stockholders, a stockholder may designate another person to act for such stockholder by proxy, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Shareholder action by written consent | | | Under French law, shareholders’ action by written consent is not permitted in a société anonyme. | | | Under Delaware law, unless otherwise provided in a corporation’s certificate of incorporation, stockholders may act by written consent signed by stockholders having the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Preemptive Rights | | | Under French law, in case of issuance of additional shares or other securities giving the right, immediately or in the future, to new shares for cash or set-off against cash debts, the existing shareholders have preferential subscription rights to these securities on a pro rata basis unless such rights are waived by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast by the shareholders present, represented by proxy or voting by mail at the extraordinary meeting deciding or authorizing the capital increase. The votes cast do not include votes attached to shares held by shareholders who did not take part in the vote, abstained or whose votes were blank or null. In case such rights are not waived by the extraordinary general meeting, each shareholder may either exercise, assign or not exercise its preferential rights. Preferential subscription rights may only be exercised during the subscription period. In accordance with French law, the exercise period shall not be less than five trading days. Thus, the preferential subscription rights are transferable during a period equivalent to the subscription period but starting two business days prior to the opening of the subscription period and ending two business days prior to the closing of the subscription period. | | | Under Delaware law, unless otherwise provided in a corporation’s certificate of incorporation, a stockholders does not, by operation of law, possess preemptive rights to subscribe to additional issuances of the corporation’s stock. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Sources of Dividends | | | Under French law, dividends may only be paid by a French société anonyme out of “distributable profits,” plus any distributable reserves and “distributable premium” that the shareholders decide to make available for distribution, other than those reserves that are specifically required by law.
“Distributable profits” (bénéfices distribuables) consist of the unconsolidated net profits of the relevant corporation for each fiscal year, as increased or reduced by any profit or loss carried forward from prior years.
“Distributable premium” refers to the | | | Under Delaware law, subject to any restrictions under a corporation’s certificate of incorporation, dividends may be paid by a Delaware corporation either out of (1) surplus or (2) in case there is no surplus, out of its net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and/or the preceding fiscal year, except when the Delaware statutory capital is diminished by depreciation in the value of its property, or by losses, or otherwise, to an amount less than the aggregate amount of capital represented by issued and outstanding stock having a preference on the distribution of assets. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| | | contribution paid by the shareholders in addition to the par value of their shares for their subscription that the shareholders decide to make available for distribution.
| | | | |
| | | Except in the case of a share capital reduction, no distribution can be made to the shareholders when the net equity is, or would become, lower than the amount of the share capital plus the reserves which cannot be distributed in accordance with the law or the by-laws. | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Repurchase of Shares | | | Under French law, a corporation may acquire its own shares.
| | | Under Delaware law, a corporation may generally redeem or repurchase shares of its stock unless the Delaware statutory capital of the corporation is impaired or such redemption or repurchase would impair the capital of the corporation. | |
| | | Such acquisition may be challenged on the ground of market abuse regulations. However, MAR provides for safe harbor exemptions when the acquisition is made for the following purposes: | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | • | | | to decrease its share capital, provided that such decision is not driven by losses and that a purchase offer is made to all shareholders on a pro rata basis, with the approval of the shareholders at the extraordinary general meeting deciding the capital reduction, in which case, the shares repurchased must be cancelled within one month from the expiry of the purchase offer; | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | • | | | with a view to distributing within one year of their repurchase the relevant shares to employees or managers under a profit-sharing, restricted free share or share option plan, not to exceed 10% of the share capital; in which case the shares repurchased must be distributed within 12 months from their repurchase failing which they must be cancelled; or | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | • | | | to meet obligations arising from debt securities that are exchangeable into equity instruments. | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | A simple exemption is provided when the acquisition is made under a liquidity contract in the context of a buy-back program to be authorized by the shareholders in accordance with the provisions of Article L. 225-209 of the French Commercial Code and in accordance with AMF General Regulations. | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| | | All other purposes, and especially share buy-backs for external growth operations by virtue of Article L. 225-209 of the French Commercial Code, while not forbidden, must be pursued in strict compliance of market manipulations and insider dealing rules. | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Under the MAR and in accordance with the General Regulations of the AMF, a corporation shall report to the AMF, no later than by the end of the seventh daily market session following the date of the execution of the transaction, all transactions relating to the buy-back program in a detailed form and in an aggregated form. By exception, a corporation shall provide to the AMF, on a monthly basis, and to the public, on a biannual basis, a summary report of the transactions made under a liquidity contract. | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Liability of Directors and Officers | | | Under French law, by-laws may not include any provisions limiting the liability of the members of the executive and supervisory boards. | | | Under Delaware law, a corporation’s certificate of incorporation may generally include a provision eliminating or limiting the personal liability of a director to the corporation and its stockholders for damages arising from a breach of fiduciary duty as a director. However, no provision can limit the liability of a director for: |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | • | | | any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders; |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | • | | | acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | • | | | intentional or negligent payment of unlawful dividends or stock purchases or redemptions; or |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | • | | | any transaction from which the director derives an improper personal benefit. |
| |
Voting Rights | | | French law provides that, unless otherwise provided in the by-laws, each shareholder is entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such shareholder. As of April 2016, double voting rights are automatically granted to the shares being registered since more than two years, unless the by-laws are modified in order to provide otherwise. | | | Delaware law provides that, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, each stockholder is entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such stockholder. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Shareholder Vote on Certain Transactions | | | Generally, under French law, completion of a merger or dissolution requires: | | | Generally, under Delaware law, unless the certificate of incorporation provides for the vote of a larger portion of the stock or under other certain circumstances, completion of a merger, consolidation, sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of a corporation’s assets or dissolution requires: |
| | | | | | |
| | • | | | the approval of the executive board; and | |
| | | | | | |
| | • | | | the approval by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast by the shareholders present, represented by proxy or voting by mail at the relevant meeting, or in the case of a merger with a non-EU company, approval of all the shareholders of the corporation. | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | • | | | the approval of the board of directors; and |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | • | | | approval by the vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding stock or, if the certificate of incorporation provides for more or less than one vote per share, a majority of the votes of the outstanding stock of a corporation entitled to vote on the matter. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dissent or Dissenters’ Appraisal Rights | | | French law does not provide for any such right but provides that a merger is subject to shareholders’ approval by a two-thirds majority vote as stated above. | | | Under Delaware law, a holder of shares of any class or series has the right, in specified circumstances, to dissent from a merger or consolidation by demanding payment in cash for the stockholder’s shares equal to the fair value of those shares, as determined by the Delaware Court of Chancery in an action timely brought by the corporation or a dissenting stockholder. Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, Delaware law grants these appraisal rights only in the case of mergers or consolidations and not in the case of a sale or transfer of assets or a purchase of assets for stock. Further, no appraisal rights are available for shares of any class or series that is listed on a national securities exchange or held of record by more than 2,000 stockholders, unless the agreement of merger or consolidation requires the holders to accept for their shares anything other than: |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | • | | | shares of stock of the surviving corporation |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | • | | | shares of stock of another corporation that are either listed on a national securities exchange or held of record by more than 2,000 stockholders; |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | • | | | cash in lieu of fractional shares of the stock described in the two preceding bullet points; or |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | • | | | any combination of the above. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| | | | | | | | | In addition, appraisal rights are not available to holders of shares of the surviving corporation in specified mergers that do not require the vote of the stockholders of the surviving corporation. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Standard of Conduct for Directors | | | French law does not contain specific provisions setting forth the standard of conduct of an executive or supervisory board member. However, the members have a duty of loyalty, a duty to act without self-interest, on a well-informed basis and they cannot make any decision against a corporation’s corporate interest (intérêt social). | | | Delaware law does not contain specific provisions setting forth the standard of conduct of a director. The scope of the fiduciary duties of directors is generally determined by the courts of the State of Delaware. In general, directors have a duty to act without self-interest, on a well-informed basis and in a manner they reasonably believe to be in the best interest of the stockholders. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Shareholder Suits | | | French law provides that a shareholder, or a group of shareholders, may initiate a legal action to seek indemnification from the members of the executive board (but not from the supervisory board members) of a corporation in the corporation’s interest if it fails to bring such legal action itself. If so, any damages awarded by the court are paid to the corporation and any legal fees relating to such action are borne by the relevant shareholder or the group of shareholders. The plaintiff must remain a shareholder throughout the duration of the legal action. There is no other case where shareholders may initiate a derivative action to enforce a right of a corporation. A shareholder may alternatively or cumulatively, as the case may be, bring an individual legal action against the members of the executive or supervisory boards, provided he has suffered distinct damages from those suffered by the corporation. In this case, any damages awarded by the court are paid to the relevant shareholder. | | | Under Delaware law, a stockholder may initiate a derivative action to enforce a right of a corporation if the corporation fails to enforce the right itself. The complaint must: |
| | | | | | |
| | | • | | | State that the plaintiff was a stockholder at the time of the transaction of which the plaintiff complains or that the plaintiff’s shares thereafter devolved on the plaintiff by operation of law; and |
| | | | | | |
| | | • | | | Allege with particularity the efforts made by the plaintiff to obtain the action the plaintiff desires from the directors and the reasons for the plaintiff’s failure to obtain the action; or |
| | | | | | |
| | | • | | | State the reasons for not making the effort. |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | Additionally, the plaintiff must remain a stockholder through the duration of the derivative suit. The action will not be dismissed or settled without the approval of the Delaware Court of Chancery. Stockholders can also under some circumstances bring “direct” claims that belong only to the stockholder to challenge directors’ conduct. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation | | | Unlike companies incorporated under Delaware law, the organizational documents of which comprise both a certificate of incorporation and by-laws, companies incorporated under French law only have by-laws (statuts) as organizational documents. As indicated in the paragraph below, only the extraordinary shareholders’ meeting is authorized to adopt or amend the by-laws under French law. | | | Under Delaware law, generally a corporation may amend its certificate of incorporation if: |
| | | | | |
| | • | | | its board of directors has adopted a resolution setting forth the amendment proposed and declared its advisability, and |
| | | | | |
| | • | | | the amendment is adopted by the affirmative votes of a majority (or greater percentage as may be specified by the corporation) of the voting power of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the amendment and a majority (or greater percentage as may be specified by the corporation) of the voting power of the outstanding shares of each class or series of stock, if any, entitled to vote on the amendment as a class or series. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amendment of By-laws | | | Under French law, only the extraordinary shareholders’ meeting is authorized to adopt or amend the by-laws. The extraordinary shareholders' meeting may authorize the supervisory board to amend the by-laws to comply with legal provisions, subject to the ratification of such amendments by the next extraordinary shareholders’ meeting. | | | Under Delaware law, the stockholders entitled to vote have the power to adopt, amend or repeal by-laws. A corporation may also confer, in its certificate of incorporation, that power upon the board of directors. |
Legal Name; Formation; Fiscal Year; Registered Office
Our legal and commercial name is Nanobiotix S.A. We were incorporated as a société anonyme under the laws of the French Republic on March 4, 2003 for a period of 99 years. We are registered at the Paris Registre du Commerce et des Sociétés under the number 447 521 600 00034. Our principal executive offices are located at 60, rue de Wattignies, 75012 Paris, France, and our telephone number is +33 1 40 26 04 70. Our agent for service of process in the United States will be our U.S. subsidiary, Nanobiotix Corporation. Our fiscal year ends December 31.
Listing
We have applied to list the ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “NBTX.” Our ordinary shares are currently listed on Euronext Paris under the symbol “NANO.”
Transfer Agent and Registrar
Upon the closing of the offering, the transfer agent and registrar for the ADSs will be Citibank, N.A. The transfer agent and registrar for our ordinary shares is CIC Securities. Our share register is currently maintained by CIC Securities. The share register reflects only record owners of our ordinary shares. Holders of our ADSs will not be treated as one of our shareholders and their names will therefore not be entered in our share register. The depositary, the custodian or their nominees will be the holder of the shares underlying our ADSs. Holders of our ADSs have a right to receive the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs. For a discussion on our ADSs and ADS holder rights, see “Description of American Depositary Shares” in this prospectus.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIMITATIONS AFFECTING SHAREHOLDERS OF A FRENCH COMPANY
Ownership of ADSs or Shares by Non-French Residents
Neither the French Commercial Code nor our By-laws presently impose any restrictions on the right of non-French residents or non-French shareholders to own and vote shares.
However, (a) any non-French citizen, (b) any French citizen not residing in France, (c) any non-French entity or (d) any French entity controlled by one of the aforementioned persons or entities may have to file a declaration for statistical purposes with the Bank of France (Banque de France) within twenty working days following the date of certain direct foreign investments in us, including any purchase of our ADSs. In particular, such filings are required in connection with investments exceeding €15,000,000 that lead to the acquisition of at least 10% of our Company’s share capital or voting rights or cross such 10% threshold. Violation of this filing requirement may be sanctioned by five years of imprisonment and a fine of up to twice the amount of the relevant investment. This amount may be increased fivefold if the violation is made by a legal entity.
Further, any investment:
(i) by (a) any non-French citizen, (b) any French citizen not residing in France, (c) any non-French entity or (d) any French entity controlled by one of the aforementioned persons or entities;
(ii) that will result in the relevant investor (a) acquiring control of an entity registered in France, (b) acquiring all or part of a business line of an entity registered in France, or (c) for non-EU or non-EEA investors crossing, directly or indirectly, alone or in concert, a 25% threshold of voting rights in an entity registered in France; and
(iii) developing activities in certain strategic industries related to (a) activity likely to prejudice national defense interests, participating in the exercise of official authority or are likely to prejudice public policy and public security (including weapons, double-use items, IT systems, cryptology, date capturing devices, gambling, toxic agents or storage of data), (b) activities relating to essential infrastructure, goods or services (including energy, water, transportation, space, telecom, public health, farm products or media), and (c) research and development activity related to critical technologies (including cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, robotics, additive manufacturing, semiconductors, quantum technologies, energy storage or biotechnology) or dual-use items,
is subject to the prior authorization of the French Ministry of Economy, which authorization may be conditioned on certain undertakings.
In the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the Decree (décret) n°2020 892 dated July 22, 2020 has created until December 31, 2020 a new 10% threshold of the voting rights for the non-European investments in listed companies, in addition to the 25% above-mentioned threshold.
A fast-track procedure shall apply for any non-European investor exceeding this 10% threshold who will have to notify the Minister of Economy who will then have 10 days to decide whether or not the transaction should be subject to further examination.
In the absence of such authorization, the relevant investment shall be deemed null and void. The relevant investor may be found criminally liable and may be sanctioned with a fine not to exceed the greater of the following amounts: (i) twice the amount of the relevant investment, (ii) 10% of the annual turnover before tax of the target company or (iii) €5 million (for a company) or €1 million (for a natural person).
Foreign Exchange Controls
Under current French foreign exchange control regulations there are no limitations on the amount of cash payments that we may remit to residents of foreign countries. Laws and regulations concerning foreign exchange controls do, however, require that all payments or transfers of funds made by a French resident to a non-resident such as dividend payments be handled by an accredited intermediary. All registered banks and substantially all credit institutions in France are accredited intermediaries.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Availability of Preferential Subscription Rights
Our shareholders will have the preferential subscription rights described under the section of this prospectus titled “Description of Share Capital—Key Provisions of Our By-laws and French Law Affecting Our Ordinary Shares—Changes in Share Capital—Preferential Subscription Right.” Under French law, shareholders have preferential rights to subscribe for cash issues of new shares or other securities giving rights to acquire additional new shares on a pro rata basis. Holders of our securities in the United States (which may be in the form of shares or ADSs) may not be able to exercise preferential subscription rights for their securities unless a registration statement under the Securities Act is effective with respect to such rights or an exemption from the registration requirements imposed by the Securities Act is available. We may, from time to time, issue new shares or other securities giving rights to acquire additional new shares (such as warrants) at a time when no registration statement is in effect and no Securities Act exemption is available. If so, holders of our securities in the United States will be unable to exercise any preferential subscription rights and their interests will be diluted. We are under no obligation to file any registration statement in connection with any issuance of new shares or other securities. We intend to evaluate at the time of any rights offering the costs and potential liabilities associated with registering the rights, as well as the indirect benefits to us of enabling the exercise by holders of shares and holders of ADSs in the United States of the subscription rights, and any other factors we consider appropriate at the time, and then to make a decision as to whether to register the rights. We cannot assure you that we will file a registration statement.
For holders of ADSs representing our shares, the depositary may make these rights or other distributions available to ADS holders. If the depositary does not make the rights available to ADS holders and determines that it is impractical to sell the rights, it may allow these rights to lapse. In that case the holders will receive no value for them. The section of this prospectus titled “Description of American Depositary Shares” explains in detail the depositary’s responsibility in connection with a rights offering. See also “Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Offering, Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares and ADSs and Our Status as a Non-U.S. Company with Foreign Private Issuer Status—The right as a holder of ADSs to participate in any future preferential subscription rights or to elect to receive dividends in shares may be limited, which may cause dilution to the holdings of purchasers of ADSs in the U.S. offering.”
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES
Citibank, N.A. (“Citibank”) has agreed to act as the depositary for the American Depositary Shares. Citibank’s depositary offices are located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013. American Depositary Shares are frequently referred to as ADSs and represent ownership interests in securities that are on deposit with the depositary. ADSs may be represented by certificates that are commonly known as ADRs. The depositary typically appoints a custodian to safekeep the securities on deposit. In this case, the custodian is Citibank Europe plc, located at 1 North Wall Quay, Dublin Ireland.
We have appointed Citibank as depositary pursuant to a deposit agreement. A copy of the deposit agreement is on file with the SEC under cover of a Registration Statement on Form F-6. You may obtain a copy of the deposit agreement from the SEC’s Public Reference Room in Room 1580, 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549-0102 and from the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov). Please refer to Registration Number 333- when retrieving such copy.
We are providing you with a summary description of the material terms of the ADSs and of your material rights as an owner of ADSs. Please remember that summaries by their nature lack the precision of the information summarized and that the rights and obligations of an owner of ADSs will be determined by reference to the terms of the deposit agreement and not by this summary. We urge you to review the deposit agreement in its entirety. The portions of this summary description that are italicized describe matters that may be relevant to the ownership of ADSs but that may not be contained in the deposit agreement.
Each ADS represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial interests in, ordinary shares that are on deposit with the depositary and/or custodian. An ADS also represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial interests in, any other property received by the depositary bank or the custodian on behalf of the owner of the ADS but that has not been distributed to the owners of ADSs because of legal restrictions or practical considerations. The custodian, the depositary and their respective nominees will hold all deposited property for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of ADSs. The deposited property does not constitute the proprietary assets of the depositary, the custodian or their nominees. Beneficial ownership in the deposited property will under the terms of the deposit agreement be vested in the beneficial owners of the ADSs. The depositary, the custodian and their respective nominees will be the record holders of the deposited property represented by the ADSs for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of the corresponding ADSs. A beneficial owner of ADSs may or may not be the holder of such ADSs. Beneficial owners of ADSs will be able to receive, and exercise beneficial ownership interests in, the deposited property only through the registered holders of the ADSs, the registered holders of the ADSs (on behalf of the applicable ADS owners) only through the depositary, and the depositary (on behalf of the owners of the corresponding ADSs) directly, or indirectly, through the custodian or their respective nominees, in each case upon the terms of the deposit agreement.
If you become an owner of ADSs, you will become a party to the deposit agreement and therefore will be bound to its terms and to the terms of any ADR that represents your ADSs. The deposit agreement and the ADR specify our rights and obligations as well as your rights and obligations as owner of ADSs and those of the depositary. As an ADS holder you appoint the depositary to act on your behalf in certain circumstances. The deposit agreement and the ADRs are governed by New York law. However, our obligations to the holders of ordinary shares will continue to be governed by the laws of France, which may be different from the laws in the United States.
In addition, applicable laws and regulations may require you to satisfy reporting requirements, obtain regulatory approvals and successfully complete pre-marketing regulatory requirements in certain circumstances. You are solely responsible for complying with such reporting requirements, obtaining such approvals and completing such requirements. Neither the depositary, the custodian, us nor any of their or our respective agents or affiliates shall be required to take any actions whatsoever on your behalf to satisfy such reporting requirements, obtain such regulatory approvals or complete such requirements under applicable laws and regulations.
As an owner of ADSs, we will not treat you as one of our shareholders and you will not have direct shareholder rights. French law governs shareholder rights. The depositary will be the holder of the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. As an owner of ADSs, you will be able to exercise the shareholders rights for the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs through the depositary only to the extent contemplated in the deposit agreement. To exercise any shareholder rights
TABLE OF CONTENTS
not contemplated in the deposit agreement you will, as an ADS owner, need to arrange for the cancellation of your ADSs and become a direct shareholder. In the event of a discrepancy between the ADRs and the deposit agreement, the deposit agreement governs.
The manner in which you own the ADSs (e.g., in a brokerage account vs. as registered holder, or as holder of certificated vs. uncertificated ADSs) may affect your rights and obligations, and the manner in which, and extent to which, the depositary bank’s services are made available to you. As an owner of ADSs, you may hold your ADSs either by means of an ADR registered in your name, through a brokerage or safekeeping account, or through an account established by the depositary bank in your name reflecting the registration of uncertificated ADSs directly on the books of the depositary bank (commonly referred to as the “direct registration system” or “DRS”). The direct registration system reflects the uncertificated (book-entry) registration of ownership of ADSs by the depositary bank. Under the direct registration system, ownership of ADSs is evidenced by periodic statements issued by the depositary bank to the holders of the ADSs. The direct registration system includes automated transfers between the depositary bank and The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), the central book-entry clearing and settlement system for equity securities in the United States. If you decide to hold your ADSs through your brokerage or safekeeping account, you must rely on the procedures of your broker or bank to assert your rights as ADS owner. Banks and brokers typically hold securities such as the ADSs through clearing and settlement systems such as DTC. The procedures of such clearing and settlement systems may limit your ability to exercise your rights as an owner of ADSs. Please consult with your broker or bank if you have any questions concerning these limitations and procedures. All ADSs held through DTC will be registered in the name of a nominee of DTC. This summary description assumes you have opted to own the ADSs directly by means of an ADS registered in your name and, as such, we will refer to you as the “holder.” When we refer to “you,” we assume the reader owns ADSs and will own ADSs at the relevant time.
The registration of the ordinary shares in the name of the depositary or the custodian shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, vest in the depositary or the custodian the record ownership in the applicable ordinary shares with the beneficial ownership rights and interests in such ordinary share being at all times vested with the beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the ordinary shares. The depositary or the custodian shall at all times be entitled to exercise the beneficial ownership rights in all deposited property, in each case only on behalf of the holders and beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the deposited property.
Dividends and Distributions
As a holder of ADSs, you generally have the right to receive the distributions we make on the securities deposited with the custodian. Your receipt of these distributions may be limited, however, by practical considerations and legal limitations. Holders of ADSs will receive such distributions under the terms of the deposit agreement in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent, held as of a specified record date and after deduction of the applicable fees, taxes and expenses.
Distributions of Cash
Whenever we make a cash distribution for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the funds with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation from the custodian of the deposit of the requisite funds, the depositary bank will arrange for the funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars to be converted into U.S. dollars and for the distribution of the U.S. dollars to the holders, subject to French laws and regulations.
The conversion into U.S. dollars will take place only if practicable and if the U.S. dollars are transferable to the United States. The depositary bank will apply the same method for distributing the proceeds of the sale of any property (such as undistributed rights) held by the custodian in respect of securities on deposit.
The distribution of cash will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. The depositary bank will hold any cash amounts it is unable to distribute in a non-interest bearing account for the benefit of the applicable holders and beneficial owners of ADSs until the distribution can be effected or the funds that the depositary bank holds must be escheated as unclaimed property in accordance with the laws of the relevant states of the United States.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Distributions of Shares
Whenever we make a free distribution of ordinary shares for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the applicable number of ordinary shares with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary will either distribute to holders new ADSs representing the ordinary shares deposited or modify the ADS-to-ordinary share ratio, in which case each ADS you hold will represent rights and interests in the additional ordinary shares so deposited. Only whole new ADSs will be distributed; fractional entitlements will be sold and the proceeds of such sale will be distributed as in the case of a cash distribution.
The distribution of new ADSs or the modification of the ADS-to-ordinary share ratio upon a distribution of ordinary shares will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes or governmental charges, the depositary may sell all or a portion of the new ordinary shares so distributed.
No such distribution of new ADSs will be made if it would violate a law (e.g., the U.S. securities laws) or if it is not operationally practicable. If the depositary does not distribute new ADSs as described above, it may sell the ordinary shares received upon the terms described in the deposit agreement and will distribute the proceeds of the sale as in the case of a distribution of cash.
Distributions of Rights
Whenever we intend to distribute rights to purchase additional ordinary shares (including through the allocation of bons de souscription d’actions (BSAs)), we will give prior notice to the depositary and we will assist the depositary in determining whether it is lawful and reasonably practicable to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders.
The depositary will establish procedures to distribute rights to purchase additional ADSs to holders and to enable such holders to exercise such rights if it is lawful and reasonably practicable to make the rights available to holders of ADSs, and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement (such as opinions to address the lawfulness of the transaction). You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges to subscribe for the new ADSs upon the exercise of your rights. The depositary is not obligated to establish procedures to facilitate the distribution and exercise by holders of rights to purchase new ordinary shares other than in the form of ADSs.
The depositary will not distribute the rights to you if:
⯀ | we do not timely request that the rights be distributed to you or we request that the rights not be distributed to you; or |
⯀ | we fail to deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary; or |
⯀ | it is not reasonably practicable to distribute the rights. |
The depositary will sell the rights that are not exercised or not distributed if such sale is lawful and reasonably practicable. The proceeds of such sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution. If the depositary is unable to sell the rights, it will allow the rights to lapse.
Elective Distributions
Whenever we intend to distribute a dividend payable at the election of shareholders either in cash or in additional shares, we will give prior notice thereof to the depositary and will indicate whether we wish the elective distribution to be made available to you. In such case, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution is lawful and reasonably practicable.
The depositary will make the election available to you only if it is reasonably practicable and if we have provided all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement. In such case, the depositary will establish procedures to enable you to elect to receive either cash or additional ADSs, in each case as described in the deposit agreement.
If the election is not made available to you, you will receive either cash or additional ADSs, depending on what a shareholder in France would receive upon failing to make an election, as more fully described in the deposit agreement.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Other Distributions
Whenever we intend to distribute property other than cash, ordinary shares or rights to purchase additional ordinary shares, we will notify the depositary in advance and will indicate whether we wish such distribution to be made to you. If so, we will assist the depositary in determining whether such distribution to holders is lawful and reasonably practicable.
If it is reasonably practicable to distribute such property to you and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary will distribute the property to the holders in a manner it deems practicable.
The distribution will be made net of fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes and governmental charges, the depositary bank may sell all or a portion of the property received.
The depositary will not distribute the property to you and will sell the property if:
⯀ | we do not request that the property be distributed to you or if we ask that the property not be distributed to you; or |
⯀ | we do not deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary bank; or |
⯀ | the depositary determines that all or a portion of the distribution to you is not reasonably practicable. |
The proceeds of such a sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution.
Redemption
Whenever we decide to redeem any of the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will notify the depositary in advance. If it is practicable and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary will provide notice of the redemption to the holders.
The custodian will be instructed to surrender the shares being redeemed against payment of the applicable redemption price. The depositary will convert the redemption funds received into U.S. dollars upon the terms of the deposit agreement and will establish procedures to enable holders to receive the net proceeds from the redemption upon surrender of their ADSs to the depositary. You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges upon the redemption of your ADSs. If less than all ADSs are being redeemed, the ADSs to be retired will be selected by lot or on a pro rata basis, as the depositary may determine after consultation with us.
Changes Affecting Ordinary Shares
The ordinary shares held on deposit for your ADSs may change from time to time. For example, there may be a change in nominal or par value, a split-up, cancellation, consolidation or reclassification of such ordinary shares or a recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets.
If any such change were to occur, your ADSs would, to the extent permitted by law and the deposit agreement, represent the right to receive the property received or exchanged in respect of the ordinary shares held on deposit. The depositary may in such circumstances deliver new ADSs to you, amend the deposit agreement, the ADRs and the applicable Registration Statement(s) on Form F-6, call for the exchange of your existing ADRs for new ADRs and take any other actions that are appropriate to reflect as to the ADSs the change affecting the ordinary shares held in deposit for your ADSs. If the depositary bank may not lawfully distribute such property to you, the depositary may sell such property and distribute the net proceeds to you as in the case of a cash distribution.
Issuance of ADSs upon Deposit of Ordinary Shares
After the completion of the offering, the ordinary shares that are being offered for sale pursuant to this prospectus will be deposited by us with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary will issue ADSs to the underwriters named in this prospectus.
After the closing of this offer, the depositary may create ADSs on your behalf if you or your broker deposit ordinary shares with the custodian. The depositary will deliver these ADSs to the person you indicate only after you pay any applicable issuance fees and any charges and taxes payable for the transfer of the ordinary shares to the custodian. Your ability to deposit ordinary shares and receive ADSs may be limited by U.S. and French legal considerations applicable at the time of deposit.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The issuance of ADSs may be delayed until the depositary or the custodian receives confirmation that all required approvals have been given and that the ordinary shares have been duly transferred to the custodian.
The depositary will only issue ADSs in whole numbers.
When you make a deposit of ordinary shares, you will be responsible for transferring good and valid title to the depositary. As such, you will be deemed to represent and warrant that:
⯀ | The ordinary shares are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid, non-assessable and legally obtained. |
⯀ | All preemptive (and similar) rights, if any, with respect to such ordinary shares have been validly waived or exercised. |
⯀ | You are duly authorized to deposit the ordinary shares. |
⯀ | The ordinary shares presented for deposit are free and clear of any lien, encumbrance, security interest, charge, mortgage or adverse claim, and are not, and the ADSs issuable upon such deposit will not be, “restricted securities” (as defined in the deposit agreement). |
⯀ | The ordinary shares presented for deposit have not been stripped of any rights or entitlements. |
If any of the representations or warranties are incorrect in any way, we and the depositary may, at your cost and expense, take any and all actions necessary to correct the consequences of the misrepresentations.
Transfer, Combination and Split Up of ADRs
As an ADR holder, you will be entitled to transfer, combine or split up your ADRs and the ADSs evidenced thereby. For transfers of ADRs, you will have to surrender the ADRs to be transferred to the depositary and also must:
⯀ | ensure that the surrendered ADR is properly endorsed or otherwise in proper form for transfer; |
⯀ | provide such proof of identity and genuineness of signatures as the depositary deems appropriate; |
⯀ | provide any transfer stamps required by the State of New York or the United States; and |
⯀ | pay all applicable fees, charges, expenses, taxes and other government charges payable by ADR holders pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon the transfer of ADRs. |
To have your ADRs either combined or split up, you must surrender the ADRs in question to the depositary with your request to have them combined or split up, and you must pay all applicable fees, charges and expenses payable by ADR holders, pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon a combination or split up of ADRs.
Withdrawal of Ordinary Shares Upon Cancellation of ADSs
As a holder, you will be entitled to present your ADSs to the depositary for cancellation and then receive the corresponding number of underlying ordinary shares at the custodian’s offices or, at your request, risk and expense, at such other place as you request. Your ability to withdraw the ordinary shares held in respect of the ADSs may be limited by U.S. and French legal considerations applicable at the time of withdrawal. In order to withdraw the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, you will be required to pay to the depositary the fees for cancellation of ADSs and any charges and taxes payable upon the transfer of the ordinary shares being withdrawn. You assume the risk for delivery of all funds and securities upon withdrawal. Once canceled, the ADSs will not have any rights under the deposit agreement.
If you hold ADSs registered in your name, the depositary may ask you to provide proof of identity and genuineness of any signature and such other documents as the depositary may deem appropriate before it will cancel your ADSs. The withdrawal of the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs may be delayed until the depositary receives satisfactory evidence of compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Please keep in mind that the depositary will only accept ADSs for cancellation that represent a whole number of securities on deposit.
You will have the right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs at any time except for:
⯀ | temporary delays that may arise because (1) the transfer books for the ordinary shares or ADSs are closed, or (2) ordinary shares are immobilized on account of a shareholders’ meeting or a payment of dividends; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | obligations to pay fees, taxes and similar charges; or |
⯀ | restrictions imposed because of laws or regulations applicable to ADSs or the withdrawal of securities on deposit. |
The deposit agreement may not be modified to impair your right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs except to comply with mandatory provisions of law.
Voting Rights
As a holder, you generally have the right under the deposit agreement to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. The voting rights of holders of ordinary shares are described in the sections of this prospectus titled “Description of Share Capital” and “Limitations Affecting Shareholders of a French Company.”
At our request, the depositary will distribute to you any notice of shareholders’ meeting received from us together with information explaining how to instruct the depositary to exercise the voting rights of the securities represented by ADSs.
If the depositary timely receives voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, it will endeavor to vote the securities (in person or by proxy) represented by the holder’s ADSs in accordance with such voting instructions.
Please note that the ability of the depositary to carry out voting instructions may be limited by practical and legal limitations and the terms of the securities on deposit. We cannot assure you that you will receive voting materials in time to enable you to return voting instructions to the depositary in a timely manner.
If the depositary receives voting instructions from a holder of ADSs that fail to specify the manner in which the depositary is to vote, the depositary will deem such holder (unless otherwise specified in the notice distributed to holders) to have instructed the depositary to vote in favor of all resolutions endorsed by the members of our supervisory board. With respect to securities represented by ADSs for which no timely voting instructions are received by the depositary from the holder, the depositary will (unless otherwise specified in the notice distributed to holders) deem such holder to have instructed the depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the securities. However, no such discretionary proxy will be given by the depositary with respect to any matter to be voted upon as to which we inform the depositary that we do not wish such proxy to be given, substantial opposition exists, or the rights of holders of securities may be materially adversely affected.
As long as, pursuant to French law, a double voting right is attached to each ordinary share which is held in registered form in the name of the same shareholder for at least two years, ordinary shares deposited with the depositary will not be entitled to double voting rights. Therefore, holders of ADSs who wish to obtain double voting rights will need to surrender their ADSs, withdraw the deposited shares, and take the necessary steps to hold such ordinary shares in registered form in the holder’s name for at least two years.
Fees and Charges
As an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following fees under the terms of the deposit agreement:
• | | | Issuance of ADSs (e.g., an issuance of ADS(s) upon a deposit of ordinary shares, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-ordinary shares ratio, or for any other reason), excluding ADS issuances as a result of distributions of ordinary shares pursuant to stock dividends or other free stock distributions or to the exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs | | | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS issued |
| | | | | | |
• | | | Cancellation of ADSs (e.g., a cancellation of ADSs for delivery of deposited ordinary shares, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-ordinary share ratio, or for any other reason) | | | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS cancelled |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• | | | Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (e.g., upon a sale of rights and other entitlements) | | | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held |
| | | | | | |
• | | | Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) stock dividends or other free stock distributions, or (ii) exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs | | | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held |
• | | | Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (e.g., upon a spin-off) | | | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held |
| | | | | | |
• | | | ADS Services | | | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established by the depositary bank |
| | | | | | |
• | | | Registration of ADS Transfers (e.g., upon a registration of the transfer of registered ownership of ADSs, upon a transfer of ADSs into DTC and vice versa, or for any other reason) | | | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS transferred |
| | | | | | |
• | | | Conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series (e.g., upon conversion of Partial Entitlement ADSs for Full Entitlement ADSs, or upon conversion of Restricted ADSs into freely transferable ADSs, and vice versa) | | | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS converted |
| | | | | | |
As an ADS holder you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as:
⯀ | taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges; |
⯀ | the registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of ordinary shares on the share register and applicable to transfers of ordinary shares to or from the name of the custodian, the depositary or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively; |
⯀ | certain cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses; |
⯀ | the fees, expenses, spreads, taxes and other charges of the depositary and/or conversion service providers in connection with the conversion of foreign currency, such fees, expenses, spreads, taxes, and other charges to be deducted from the foreign currency; |
⯀ | any reasonable and customary out-of-pocket expenses incurred in such conversion and/or on behalf of holders and beneficial owners of ADSs in complying with currency exchange control or other governmental requirements; and |
⯀ | the fees, costs and expenses incurred by the depositary, the custodian, or any nominee in connection with the servicing or delivery of deposited property. |
ADS fees and charges for (i) the issuance of ADSs, and (ii) the cancellation of ADSs are charged to the person for whom the ADSs are issued (in the case of ADS issuances) and to the person for whom ADSs are cancelled (in the case of ADS cancellations). In the case of ADSs issued by the depositary bank into DTC, the ADS issuance and cancellation fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participant(s) receiving the ADSs being issued or the DTC participant(s) holding the ADSs being cancelled, as the case may be, on behalf of the beneficial owner(s) and will be charged by the DTC participant(s) to the account of the applicable beneficial owner(s) in accordance with the procedures and practices of the DTC participants as in effect at the time. ADS fees and charges in respect of distributions and the ADS service fee are charged to the holders as of the applicable ADS record date. In the case of distributions of cash, the amount of the applicable ADS fees and charges is deducted from the funds being
TABLE OF CONTENTS
distributed. In the case of (i) distributions other than cash and (ii) the ADS service fee, holders as of the ADS record date will be invoiced for the amount of the ADS fees and charges and such ADS fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made to holders of ADSs. For ADSs held through DTC, the ADS fees and charges for distributions other than cash and the ADS service fee may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participants in accordance with the procedures and practices prescribed by DTC and the DTC participants in turn charge the amount of such ADS fees and charges to the beneficial owners for whom they hold ADSs.
In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder. Certain ADS fees and charges (such as the ADS service fee) may become payable shortly after the closing of the ADS offering.
Note that the fees and charges you may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. You will receive prior notice of such changes. The depositary may reimburse us for certain expenses incurred by us in respect of the ADR program, by making available a portion of the ADS fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary agree from time to time.
Amendments and Termination
We may agree with the depositary to modify the deposit agreement at any time without your consent. We undertake to give holders 30 days’ prior notice of any modifications that would materially prejudice any of their substantial rights under the deposit agreement. We will not consider to be materially prejudicial to your substantial rights any modifications or supplements that are reasonably necessary for the ADSs to be registered under the Securities Act or to be eligible for book-entry settlement, in each case without imposing or increasing the fees and charges you are required to pay. In addition, we may not be able to provide you with prior notice of any modifications or supplements that are required to accommodate compliance with applicable provisions of law.
You will be bound by the modifications to the deposit agreement if you continue to hold your ADSs after the modifications to the deposit agreement become effective. The deposit agreement cannot be amended to prevent you from withdrawing the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs (except as permitted by law).
We have the right to direct the depositary to terminate the deposit agreement. Similarly, the depositary may in certain circumstances on its own initiative terminate the deposit agreement. In either case, the depositary must give notice to the holders at least 30 days before termination. Until termination, your rights under the deposit agreement will be unaffected.
After termination, the depositary will continue to collect distributions received (but will not distribute any such property until you request the cancellation of your ADSs) and may sell the securities held on deposit. After the sale, the depositary will hold the proceeds from such sale and any other funds then held for the holders of ADSs in a non-interest bearing account. At that point, the depositary will have no further obligations to holders other than to account for the funds then held for the holders of ADSs still outstanding (after deduction of applicable fees, taxes and expenses).
Books of Depositary
The depositary will maintain ADS holder records at its depositary office. You may inspect such records at such office during regular business hours but solely for the purpose of communicating with other holders in the interest of business matters relating to the ADSs and the deposit agreement.
The depositary will maintain in New York facilities to record and process the issuance, cancellation, combination, split-up and transfer of ADSs. These facilities may be closed from time to time, to the extent not prohibited by law.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Limitations on Obligations and Liabilities
The deposit agreement limits our obligations and the depositary’s obligations to you. Please note the following:
⯀ | We and the depositary are obligated only to take the actions specifically stated in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith. |
⯀ | The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to carry out voting instructions, for any manner in which a vote is cast or for the effect of any vote, provided it acts in good faith and in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. |
⯀ | The depositary disclaims any liability for any failure to determine the lawfulness or practicality of any action, for the content of any document forwarded to you on our behalf or for the accuracy of any translation of such a document, for the investment risks associated with investing in ordinary shares, for the validity or worth of the ordinary shares, for the market value of any ordinary shares or the market value of any distribution on any ordinary shares, for any interest on ordinary shares (other than interest actually received by the depositary), for any tax consequences that result from the ownership of ADSs, for the credit-worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse under the terms of the deposit agreement, for the timeliness of any of our notices or for our failure to give notice. |
⯀ | We and the depositary will not be obligated to perform any act that is inconsistent with the terms of the deposit agreement. |
⯀ | We and the depositary disclaim any liability if we, the custodian or the depositary are prevented or forbidden from or subject to any civil or criminal penalty or restraint on account of, or delayed in, doing or performing any act or thing required by the terms of the deposit agreement, by reason of any provision, present or future of any law or regulation, or by reason of present or future provision of any provision of our By-laws, or any provision of or governing the securities on deposit, or by reason of any act of God or war or other circumstances beyond our control. |
⯀ | We and the depositary disclaim any liability by reason of any exercise of, or failure to exercise, any discretion provided for in the deposit agreement or in our By-laws or in any provisions of or governing the securities on deposit. |
⯀ | We and the depositary further disclaim any liability for any action or inaction in reliance on the advice or information received from legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting ordinary shares for deposit, any holder of ADSs or authorized representatives thereof, or any other person believed by either of us in good faith to be competent to give such advice or information. |
⯀ | We and the depositary also disclaim liability for the inability by a holder to benefit from any distribution, offering, right or other benefit that is made available to holders of ordinary shares but is not, under the terms of the deposit agreement, made available to you. |
⯀ | We and the depositary may rely without any liability upon any written notice, request or other document believed to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper parties. |
⯀ | We and the depositary also disclaim liability for any action or inaction of any clearing or settlement system (and any participant of such system) for the ordinary shares or the ADSs. |
⯀ | We and the depositary also disclaim liability for any consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement. |
⯀ | Nothing in the deposit agreement gives rise to a partnership or joint venture, or establishes a fiduciary relationship, among us, the depositary bank and you as ADS holder. |
⯀ | Nothing in the deposit agreement precludes Citibank (or its affiliates) from engaging in transactions in which parties adverse to us or the ADS owners have interests, and nothing in the deposit agreement obligates Citibank to disclose those transactions, or any information obtained in the course of those transactions, to us or to the ADS owners, or to account for any payment received as part of those transactions. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Taxes
You will be responsible for the taxes and other governmental charges payable on the ADSs and the securities represented by the ADSs. We, the depositary and the custodian may deduct from any distribution the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders and may sell any and all property on deposit to pay the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders. You will be liable for any deficiency if the sale proceeds do not cover the taxes that are due.
The depositary may refuse to issue ADSs, to deliver, transfer, split and combine ADRs or to release securities on deposit until all taxes and charges are paid by the applicable holder. The depositary and the custodian may take reasonable administrative actions to obtain tax refunds and reduced tax withholding for any distributions on your behalf. However, you may be required to provide to the depositary and to the custodian proof of taxpayer status and residence and such other information as the depositary and the custodian may require to fulfill legal obligations. You are required to indemnify us, the depositary and the custodian for any claims with respect to taxes based on any tax benefit obtained for you.
Foreign Currency Conversion
The depositary will arrange for the conversion of all foreign currency received into U.S. dollars if such conversion is practical, and it will distribute the U.S. dollars in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. You may have to pay fees and expenses incurred in converting foreign currency, such as fees and expenses incurred in complying with currency exchange controls and other governmental requirements.
If the conversion of foreign currency is not practical or lawful, or if any required approvals are denied or not obtainable at a reasonable cost or within a reasonable period, the depositary may take the following actions in its discretion:
⯀ | convert the foreign currency to the extent practical and lawful and distribute the U.S. dollars to the holders for whom the conversion and distribution is lawful and practical; |
⯀ | distribute the foreign currency to holders for whom the distribution is lawful and practical; and |
⯀ | hold the foreign currency (without liability for interest) for the applicable holders. |
Governing Law/Waiver of Jury Trial
The deposit agreement, the ADSs, and the ADRs will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The rights of holders of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) are governed by the laws of France.
AS A PARTY TO THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT, YOU IRREVOCABLY WAIVE, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, YOUR RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT OR THE ADRs AGAINST US AND/OR THE DEPOSITARY BANK. THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT PROVIDES THAT, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ADS HOLDERS WAIVE THE RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL OF ANY CLAIM THEY MAY HAVE AGAINST US OR THE DEPOSITARY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO OUR ORDINARY SHARES, THE ADDS OR THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT, INCLUDING ANY CLAIM UNDER U.S FEDERAL SECURITIES LAWS. IF WE OR THE DEPOSITORY OPPOSED A JURY TRIAL DEMAND BASED ON THE WAIVER, THE COURT WOULD DETERMINE WHETHER THE WAIVER WAS ENFORCEABLE IN THE FACTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF THAT CASE IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE CASE LAW. HOWEVER, YOU WILL NOT BE DEEMED, BY AGREEING TO THE TERMS OF THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT, TO HAVE WAIVED OUR OR THE DEPOSITARY’S COMPLIANCE WITH U.S. FEDERAL SECURITIES LAWS AND THE RULES AND REGULATIONS PROMULGATED THEREUNDER.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SHARES AND ADSs ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE
Prior to the offering, while our ordinary shares have been traded on Euronext Paris since October 2012, there has been no public market on a U.S. national securities exchange for the ADSs or our ordinary shares in the United States. Future sales of ADSs in the public market after the offering, and the availability of ADSs for future sale, could adversely affect the market price of the ADSs prevailing from time to time. As described below, a significant number of currently outstanding ordinary shares will not be available for sale shortly after the offering due to contractual restrictions on transfers of ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs). Accordingly, sales of substantial amounts of the ADSs or the ordinary shares, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect prevailing market prices for the ADSs and could impair our future ability to raise equity capital.
Based on the number of ordinary shares outstanding on June 30, 2020, upon completion of the offering, ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) will be outstanding, assuming no outstanding (or ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase up to an additional ordinary shares in connection with the offering), founders’ warrants and warrants or stock options are exercised and assuming no free shares become vested. All of the ADSs sold in the offering will be freely tradable without restrictions or further registration under the Securities Act, except for any ADSs sold to our “affiliates,” as that term is defined under Rule 144 under the Securities Act. The remaining ordinary shares held by existing shareholders are “restricted securities,” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. Restricted securities may be sold in the public market only if registered or if their resale qualifies for exemption from registration described below under Rule 144 or 701 promulgated under the Securities Act.
Additionally, of the founders’ warrants (BSPCE) and warrants (BSA) to purchase ordinary shares outstanding as of June 30, 2020, and assuming no outstanding warrants have otherwise been exercised, founders’ warrants (BSPCE) and warrants (BSA) exercisable for ordinary shares will be vested and eligible for sale 90 days after the date of this prospectus subject to French law, as described below.
Under the lock-up agreements described below and the provisions of Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act and French law, and assuming no issuance by us of additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) pursuant to the exercise of the underwriters’ option, these restricted securities will be available for sale in the public market as follows:
⯀ | approximately ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) will be eligible for immediate sale on the date of this prospectus; and |
⯀ | approximately ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) will be eligible for sale upon the expiration of the lock-up and market stand-off agreements 90 days after the date of this prospectus, provided that shares held by our affiliates will remain subject to volume, manner of sale, and other resale limitations set forth in Rule 144 and subject to French law, both as described below. |
Rule 144
In general, a person who has beneficially owned restricted ordinary shares for at least six months would be entitled to sell their securities pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act provided that (1) such person is not deemed to have been one of our affiliates at the time of, or at any time during the 90 days preceding, a sale and (2) we have been subject to the Exchange Act periodic reporting requirements for at least 90 days before the sale. Persons who have beneficially owned restricted ordinary shares for at least six months, but who are our affiliates at the time of, or at any time during the 90 days preceding a sale, would be subject to additional restrictions, by which such person would be entitled to sell within any three-month period only a number of securities that does not exceed the greater of either of the following:
⯀ | 1.0% of the number of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) then outstanding, which will equal approximately ordinary shares immediately after the completion of the offering based on the number of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and assuming no issuance by us of additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) pursuant to the exercise of the underwriters’ option; and |
⯀ | the average weekly trading volume of the ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market during the four calendar weeks preceding the filing of a notice on Form 144 with respect to the sale; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
provided, in each case, that we have been subject to the Exchange Act periodic reporting requirements for at least 90 days before the sale. Such sales both by affiliates and by non-affiliates must also comply with the manner of sale, current public information and notice provisions of Rule 144.
Rule 701
Rule 701 under the Securities Act, as in effect on the date of this prospectus, permits resales of shares in reliance upon Rule 144 but without compliance with certain restrictions of Rule 144, including the holding period requirement. Most of our employees, executive board members or supervisory board members who purchased shares under a written compensatory plan or contract may be entitled to rely on the resale provisions of Rule 701, but all holders of Rule 701 shares are required to wait until 90 days after the date of this prospectus before selling their shares subject also to French law, as described below.
The SEC has indicated that Rule 701 will apply to typical stock options granted by an issuer before it becomes subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, along with the shares acquired upon exercise of such options, including exercises after an issuer becomes subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act.
Lock-up Agreements
We and our executive board members and supervisory board members have agreed that, without the prior written consent of Jefferies LLC, Evercore Group L.L.C. and UBS Securities LLC, as representatives of the underwriters, we and such board members will not, subject to customary exceptions, during the period ending 90 days after the date of this prospectus, directly or indirectly, (i) offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, or otherwise transfer or dispose of any ordinary shares, ADSs or any securities convertible into, exercisable or exchangeable for our ordinary shares or ADSs, or (ii) enter into any swap or other arrangement that has the effect of transferring the economic consequences of ownership of ordinary shares or ADSs. Jefferies LLC, Evercore Group L.L.C. and UBS Securities LLC, on behalf of the underwriters, will have discretion in determining if and when to release any ordinary shares and/or ADSs and related securities subject to lock-up agreements.
We do not currently expect any release of ordinary shares or ADSs subject to lock-up agreements prior to the expiration of the applicable lock-up periods. Upon the expiration of the applicable lock-up periods, substantially all of the ordinary shares and ADSs subject to such lock-up restrictions will become eligible for sale, subject to the limitations described above.
French Law
Under French law, and notably under the General Regulation issued by the French Financial Markets Authority (Réglement Général de l’AMF), as well as under MAR, any person that holds inside information shall, until such information is made public, refrain from (1) carrying out any transactions relating to securities issued by the company, (2) recommending that another person engage in insider dealing or induce another person to engage in insider dealing and (3) unlawfully disclosing inside information outside of the normal course of employment or profession. Using inside information to cancel or amend an order concerning a financial instrument to which the information relates, even if the order was placed before the person concerned possessed the inside information, shall also be considered insider dealing.
These rules apply to all persons who hold insider information as a result of (1) their status as board member, executive officer, manager, employee of the company, third parties acting on behalf of the company and having access to privileged information as party of their professional relations with the company during the preparation or the completion of a particular transaction, such as investor services providers, lawyers or public relations agencies, (2) their holding of securities in the share capital of the issuer, (3) their access to information because of their employment, profession or duties or their participation in the preparation of a financial transaction and/or (4) their involvement in criminal activities.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Under MAR and the General Regulation of the French Financial Markets Authority (Réglement Général de l’AMF), it is also prohibited for a person to engage or attempt to engage in market manipulation.
Prohibited transactions include all transactions related to securities (stocks, bonds, securities convertible, options and warrants) and in particular, the (1) transfer of securities, (2) exercise of options, warrants (BSA), founders’ warrants (BSPCE), and exercise of any securities giving access to the capital, (3) transfer of free shares and (4) acquisition of securities.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following is a discussion of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of purchasing, owning and disposing of ADSs acquired pursuant to this offering. This summary does not address any aspect of U.S. federal non-income tax laws, such as U.S. federal estate and gift tax laws, or state, local or non-U.S. tax laws, and does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the U.S. tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s decision to acquire ADSs (such as the effects of section 451(b) of the Code).
The discussion applies to you only if you acquire the ADSs in this offering and you hold the ADSs as capital assets for U.S. federal income tax purposes (generally, for investment). This section does not apply to you if you are a member of a special class of holders subject to special tax rules, including:
⯀ | a dealer in securities, commodities or foreign currencies; |
⯀ | a trader in securities that elects to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for its securities holdings; |
⯀ | a bank or other financial institution; |
⯀ | a tax-exempt organization or governmental organization; |
⯀ | a regulated investment company or real estate investment trust; |
⯀ | a U.S. expatriate, former U.S. citizen or former long term resident of the United States; |
⯀ | an individual retirement or other tax-deferred account; |
⯀ | a holder liable for alternative minimum tax; |
⯀ | a holder that actually or constructively owns 10% or more, by voting power or value, of our stock (including stock represented by ADSs); |
⯀ | a partnership or other pass-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes; |
⯀ | a holder that holds ADSs as part of a straddle, hedging, constructive sale, conversion or other integrated transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes; or |
⯀ | a U.S. holder (as defined below) whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar. |
This section is based on the Code, existing and proposed income tax regulations issued under the Code, legislative history, and judicial and administrative interpretations thereof, all as of the date of this offering. All of the foregoing are subject to change at any time, and any change could be retroactive and could affect the accuracy of this discussion. In addition, the application and interpretation of certain aspects of the PFIC rules, referred to below, require the issuance of regulations which in many instances have not been promulgated and which may have retroactive effect. There can be no assurance that any of these regulations will be enacted or promulgated, and if so, the form they will take or the effect that they may have on this discussion. This discussion is not binding on the IRS, or the courts. No ruling has been or will be sought from the IRS with respect to the positions and issues discussed herein, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a different position concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the ADSs or that any such position would not be sustained.
PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS CONCERNING THE U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL AND NON-U.S. TAX CONSEQUENCES OF PURCHASING, OWNING AND DISPOSING OF THE ADSs IN THEIR PARTICULAR SITUATIONS, INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENCES UNDER THE RECENTLY ENACTED LEGISLATION KNOWS AS THE TAX CUTS AND JOBS ACT.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
You are a “U.S. holder” if you are a beneficial owner of ADSs that acquired the ADSs pursuant to this offering and you are:
⯀ | a citizen or resident of the United States; |
⯀ | a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia; |
⯀ | an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or |
⯀ | a trust if (1) a U.S. court can exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and one or more U.S. persons are authorized to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person for U.S. federal income tax purposes. |
In addition, this discussion is limited to holders who are not resident in France for purposes of the income tax treaty between the United States and France.
If a partnership (including for this purpose any entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of the ADSs, the U.S. tax treatment of a partner in the partnership generally will depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A holder of the ADSs that is a partnership and partners in such a partnership should consult their own tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of purchasing, owning and disposing of ADSs.
A “non-U.S. holder” is a beneficial owner of ADSs that acquired the ADSs pursuant to this offering and that is neither a U.S. holder nor a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Generally, holders of ADSs should be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as holding the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs. Accordingly, no gain or loss will be recognized upon an exchange of ordinary shares for ADSs or an exchange of ADSs for ordinary shares. The U.S. Treasury has expressed concerns that intermediaries in the chain of ownership between the holder of an ADS and the issuer of the security underlying the ADS may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the claiming of foreign tax credits for U.S. holders of ADSs. Accordingly, the credibility of foreign taxes, if any, as described below, could be affected by actions taken by intermediaries in the chain of ownership between the holder of an ADS and the company.
PFIC Considerations
The Code provides special rules regarding certain distributions received by U.S. persons with respect to, and sales, exchanges and other dispositions, including pledges, of, shares of stock (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) in, a PFIC. A non-U.S. corporation will be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year in which either: (1) at least 75% of its gross income is “passive income” or (2) at least 50% of its gross assets during the taxable year (based on the average of the fair market values of the assets determined at the end of each quarterly period) are “passive assets,” which generally means that they produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, gains from commodities and securities transactions, and gains from assets that produce passive income. In determining whether a foreign corporation is a PFIC, a pro rata portion of the income and assets of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account.
Although not free from doubt, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2019. However, it is not yet known whether we will be a PFIC in subsequent taxable years. PFIC status must be determined annually and therefore is subject to change. Our status as a PFIC depends upon the composition of our income (including whether reimbursements of certain refundable research tax credits will constitute gross income for purposes of the PFIC income test) and the composition and value of our assets (which may be determined in large part by reference to the market value of the ADSs and our ordinary shares, which may fluctuate substantially). Fluctuations in the market price of the ADSs may result in our being a PFIC for any taxable year. Our status as a PFIC may also depend in part upon how quickly we utilize the cash proceeds from the offering (and the cash proceeds from other fund-raising activities) in our business. Because the determination of PFIC status is made annually at the end of each taxable year and is dependent upon a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, and because certain aspects of the PFIC rules are not entirely certain, there can be no assurance that we are or are not, or will be or will not be, a PFIC or that the IRS will agree with any position we take regarding our PFIC status. If we are not a PFIC during any taxable year in which
TABLE OF CONTENTS
you hold ADSs, then the remainder of the discussion under “—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations,” outside of this “—PFIC Considerations” portion may be relevant to you.
A U.S. holder that holds ADSs during any taxable year in which we qualify as a PFIC is subject to special tax rules with respect to (a) any gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the ADSs and (b) any “excess distribution” by the corporation to the holder, unless the holder elects to treat the PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” (QEF) or makes a “mark-to-market” election, each as discussed below. An “excess distribution” is that portion of a distribution with respect to ADSs that exceeds 125% of the annual average of such distributions over the preceding three-year period or, if shorter, the U.S. holder’s holding period for its ADSs. Excess distributions and gains on the sale, exchange or other disposition of ADSs of a corporation which was a PFIC at any time during the U.S. holder’s holding period are allocated ratably to each day of the U.S. holder’s holding period. Amounts allocated to the taxable year in which the disposition occurs and amounts allocated to any period in the shareholder’s holding period before the first day of the first taxable year that the corporation was a PFIC will be taxed as ordinary income (rather than capital gain) earned in the taxable year of the disposition. Amounts allocated to each of the other taxable years in the U.S. holder’s holding period are not included in gross income for the year of the disposition, but are subject to the highest ordinary income tax rates in effect for individuals or corporations, as applicable, for each such year and the interest charge generally applicable to income tax deficiencies will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each year. The tax liability for amounts allocated to years before the year of disposition or “excess distribution” cannot be offset by any net operating losses for such years, and gains (but not losses) realized on the sale of the ADSs cannot be treated as capital, even if a U.S. holder held such ADSs as capital assets.
If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds ADSs, then we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to the holder for all succeeding years during which such holder holds ADSs, even if we no longer satisfy either the passive income or passive asset tests described above, unless the U.S. holder terminates this deemed PFIC status by making a “deemed sale” election. If such election is made, a U.S. holder will be deemed to have sold the ADSs at their fair market value on the last day of the last taxable year for which we were a PFIC, and any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the excess distribution rules as described above. After the deemed sale election, the ADSs with respect to which the deemed sale election was made will not be treated as shares in a PFIC unless we subsequently become a PFIC.
If we are or become a PFIC, the excess distribution rules may be avoided if a U.S. holder makes a QEF election effective beginning with the first taxable year in the holder’s holding period in which we are treated as a PFIC with respect to such holder. A U.S. holder that makes a QEF election with respect to a PFIC is required to include in income its pro rata share of the PFIC’s ordinary earnings and net capital gain as ordinary income and capital gain, respectively, subject to a separate election to defer payment of taxes, which deferral is subject to an interest charge.
In general, a U.S. holder makes a QEF election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621 to a timely filed (taking into account any extensions) U.S. federal income tax return for the year beginning with which the QEF election is to be effective. In certain circumstances, a U.S. holder may be able to make a retroactive QEF election. A QEF election can be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. In order for a U.S. holder to make a valid QEF election, the non-U.S. corporation must annually provide or make available to the holder certain information. At this time, we have not determined whether we will provide to U.S. holders the information required to make a valid QEF election and we currently make no undertaking to provide such information.
As an alternative to making a QEF election, a U.S. holder may make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to its ADSs if the ADSs meet certain minimum trading requirements, as described below. If a U.S. holder makes a valid mark-to-market election for the first taxable year in which such holder holds (or is deemed to hold) ADSs in a corporation and for which such corporation is determined to be a PFIC, such holder generally will not be subject to the PFIC rules described above in respect of its ADSs. Instead, a U.S. holder that makes a mark-to-market election will be required to include in income each year an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the ADSs that the holder owns as of the close of the taxable year over the holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs. The U.S. holder will be entitled to a deduction for the excess, if any, of the holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs over the fair market value of the ADSs as of the close of the taxable year; provided, however, that the deduction will be limited to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains with respect to the ADSs included by the U.S. holder under the election for prior taxable years. The U.S. holder’s basis in the ADSs will be adjusted to reflect the amounts included or deducted pursuant to the
TABLE OF CONTENTS
election. Amounts included in income pursuant to a mark-to-market election, as well as gain on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the ADSs, will be treated as ordinary income. The deductible portion of any mark-to-market loss, as well as loss on a sale, exchange or other disposition of ADSs to the extent that the amount of such loss does not exceed net mark-to-market gains previously included in income, will be treated as ordinary loss. If a U.S. holder makes a valid mark-to-market election, any distributions made by us in a year in which we are a PFIC would generally be subject to the rules discussed below under “—Taxation of Dividends,” except the lower rate applicable to qualified dividend income would not apply. If we are not a PFIC when a U.S. holder has a mark-to-market election in effect, gain or loss realized by a U.S. holder on the sale of our ADSs will be a capital gain or loss and taxed in the manner described below under “—Taxation of Sale, Exchange or other Disposition of ADSs.”
The mark-to-market election applies to the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years, unless the ADSs cease to meet applicable trading requirements (described below) or the IRS consents to its revocation. The excess distribution rules generally do not apply to a U.S. holder for taxable years for which a mark-to-market election is in effect. If we are a PFIC for any year in which the U.S. holder owns ADSs but before a mark-to-market election is made, the interest charge rules described above will apply to any mark-to-market gain recognized in the year the election is made.
A mark-to-mark election is available only if the ADSs are considered “marketable” for these purposes. ADSs will be marketable if they are regularly traded on a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC (such as the Nasdaq Global Market) or on a non-U.S. exchange or market that the IRS determines has rules sufficient to ensure that the market price represents a legitimate and sound fair market value. For these purposes, ADSs will be considered regularly traded during any calendar year during which more than a de minimis quantity of the ADSs is traded on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. Any trades that have as their principal purpose meeting this requirement will be disregarded. Each U.S. holder should ask its own tax advisor whether a mark-to-market election is available or desirable.
If we are a PFIC for any year in which a U.S. holder holds ADSs, such U.S. holder must generally file an IRS Form 8621 annually. A U.S. holder must also provide such other information as may be required by the U.S. Treasury Department if the U.S. holder (1) receives certain direct or indirect distributions from a PFIC, (2) recognizes gain on a direct or indirect disposition of ADSs, or (3) makes certain elections (including a QEF election or a mark-to-market election) reportable on IRS Form 8621.
If we are a PFIC, then under attribution rules, U.S. holders of our ADSs will be deemed to own their proportionate shares of our subsidiaries that are PFICs, if any. It is possible that one or more of our subsidiaries is or will become a PFIC. This determination is made annually at the end of each taxable year and depends upon a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the amount and nature of a subsidiary’s income, as well as the valuation and nature of a subsidiary’s assets. In the event that we are a PFIC and we have a subsidiary that is a PFIC, assuming a U.S. holder does not receive from such subsidiary the information that the U.S. holder needs to make a QEF election with respect to such a subsidiary, a U.S. holder generally will be deemed to own a portion of the shares of such lower-tier PFIC and may incur liability for a deferred tax and interest charge if we receive a distribution from, or dispose of all or part of our interest in, or the U.S. holder otherwise is deemed to have disposed of an interest in, the lower-tier PFIC, even though the U.S. holder has not received the proceeds of those distributions or dispositions directly. There is no assurance that we will have timely knowledge of the status of any such lower-tier PFIC, or that we will cause the lower-tier PFIC to provide the required information for a U.S. holder to make a maintain a QEF election with respect to the lower-tier PFIC. In addition, a mark-to-market election generally would not be available with respect to such a lower-tier PFIC and, consequently, if you make a mark-to-market election with respect to our ADSs, you could be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to income of lower-tier PFICs the value of which already had been taken into account indirectly via mark-to-market adjustments. U.S. holders are advised to consult with their tax advisors regarding the tax issues raised by lower-tier PFICs.
U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors as to our status as a PFIC, and, if we are treated as a PFIC, as to the effect on them of, and the reporting requirements with respect to, the PFIC rules and the desirability of making, and the availability of, either a QEF election or a mark-to-market election with respect to our ADSs.
Taxation of Dividends
U.S. Holders. Subject to the PFIC rules described above under “—PFIC Considerations,” if you are a U.S. holder, you must include in your gross income the gross amount of any distributions of cash or property (other than certain pro rata
TABLE OF CONTENTS
distributions of ADSs) with respect to ADSs, to the extent the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A U.S. holder must include the dividend as ordinary income at the time of actual or constructive receipt. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes, will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of your basis in the ADSs and thereafter as capital gain from the sale or exchange of such ADSs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we do not intend to maintain calculations of our earnings and profits as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Consequently, distributions generally will be reported as dividend income for U.S. information reporting purposes. The dividend will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to U.S. corporations in respect of dividends received from other U.S. corporations.
Subject to the PFIC rules described above under “—PFIC Considerations,” dividends paid by a non-U.S. corporation generally will be taxed at the preferential tax rates applicable to long-term capital gain of non-corporate taxpayers if (a) such non-U.S. corporation is eligible for the benefits of certain U.S. treaties or the dividend is paid by such non-U.S. corporation with respect to stock that is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, (b) the U.S. holder receiving such dividend is an individual, estate, or trust, (c) such dividend is paid on shares that have been held by such U.S. holder for at least 61 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the “ex-dividend date,” and (d) we are not a PFIC in the year of the dividend or the immediately preceding year. If the requirements of the immediately preceding paragraph are not satisfied, a dividend paid by a non-U.S. corporation to a U.S. holder, including a U.S. holder that is an individual, estate, or trust, generally will be taxed at ordinary income tax rates (and not at the preferential tax rates applicable to long-term capital gains). As discussed above under “—PFIC Considerations,” it is not yet known whether we will be a PFIC for taxable years ending after December 31, 2019. The dividend rules are complex, and each U.S. holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the dividend rules.
Dividends received generally will be income from non-U.S. sources, which may be relevant in calculating your U.S. foreign tax credit limitation. Such non-U.S. source income generally will be “passive category income,” or in certain cases “general category income” or “foreign branch” income, which is treated separately from other types of income for purposes of computing the foreign tax credit allowable to you. The rules with respect to the foreign tax credit are complex and involve the application of rules that depend upon a U.S. holder’s particular circumstances. You should consult your own tax advisor to determine the foreign tax credit implications of owning the ADSs.
Non-U.S. Holders. If you are a non-U.S. holder, dividends paid to you generally will not be subject to U.S. income tax unless the dividends are “effectively connected” with your conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and the dividends are attributable to a permanent establishment (or in the case of an individual, a fixed place of business) that you maintain in the United States if that is required by an applicable income tax treaty as a condition for subjecting you to U.S. taxation on a net income basis. In such cases you generally will be taxed in the same manner as a U.S. holder (other than with respect to the Medicare Tax described below). If you are a corporate non-U.S. holder, “effectively connected” dividends may, under certain circumstances, be subject to an additional “branch profits tax” at a 30% rate or a lower rate if you are eligible for the benefits of an income tax treaty that provides for a lower rate.
Taxation of Sale, Exchange or other Disposition of ADSs
U.S. Holders. Subject to the PFIC rules described above under “—PFIC Considerations,” if you are a U.S. holder and you sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of your ADSs, you generally will recognize capital gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes equal to the difference between the value of the amount realized and your tax basis in those ADSs. Gain or loss recognized on such a sale, exchange or other disposition of ADSs generally will be long-term capital gain if you have held the ADSs for more than one year. Long-term capital gains of U.S. holders who are individuals (as well as certain trusts and estates) are generally taxed at preferential rates. The gain or loss will generally be income or loss from sources within the United States for foreign tax credit limitation purposes, unless it is attributable to an office or other fixed place of business outside the United States and certain other conditions are met. Your ability to deduct capital losses is subject to limitations. As discussed above under “—PFIC Considerations,” it is not yet known whether we will be a PFIC for taxable years ending after December 31, 2019.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Non-U.S. Holders. If you are a non-U.S. holder, you will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on gain recognized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of your ADSs unless:
⯀ | the gain is “effectively connected” with your conduct of a trade or business in the United States, and the gain is attributable to a permanent establishment (or in the case of an individual, a fixed place of business) that you maintain in the United States if that is required by an applicable income tax treaty as a condition for subjecting you to U.S. taxation on a net income basis; or |
⯀ | you are an individual, you are present in the United States for 183 or more days in the taxable year of such sale, exchange or other disposition and certain other conditions are met. |
In the first case, the non-U.S. holder will be taxed in the same manner as a U.S. holder (other than with respect to the Medicare Tax described below). In the second case, the non-U.S. holder will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% on the amount by which such non-U.S. holder’s U.S.-source capital gains exceed such non-U.S. holder’s U.S.-source capital losses.
If you are a corporate non-U.S. holder, “effectively connected” gains that you recognize may also, under certain circumstances, be subject to an additional “branch profits tax” at a 30% rate or at a lower rate if you are eligible for the benefits of an income tax treaty that provides for a lower rate.
Medicare Tax
Certain U.S. holders who are individuals, estates or trusts are required to pay a 3.8% Medicare surtax on all or part of that holder’s “net investment income,” which includes, among other items, dividends on, and capital gains from the sale or other taxable disposition of, the ADSs, subject to certain limitations and exceptions. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of this surtax on their ownership and disposition of the ADSs.
Information with Respect to Foreign Financial Assets
U.S. holders that are individuals (and, to the extent provided in regulations, certain entities) that own “specified foreign financial assets,” including possibly the ADSs, with an aggregate value in excess of $50,000 are generally required to file IRS Form 8938 with information regarding such assets. Depending on the circumstances, higher threshold amounts may apply. Specified foreign financial assets include any financial accounts maintained by foreign financial institutions, as well as any of the following, but only if they are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions: (i) stocks and securities issued by non-U.S. persons, (ii) financial instruments and contracts held for investment that have non-U.S. issuers or counterparties and (iii) interests in non-U.S. entities. If a U.S. holder is subject to this information reporting regime, the failure to timely file IRS Form 8938 may subject the U.S. holder to penalties. In addition to these requirements, U.S. holders may be required to annually file FinCEN Report 114 (Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts) with the U.S. Department of Treasury. Prospective investors are encouraged to consult their own tax advisors with respect to these and other reporting requirements that may apply to their acquisition of the ADSs.
Backup Withholding and Information Reporting
In general, information reporting requirements will apply to distributions made on our ADSs within the United States to a non-corporate U.S. holder and to the proceeds from the sale, exchange, redemption or other disposition of ADSs by a non-corporate U.S. holder to or through a U.S. office of a broker. Payments made (and sales or other dispositions effected at an office) outside the U.S. will be subject to information reporting in limited circumstances.
In addition, U.S. holders may be subject to backup withholding with respect to dividends on and proceeds from the sale, exchange or other disposition of the ADSs. A paying agent within the United States will be required to withhold at the applicable statutory rate, currently 24%, in respect of any payments of dividends on, and the proceeds from the disposition of, ADSs within the United States to a U.S. holder (other than U.S. holders that are exempt from backup withholding and properly certify their exemption) if the holder fails to furnish its correct taxpayer identification number or otherwise fails to comply with applicable backup withholding requirements. U.S. holders who are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide a properly completed IRS Form W-9.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against a U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. A U.S. holder generally may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS in a timely manner and furnishing any
TABLE OF CONTENTS
required information. U.S. holders are advised to consult with their own tax advisors regarding the application of the United States information reporting rules to their particular circumstances.
A non-U.S. holder generally may eliminate the requirement for information reporting and backup withholding by providing certification of its non-U.S. status to the payor, under penalties of perjury, on IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E, as applicable. You should consult your own tax advisor as to the qualifications for exemption from backup withholding and the procedures for obtaining the exemption.
The foregoing does not purport to be a complete analysis of the potential tax considerations relating to the offering. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors as to the particular tax considerations applicable to them relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of the ADSs, including the applicability of U.S. federal, state and local income tax laws or non-income tax laws, non-U.S. tax laws, and any changes in applicable tax laws including the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and any pending or proposed legislation or regulations.
Material French Income Tax Considerations
The following describes the material French income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (as defined below for the purposes of this section) of purchasing, owning and disposing of the ADSs and, unless otherwise noted, this discussion is the opinion of Jones Day, our French tax counsel, insofar as it relates to matters of French tax law and legal conclusions with respect to those matters.
This discussion does not purport to be a complete analysis or listing of all potential tax effects of the acquisition, ownership or disposition of our ADSs to any particular investor, and does not discuss tax considerations that arise from rules of general application or that are generally assumed to be known by investors. All of the following is subject to change. Such changes could apply retroactively and could affect the consequences described below.
In 2011, France introduced a comprehensive set of new tax rules applicable to French assets that are held by or in foreign trusts. These rules, among other things, provide for the inclusion of trust assets in the settlor’s net assets for purpose of applying the French real estate wealth tax, for the application of French gift and death duties to French assets held in trust, for a specific tax on capital on the French assets of foreign trusts not already subject to the French real estate wealth tax and for a number of French tax reporting and disclosure obligations. The following discussion does not address the French tax consequences applicable to securities (including ADSs) held in trusts. If securities are held in trust, the grantor, trustee and beneficiary are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the specific tax consequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of securities.
The description of the French income tax and wealth tax consequences set forth below is based on the Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the French Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital of August 31, 1994 which came into force on December 30, 1995 (as amended by any subsequent protocols, including the protocol of January 13, 2009), and the tax guidelines issued by the French tax authorities in force as of the date hereof, or the Treaty.
For the purposes of this discussion of French income tax consequences, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of ADSs that is (1) an individual who is a U.S. citizen or resident for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (2) a U.S. domestic corporation or certain other entities created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia, or (3) otherwise subject to U.S. federal income taxation on a net income basis in respect of ADSs.
If a partnership (or any other entity treated as partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds ADSs, the tax treatment of a partner generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If a U.S. Holder is a partner in a partnership that holds ADSs, such holder is urged to consult its own tax adviser regarding the specific tax consequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of ADSs.
This discussion applies only to investors that hold our ADSs as capital assets that have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency, that are entitled to Treaty benefits under the “Limitation on Benefits” provision contained in the Treaty, and whose ownership of the ADSs is not effectively connected to a permanent establishment or a fixed base in France.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certain U.S. Holders (including, but not limited to, U.S. expatriates, partnerships or other entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, banks, insurance companies, regulated investment companies, tax-exempt organizations, financial institutions, persons subject to the alternative minimum tax, persons who acquired the ADSs pursuant to the exercise of employee share options or otherwise as compensation, persons that own (directly, indirectly or by attribution) 5% or more of our voting stock or 5% or more of our outstanding share capital, dealers in securities or currencies, persons that elect to mark their securities to market for U.S. federal income tax purposes and persons holding ADSs as a position in a synthetic security, straddle or conversion transaction) may be subject to special rules not discussed below.
U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of ADSs in light of their particular circumstances, especially with regard to the “Limitations on Benefits” provision.
Estate and Gift Taxes
In general, a transfer of ADSs by gift or by reason of death of a U.S. Holder that would otherwise be subject to French gift or inheritance tax, respectively, will not be subject to such French tax by reason of the Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the French Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Estates, Inheritances and Gifts, dated November 24, 1978 (as amended by the protocol dated from December 8, 2004), unless the donor or the transferor is domiciled in France at the time of making the gift or at the time of his or her death, or the ADSs were used in, or held for use in, the conduct of a business through a permanent establishment or a fixed base in France.
Financial Transactions Tax
Pursuant to Article 235 ter ZD of the French Tax Code (Code général des impôts), or the FTC, purchases of certain securities issued by a French company, including ADSs, which are listed on a regulated market of the EU or a foreign regulated market formally acknowledged by the AMF (in each case within the meaning of the French Monetary and Financial Code, or the FMFC) are subject in France to a 0.3% tax on financial transactions, or the FTT, provided inter alia that the issuer’s market capitalization exceeds €1.0 billion as of December 1 of the year preceding the taxation year.
A list of French relevant companies whose market capitalization exceeds €1.0 billion as of December 1 of the year preceding the taxation year within the meaning of Article 235 ter ZD of the French Tax Code is published annually by the French tax authorities. As of December 1, 2019, our market capitalization did not exceed €1 billion. The Nasdaq Global Market is not currently acknowledged by the AMF but this may change in the future.
As a result, the ADSs are not currently within the scope of the FTT. Purchases of our ADSs may however become subject to the FTT if (1) our market capitalization exceeds €1.0 billion and (2) Nasdaq Global Market becomes a foreign regulated market formally acknowledged by the AMF.
Registration Duties
In the case where the FTT is not applicable, (1) transfers of shares issued by a French company which are listed on a regulated or organized market within the meaning of the FMFC are subject to uncapped registration duties at the rate of 0.1% if the transfer is evidenced by a written statement (acte) executed either in France or outside France, whereas (2) transfers of shares issued by a French company which are not listed on a regulated or organized market within the meaning of the FMFC are subject to uncapped registration duties at the rate of 0.1% notwithstanding the existence of a written statement (acte).
Although there is neither case law nor official guidelines published by the French tax authorities on this point, transfers of ADSs should not be subject to the aforementioned 0.1% registration duties.
Wealth Tax
The French wealth tax (impôt de solidarité sur la fortune) has been repealed by the finance bill for 2018 (loi de finances pour 2018) dated December 30, 2017. It used to apply only to individuals and did not generally apply to ADSs held by a U.S. resident, as defined pursuant to the provisions of the Treaty, provided that such U.S. Holder did not own directly or indirectly more than 25% of the issuer’s financial rights and that the ADSs did not form part of the business property of a permanent establishment or fixed base in France.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Since January 1, 2018, it has been replaced by a new real estate wealth tax (impôt sur la fortune immobilière), which applies only to individuals owning French real estate assets or rights, directly or indirectly through one or more legal entities and whose net taxable assets amount to at least €1,300,000.
French real estate wealth tax may only apply to U.S. Holders to the extent the company holds real estate assets that are not allocated to its operational activity, for the fraction of the value of the financial rights representing such assets, and should not generally apply to securities held by an eligible U.S. Holder who is a U.S. resident, as defined pursuant to the provisions of the Treaty, provided that such U.S. Holder does not own directly or indirectly more than 25% of the issuer’s financial rights.
Taxation of Dividends
Dividends paid by a French corporation to non-residents of France are generally subject to French withholding tax at a rate of 28% for corporate bodies or other legal entities (in principle to be progressively decreased to 25% in the coming years) or 12.8% for individuals. Dividends paid by a French corporation in a non-cooperative State or territory, as set out in the list referred to in Article 238-0 A of the FTC, will generally be subject to French withholding tax at a rate of 75%.
However, eligible U.S. Holders, other than individuals subject to the French withholding tax at a rate of 12.8%, entitled to Treaty benefits under the “Limitation on Benefits” provision contained in the Treaty who are U.S. residents, as defined pursuant to the provisions of the Treaty, will not be subject to this 28% or 75% withholding tax rate, but may be subject to the withholding tax at a reduced rate (as described below).
Under the Treaty, the rate of French withholding tax on dividends paid to an eligible U.S. Holder who is a U.S. resident as defined pursuant to the provisions of the Treaty and whose ownership of the ADSs is not effectively connected with a permanent establishment or fixed base that such U.S. Holder has in France, is generally reduced to 15%, or to 5% if such U.S. Holder is a corporation and owns directly or indirectly at least 10% of the share capital of the issuer; such U.S. Holder may claim a refund from the French tax authorities of the amount withheld in excess of the Treaty rates of 15% or 5%, if any.
For U.S. Holders that are not individuals but are U.S. residents, as defined pursuant to the provisions of the Treaty, the requirements for eligibility for Treaty benefits, including the reduced 5% or 15% withholding tax rates contained in the “Limitation on Benefits” provision of the Treaty, are complex, and certain technical changes were made to these requirements by the protocol of January 13, 2009. U.S. Holders are advised to consult their own tax advisors regarding their eligibility for Treaty benefits in light of their own particular circumstances.
In the event that dividends are paid by us, dividends paid to an eligible U.S. Holder may immediately be subject to the reduced rates of 5% or 15% provided that:
⯀ | such holder establishes before the date of payment that it is a U.S. resident under the Treaty by completing and providing the depositary with treaty forms (Forms 5000 and 5001); or |
⯀ | the depositary or other financial institution managing the U.S. Holder’s securities account in the U.S. provides the French paying agent, which will complete Forms 5000 and 5001 (as described above), with a document listing certain information about the U.S. Holder and its ADSs and a certificate whereby the financial institution managing the U.S. Holder’s securities account in the U.S. takes full responsibility for the accuracy of the information provided in the document. |
Otherwise, dividends paid to a U.S. Holder that is a legal person or another legal entity and has not filed Forms 5000 and 5001 before the dividend payment date will be subject to French withholding tax at the rate of 28%, or 75% for any U.S. Holder if paid in a non-cooperative State or territory (as set out in the list referred to in Article 238-0 A of the FTC) (unless the company proves that neither the purpose nor the effect of paying the dividend in that State or territory is that of allowing, with the intent of tax evasion or avoidance, the U.S. Holder to be located in such a State or territory), and then reduced at a later date to 5% or 15%, provided that such holder duly completes and provides the French tax authorities with Forms 5000 and 5001 before December 31 of the second calendar year following the year during which the dividend is paid.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certain qualifying pension funds and certain other tax-exempt entities are subject to the same general filing requirements as other U.S. Holders except that they may have to supply additional documentation evidencing their entitlement to these benefits.
Forms 5000 and 5001, together with appropriate instructions, will be provided by the depositary to all U.S. Holders registered with the depositary. The depositary will arrange for the filing with the French tax authorities of all such forms properly completed and executed by U.S. Holders of ADSs and returned to the depositary in sufficient time so that they may be filed with the French tax authorities before the distribution in order to obtain immediately a reduced withholding tax rate. Otherwise, the depositary must withhold tax at the full rate of 28% or 75%, as applicable. In that case, the U.S. Holders may claim a refund from the French tax authorities of the excess withholding tax. Since the withholding tax rate applicable under French domestic law to U.S. Holders who are individuals does not exceed the cap provided in the Treaty (i.e., 15%), the 12.8% rate shall apply, without any reduction provided under the Treaty.
Subject to certain specific conditions, a corporate U.S. Holder which is in a tax loss position for the fiscal year during which the dividend is received may be entitled to a deferral regime and to obtain a withholding tax refund.
Tax on Sale or Other Disposition
As a matter of principle, under French tax law, a U.S. Holder should not be subject to any French tax on any capital gain from the sale, exchange, repurchase or redemption by us of ADSs, provided such U.S. Holder is not a French tax resident for French tax purposes and has not held more than 25% of our dividend rights, known as “droits aux bénéfices sociaux” at any time during the preceding five years, either directly or indirectly, and, as relates to individuals, alone or with relatives (as an exception, a U.S. Holder resident, established or incorporated in a non-cooperative State or territory as set out in the list referred to in Article 238-0 A of the FTC should be subject to a 75% withholding tax in France on any such capital gain, regardless of the fraction of the dividend rights it holds).
Under the Treaty, a U.S. Holder who is a U.S. resident for purposes of the Treaty and entitled to Treaty benefit will not be subject to French tax on any such capital gain from the sale, exchange, repurchase or redemption by us (other than redemption proceeds which may, under certain circumstances, be partially or fully characterized as dividends under French domestic tax law or administrative guidelines) of ADSs unless such ADSs form part of the business property of a permanent establishment or fixed base that the U.S. Holder has in France. U.S. Holders who own ADSs through U.S. partnerships that are not resident for Treaty purposes are advised to consult their own tax advisors regarding their French tax treatment and their eligibility for Treaty benefits in light of their own particular circumstances. A U.S. Holder that is not a U.S. resident for Treaty purposes or is not entitled to Treaty benefit (and in both cases is not resident, established or incorporated in a non-cooperative State or territory as set out in the list referred to in Article 238-0 A of the FTC) and has held more than 25% of our dividend rights, known as “droits aux bénéfices sociaux” at any time during the preceding five years, either directly or indirectly, and, as relates to individuals, alone or with relatives, will be subject to a levy in France at the rate of the standard corporate income tax (currently 28% and in principle to be progressively decreased to 25% in the coming years), if such U.S. Holder is a legal person, or 12.8%, if such U.S. Holder is an individual.
Special rules apply to U.S. Holders who are residents of more than one country.
The discussion above is a summary of the material French tax consequences of an investment in our ADSs and is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. It does not cover all tax matters that may be of importance to a prospective investor. Each prospective investor is urged to consult its own tax advisor about the tax consequences to it of an investment in ADSs in light of the investor’s own circumstances.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ENFORCEMENT OF CIVIL LIABILITIES
We are a société anonyme, or S.A., organized under the laws of France. All of our supervisory board members and all of our executive board members are citizens and residents of countries other than the United States, and the majority of our assets are located outside of the United States. We will appoint Nanobiotix Corporation as agent for service of process in the United States; however, U.S. investors may find it difficult and may be unable:
⯀ | to obtain jurisdiction over us or our executive board members and supervisory board members in U.S. courts in actions predicated on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws; |
⯀ | to enforce in U.S. courts judgments obtained in such actions against us or our executive board members and supervisory board members; |
⯀ | to bring an original action in a French court to enforce liabilities based upon the U.S. federal securities laws against us or our executive board members or our supervisory board members; and/or |
⯀ | to enforce against us or our executive board members and supervisory board members in non-U.S. courts, including French courts, judgments of U.S. courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. |
Nevertheless, a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any federal or state court in the United States based on civil liability, whether or not predicated solely upon the U.S. federal securities laws, would be recognized and enforced in France provided that a French judge considers that this judgment meets the French legal requirements concerning the recognition and the enforcement of foreign judgments and is capable of being immediately enforced in the United States. A French court is therefore likely to grant the enforcement of a foreign judgment without a review of the merits of the underlying claim, only if (1) the judgment is enforceable in the United States, (2) the judgment does not contravene international public order and French public policy both pertaining to the merits and the procedure, including due process and (3) the judgment was rendered by a federal or state court having jurisdiction over the matter, which means that the dispute must be sufficiently connected to the United States and not fall under the scope of the French courts’ exclusive jurisdiction. The French court would also require that the U.S. judgment is not tainted with fraud and is not incompatible with a judgment rendered by a French court in the same matter, or with an earlier judgment rendered by a foreign court in the same matter.
In addition, French law guarantees full compensation for the harm suffered but is limited to the actual damages, so that the victim does not suffer or benefit from the situation. Such system excludes damages such as, but not limited to, punitive and exemplary damages.
As a result, the enforcement, by U.S. investors, of any judgments obtained in U.S. courts in civil and commercial matters, including judgments under the U.S. federal securities law against us or members of our executive or supervisory boards, our other officers or certain experts named herein who are residents of France or countries other than the United States would be subject to the above conditions.
Finally, there may be doubt as to whether a French court would impose civil liability on us, members of our executive or supervisory boards, our other officers or certain experts named herein in an original action predicated solely upon the U.S. federal securities laws brought in a court of competent jurisdiction in France against us or such members, officers or experts, respectively.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the underwriting agreement, dated , 2020, among us, Jefferies LLC, Evercore Group, L.L.C. and UBS Securities LLC, as the representatives of the underwriters named below, we have agreed to sell to the underwriters, and each of the underwriters has agreed, severally and not jointly, to purchase from us, the respective number of ADSs and/or ordinary shares, as the case may be, shown opposite its name below. Jefferies LLC, 520 Madison Avenue, New York NY 10022, is acting as global coordinator for the offering. Jefferies LLC, Evercore Group, L.L.C., 55 East 52nd Street, New York NY 10055, and UBS Securities LLC, 1285 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY 10019, are acting as joint book-running managers. Gilbert Dupont is managing the offering of our ordinary shares in Europe. The underwriters and the representatives are collectively referred to as the “underwriters and the representatives,” respectively.
Jefferies LLC | | | | | | |
Evercore Group, L.L.C. | | | | | | |
UBS Securities LLC | | | | | | |
Gilbert Dupont | | | | | | |
Total | | | | | | |
The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the several underwriters are subject to certain conditions precedent such as the receipt by the underwriters of officers’ certificates and legal opinions and approval of certain legal matters by their counsel. If an underwriter defaults, the underwriting agreement provides that the purchase commitments of the nondefaulting underwriters may be increased or the underwriting agreement may be terminated without liability. We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters, their affiliates, directors, officers, employees and agents and certain of their controlling persons against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, and to contribute to payments that the underwriters may be required to make in respect of those liabilities.
The underwriters have advised us that, following the completion of the offering, they currently intend to make a market in the ADSs and ordinary shares as permitted by applicable laws and regulations. However, the underwriters are not obligated to do so, and the underwriters may discontinue any market-making activities at any time without notice in their sole discretion. Accordingly, no assurance can be given as to the liquidity of the trading markets for the ADSs or ordinary shares, that you will be able to sell any of the ADSs or ordinary shares held by you at a particular time or that the prices that you receive when you sell will be favorable.
The underwriters are offering the ADSs and ordinary shares subject to their acceptance of the ADSs and ordinary shares from us and subject to prior sale. The underwriters reserve the right to withdraw, cancel or modify offers to the public and to reject orders in whole or in part.
Sales of shares made outside the United States may be made by affiliates of the underwriters.
Gilbert Dupont is not registered as a broker-dealer under the Exchange Act and will not engage in any offers or sales of our securities within the United States or to U.S. persons except to the extent permitted by Rule 15a-6 under the Exchange Act (and applicable SEC interpretive guidance issued in connection therewith) and other applicable securities laws.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Commission and Expenses
The following table shows the offering price, the underwriting commissions that we are to pay the underwriters and the proceeds, before expenses, to us in connection with the offering. Such amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional ADSs and/or ordinary shares.
Offering price | | | $ | | | $ | | | € | | | € | | | $ | | | $ |
Underwriting commissions | | | $ | | | $ | | | € | | | € | | | $ | | | $ |
Proceeds to us, before expenses | | | $ | | | $ | | | € | | | € | | | $ | | | $ |
We estimate expenses payable by us in connection with the offering, other than the underwriting commissions referred to above, will be approximately $ million. We also have agreed to reimburse the underwriters for up to $ for their counsel fee in connection with filings made with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”). In accordance with FINRA Rule 5110, this reimbursed fee is deemed underwriting compensation for the offering.
Determination of Offering Price
Prior to the U.S. offering, while our ordinary shares have been traded on Euronext Paris since October 2012, there has been no public market on a U.S. national securities exchange for the ADSs or our ordinary shares in the United States. Consequently, the offering price for our ADSs will be determined by negotiations between us and the representatives. The final offering price per ADS in U.S. dollars and the corresponding offering price per ordinary share in euros will be determined by reference to the prevailing market prices of our ordinary shares on Euronext Paris after taking into account market conditions and other factors.
Listing
We have applied to list the ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “NBTX.” Our ordinary shares are listed on Euronext Paris under the symbol “NANO.”
Stamp Taxes
If you purchase ADSs or ordinary shares offered in this prospectus, you may be required to pay stamp taxes and other charges under the laws and practices of the country of purchase, in addition to the offering price listed on the cover page of this prospectus.
Option to Purchase Additional ADSs and/or Ordinary Shares in the Offering
We have agreed to issue, at the option of the underwriters, up to an aggregate of additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) in the offering to be sold to the several underwriters at the applicable offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. The option granted may be exercised at any time in whole or in part by the underwriters within 30 days from the date of the underwriting agreement. If the underwriters exercise this option, each underwriter will be obligated, subject to specified conditions, to purchase a number of additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs), as the case may be, proportionate to that underwriter’s initial purchase commitment as indicated in the table above. If any additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) are issued pursuant to the exercise of the underwriters’ option, the underwriters will offer the additional ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) on the same terms as those on which the ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) are being offered. The
TABLE OF CONTENTS
total number of ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) to be sold, including pursuant to the underwriters’ option to acquire additional securities, is subject to reallocation between the U.S. offering and the non-U.S. private placement as permitted under applicable law and regulations.
No Sales of Similar Securities
We and our executive board and supervisory board members have agreed, subject to specified exceptions, not to directly or indirectly for a period of 90 days after the date of this prospectus without the prior written consent of Jefferies LLC, Evercore Group, L.L.C. and UBS Securities LLC:
⯀ | sell, offer, contract or grant any option to sell (including any short sale), pledge, transfer, establish an open “put equivalent position” within the meaning of Rule 16a-l(h) under the Exchange Act; |
⯀ | otherwise dispose of any share capital, options or warrants to acquire share capital, or securities exchangeable or exercisable for or convertible into share capital currently or hereafter owned either of record or beneficially; or |
⯀ | publicly announce an intention to do any of the foregoing. |
This restriction terminates after the close of trading of the ADSs and ordinary shares on and including the 90th day after the date of this prospectus.
Jefferies LLC, Evercore Group, L.L.C. and UBS Securities LLC may, in their sole discretion and at any time or from time to time before the termination of the lock-up period described above, release all or any portion of the securities subject to lock-up agreements. There are no existing agreements between the underwriters and any of our shareholders who will execute a lock-up agreement, providing consent to the sale of our share capital prior to the expiration of the lock-up period.
Stabilization
The underwriters have advised us that, pursuant to Regulation M under the Exchange Act, certain persons participating in the offering may engage in short sale transactions, stabilizing transactions, syndicate covering transactions or the imposition of penalty bids in connection with the offering. Furthermore, stabilization transactions will also need to comply with EU laws and notably the Market Abuse Regulation. These activities may have the effect of stabilizing or maintaining the market price of the ADSs and ordinary shares at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market. Establishing short sales positions may involve either “covered” short sales or “naked” short sales.
“Covered” short sales are sales made in an amount not greater than the underwriters’ option to purchase additional ADSs and/or ordinary shares in the offering. The underwriters may close out any covered short position by either exercising their option to purchase additional ADSs and/or ordinary shares or purchasing our ADSs and/or ordinary shares in the open market. In determining the source of ADSs and/or ordinary shares to close out the covered short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of ADSs and ordinary shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase ADSs and ordinary shares through the option to purchase additional ADSs and/or ordinary shares.
“Naked” short sales are sales in excess of the option to purchase additional ADSs and/or ordinary shares. The underwriters must close out any naked short position by purchasing ADSs and/or ordinary shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of our ADSs and/or ordinary shares in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in the offering.
A stabilizing bid is a bid for the purchase of ADSs and ordinary shares on behalf of the underwriters for the purpose of fixing or maintaining the price of the ADSs and ordinary shares. A syndicate covering transaction is the bid for or the purchase of ADSs and ordinary shares on behalf of the underwriters to reduce a short position incurred by the underwriters in connection with the offering. Similar to other purchase transactions, the underwriters’ purchases to cover the syndicate short sales may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our ADSs and ordinary shares or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of our ADSs and ordinary shares. As a result, the price of our ADSs and ordinary shares may be higher than the price that might otherwise exist in the open market. A penalty bid is an
TABLE OF CONTENTS
arrangement permitting the underwriters to reclaim the selling concession otherwise accruing to a syndicate member in connection with the offering if the ADSs and ordinary shares originally sold by such syndicate member are purchased in a syndicate covering transaction and therefore have not been effectively placed by such syndicate member.
Neither we, nor any of the underwriters make any representation or prediction as to the direction or magnitude of any effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of our ADSs and ordinary shares. The underwriters are not obligated to engage in these activities and, if commenced, any of the activities may be discontinued at any time.
The underwriters may also engage in passive market making transactions in our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M during a period before the commencement of offers or sales of our ADSs in the U.S. offering and extending through the completion of distribution. A passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid of that security. However, if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker’s bid, that bid must then be lowered when specified purchase limits are exceeded.
Electronic Distribution
A prospectus in electronic format may be made available by e-mail or on the web sites or through online services maintained by one or more of the underwriters or their affiliates. In those cases, prospective investors may view offering terms online and may be allowed to place orders online. The underwriters may agree with us to allocate a specific number of ADSs and ordinary shares for sale to online brokerage account holders. Any such allocation for online distributions will be made by the underwriters on the same basis as other allocations. Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information contained in, or that can be accessed through links on, the underwriters’ web sites and any information contained in any other web site maintained by any of the underwriters, is not part of this prospectus, has not been approved or endorsed by us or the underwriters and should not be relied upon by investors.
Other Activities and Relationships
The underwriters and certain of their affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. The underwriters and certain of their affiliates have, from time to time, performed, and may in the future perform, various commercial and investment banking and financial advisory services for us and our affiliates, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses.
In the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and certain of their affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers, and such investment and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments issued by us and our affiliates. If the underwriters or their respective affiliates have a lending relationship with us, they routinely hedge their credit exposure to us consistent with their customary risk management policies. The underwriters and their respective affiliates may hedge such exposure by entering into transactions which consist of either the purchase of credit default swaps or the creation of short positions in our securities or the securities of our affiliates, including potentially the ADSs and ordinary shares offered hereby. Any such short positions could adversely affect future trading prices of the ADSs and ordinary shares offered hereby. The underwriters and certain of their respective affiliates may also communicate independent investment recommendations, market color or trading ideas and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such securities and instruments.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NOTICE TO INVESTORS
Canada
Resale Restrictions
The distribution of the securities in Canada is being made only in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Alberta and British Columbia on a private placement basis exempt from the requirement that we prepare and file a prospectus with the securities regulatory authorities in each province where trades of these securities are made. Any resale of the securities in Canada must be made under applicable securities laws which may vary depending on the relevant jurisdiction, and which may require resales to be made under available statutory exemptions or under a discretionary exemption granted by the applicable Canadian securities regulatory authority. Purchasers are advised to seek legal advice prior to any resale of the securities.
Representations of Canadian Purchasers
By purchasing the securities in Canada and accepting delivery of a purchase confirmation, a purchaser is representing to us and the dealer from whom the purchase confirmation is received that:
⯀ | the purchaser is entitled under applicable provincial securities laws to purchase the securities without the benefit of a prospectus qualified under those securities laws as it is an “accredited investor” as defined under National Instrument 45-106—Prospectus Exemptions, |
⯀ | the purchaser is a “permitted client” as defined in National Instrument 31-103—Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations, |
⯀ | where required by law, the purchaser is purchasing as principal and not as agent, and |
⯀ | the purchaser has reviewed the text above under Resale Restrictions. |
Conflicts of Interest
Canadian purchasers are hereby notified that the underwriters are relying on the exemption set out in section 3A.3 or 3A.4, if applicable, of National Instrument 33-105—Underwriting Conflicts from having to provide certain conflict of interest disclosure in this document.
Statutory Rights of Action
Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if the prospectus (including any amendment thereto) such as this document contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory. The purchaser of these securities in Canada should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.
Enforcement of Legal Rights
All of our directors and officers as well as the experts named herein may be located outside of Canada and, as a result, it may not be possible for Canadian purchasers to effect service of process within Canada upon us or those persons. All or a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of those persons may be located outside of Canada and, as a result, it may not be possible to satisfy a judgment against us or those persons in Canada or to enforce a judgment obtained in Canadian courts against us or those persons outside of Canada.
Taxation and Eligibility for Investment
Canadian purchasers of the securities should consult their own legal and tax advisors with respect to the tax consequences of an investment in the securities in their particular circumstances and about the eligibility of the securities for investment by the purchaser under relevant Canadian legislation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Australia
This prospectus is not a disclosure document for the purposes of Australia’s Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) of Australia, or Corporations Act, has not been lodged with the Australian Securities & Investments Commission and is only directed to the categories of exempt persons set out below. Accordingly, if you receive this prospectus in Australia:
You confirm and warrant that you are either:
⯀ | a “sophisticated investor” under section 708(8)(a) or (b) of the Corporations Act; |
⯀ | a “sophisticated investor” under section 708(8)(c) or (d) of the Corporations Act and that you have provided an accountant’s certificate to the company which complies with the requirements of section 708(8)(c)(i) or (ii) of the Corporations Act and related regulations before the offer has been made; |
⯀ | a person associated with us under section 708(12) of the Corporations Act; or |
⯀ | a “professional investor” within the meaning of section 708(11)(a) or (b) of the Corporations Act. |
To the extent that you are unable to confirm or warrant that you are an exempt sophisticated investor, associated person or professional investor under the Corporations Act any offer made to you under this prospectus is void and incapable of acceptance.
You warrant and agree that you will not offer any of the securities issued to you pursuant to this prospectus for resale in Australia within 12 months of those securities being issued unless any such resale offer is exempt from the requirement to issue a disclosure document under section 708 of the Corporations Act.
European Economic Area
In relation to each member state of the European Economic Area and the United Kingdom, each referred to as a Relevant State, an offer to the public of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) which are subject of the offering contemplated by this prospectus may be made in that Relevant State, other than:
⯀ | to any legal entity which is a “qualified investor” within the meaning of Article 2(e) of the Prospectus Regulation; |
⯀ | to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons per State (other than qualified investors as defined in the Prospectus Regulation), subject to obtaining the prior consent of the underwriters for any such offer; or |
⯀ | in any other circumstances falling within Article 1(4) of the Prospectus Regulation, |
provided that no such offer of ordinary shares shall require us or any of the underwriters to publish a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Regulation or supplement a prospectus pursuant to Article 23 of the Prospectus Regulation.
For the purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer to the public” in relation to the ordinary shares in any Relevant State means the communication in any form and by any means presenting sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the ordinary shares to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe to those ordinary shares and the expression “Prospectus Regulation” means Regulation (EU) 2017/1129.
France
The ADSs and the ordinary shares have not been and will not be offered or sold to the public in the Republic of France, and no offering of this prospectus or any marketing materials relating to the ADSs and the ordinary shares may be made available or distributed in any way that would constitute, directly or indirectly, an offer to the public in the Republic of France (except for public offerings defined in Article L. 411-2 1° of the French Code monétaire et financier).
The ordinary shares in the form of ADSs may only be offered or sold in France pursuant to article L. 411-2 1° of the French Code monétaire et financier to qualified investors (investisseurs qualifiés) (as such term is defined in Article 2(e)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
of Regulation (EU) n° 2017/1129 dated 14 June 2017) acting for their own account, and in accordance with articles L. 411-1, L. 411-2 and D. 411-2 to D.411-4, D.744-1 and D. 754-1 and D. 764-1 of the French Code monétaire et financier. Prospective investors are informed that:
−
| neither this prospectus nor any other offering materials relating to the ordinary shares in the form of ADSs described in this prospectus has been submitted for clearance to the French financial markets authority (Autorité des marchés financiers); |
−
| neither this prospectus, nor any offering material relating to the ordinary shares in the form of ADSs has been or will be released, issued, distributed or caused to be released, issued or distributed to the public in France or used in connection with any offer for subscription or sale of the ordinary shares in the form of ADSs to the public in France within the meaning of article L. 411-1 of the French Code monétaire et financier (other than public offerings defined in Article L. 411-2 1 of the French Code monétaire et financier); |
−
| individuals or entities referred to in article L. 411-2 1 of the French Code monétaire et financier may participate in the global offering, as provided under articles D.411-4, D.744-1, D.754-1 and D.764-1 of the French Code monétaire et financier; and |
−
| the direct and indirect distribution or sale to the public of the ordinary shares in the form of ADSs acquired by them may only be made in compliance with articles L. 411-1, L. 411-2 1°, L. 412-1 and L. 621-8 to L. 621-8-3 of the French Code monétaire et financier. |
MiFID II product governance
With respect to the non-U.S. private placement and solely for the purposes of each manufacturer’s product approval process, the target market assessment in respect of the ordinary shares has led to the conclusion that: (i) the target market for the ordinary shares is eligible counterparties and professional clients only, each as defined in Directive 2014/65/EU (as amended, “MiFID II”); and (ii) all channels for distribution of the ordinary shares to eligible counterparties and professional clients are appropriate. Any person subsequently offering, selling or recommending the ordinary shares (a “distributor”) should take into consideration the manufacturers’ target market assessment; however, a distributor subject to MiFID II is responsible for undertaking its own target market assessment in respect of the ordinary shares (by either adopting or refining the manufacturers’ target market assessment) and determining appropriate distribution channels.
Hong Kong
No securities have been offered or sold, and no securities may be offered or sold, in Hong Kong, by means of any document, other than to persons whose ordinary business is to buy or sell shares or debentures, whether as principal or agent; or to “professional investors” as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong (“SFO”), and any rules made under that Ordinance; or in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus” as defined in the Companies Ordinance (“CO”), (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong or which do not constitute an offer or invitation to the public for the purpose of the CO or SFO. No document, invitation or advertisement relating to the securities has been issued or may be issued or may be in the possession of any person for the purpose of issue (in each case whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere), which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public of Hong Kong (except if permitted under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to securities which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to “professional investors” as defined in the SFO and any rules made under that Ordinance.
This prospectus has not been registered with the Registrar of Companies in Hong Kong. Accordingly, this prospectus may not be issued, circulated or distributed in Hong Kong, and the securities may not be offered for subscription to members of the public in Hong Kong. Each person acquiring the securities will be required, and is deemed by the acquisition of the securities, to confirm that he is aware of the restriction on offers of the securities described in this prospectus and the relevant offering documents and that he is not acquiring, and has not been offered any securities in circumstances that contravene any such restrictions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Israel
This document does not constitute a prospectus under the Israeli Securities Law, 5728-1968, or the Securities Law, and has not been filed with or approved by the Israel Securities Authority. In Israel, this prospectus is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer of the ADSs or ordinary shares is directed only at, (i) a limited number of persons in accordance with the Israeli Securities Law and (ii) investors listed in the first addendum (the “Addendum”) to the Israeli Securities Law, consisting primarily of joint investment in trust funds, provident funds, insurance companies, banks, portfolio managers, investment advisors, members of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, underwriters, venture capital funds, entities with equity in excess of NIS 50 million and “qualified individuals,” each as defined in the Addendum (as it may be amended from time to time), collectively referred to as qualified investors (in each case, purchasing for their own account or, where permitted under the Addendum, for the accounts of their clients who are investors listed in the Addendum). Qualified investors are required to submit written confirmation that they fall within the scope of the Addendum, are aware of the meaning of same and agree to it.
Japan
The offering has not been and will not be registered under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan (Law No. 25 of 1948 of Japan, as amended) (“FIEL”), and the underwriters will not offer or sell any securities, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan (which term as used herein means, unless otherwise provided herein, any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan), or to others for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan, except pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the FIEL and any other applicable laws, regulations and ministerial guidelines of Japan.
Singapore
This prospectus has not been and will not be lodged or registered with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or the invitation for subscription or purchase, of the securities may not be circulated or distributed, nor may the securities be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore (“SFA”), (ii) to a relevant person pursuant to Section 275(1), or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275, of the SFA, or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA.
Where the securities are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is:
⯀ | a corporation (which is not an accredited investor as defined in Section 4A of the SFA) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor, or |
⯀ | a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary of the trust is an individual who is an accredited investor, |
then securities (as defined in Section 239(1) of the SFA) of that corporation or the beneficiaries’ rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferred within six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the securities pursuant to an offer made under Section 275 of the SFA except:
⯀ | to an institutional investor or to a relevant person defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA, or to any person arising from an offer referred to in Section 275(1A) or Section 276(4)(i)(B) of the SFA; |
⯀ | where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer; |
⯀ | where the transfer is by operation of law; |
⯀ | as specified in Section 276(7) of the SFA; or |
⯀ | as specified in Regulation 32 of the Securities and Futures (Offers of Investments) (Shares and Debentures) Regulations 2005 of Singapore. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Switzerland
This prospectus is not intended to constitute an offer or solicitation to purchase or invest in the ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs). The ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) may not be publicly offered, directly or indirectly, in Switzerland within the meaning of the Swiss Financial Services Act (“FinSA”) and no application has or will be made to admit the ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) to trading on any trading venue (exchange or multilateral trading facility) in Switzerland. Neither this prospectus nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) constitutes a prospectus pursuant to the FinSA, and neither this prospectus nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.
United Kingdom
This prospectus is only being distributed to, and is only directed at, persons in the United Kingdom that are qualified investors within the meaning of Article 2(e) of the Prospectus Regulation that are also (i) investment professionals falling within Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005, as amended, referred to herein as the Order, and/or (ii) high net worth entities falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) of the Order and other persons to whom it may lawfully be communicated. Each such person is referred to herein as a Relevant Person.
This prospectus and its contents are confidential and should not be distributed, published or reproduced (in whole or in part) or disclosed by recipients to any other persons in the United Kingdom. Any person in the United Kingdom that is not a Relevant Person should not act or rely on this document or any of its contents.
Each of the underwriters has represented and agreed that:
(a)
| it has only communicated or caused to be communicated and will only communicate or cause to be communicated an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (the “FSMA”)) received by it in connection with the issue or sale of the ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) in circumstances in which Section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply to us; and |
(b)
| it has complied and will comply with all applicable provisions of the FSMA with respect to anything done by it in relation to the ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs), from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The following table sets forth the costs and expenses, excluding underwriting commissions, which are expected to be incurred in connection with our sale of ordinary shares and ADSs in the offering. With the exception of the registration fee payable to the SEC, the Nasdaq initial listing fee and the filing fee payable to FINRA all amounts are estimates.
SEC registration fee | | | $* |
Nasdaq initial listing fee | | | * |
FINRA filing fee | | | * |
Printing expenses | | | * |
Legal fees and expenses | | | * |
Accounting fees and expenses | | | * |
Miscellaneous fees and expenses | | | * |
Total | | | $ * |
*
| To be completed by amendment. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Jones Day, New York, New York, is representing the Company in connection with the offering. Jones Day, Paris, France, will pass upon the validity of the ordinary shares, including those in the form of ADSs, offered in the offering and other legal matters concerning the offering relating to French law, including matters of French income tax law. Cooley LLP, New York, New York, is representing the underwriters in connection with the offering with respect to U.S. federal law, and Gide Loyrette Nouel A.A.R.P.I. is representing the underwriters in connection with the offering with respect to French law.
The consolidated financial statements of Nanobiotix S.A. at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, appearing in this prospectus and registration statement have been audited by Ernst & Young et Autres, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report thereon appearing elsewhere herein, and are included in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
The offices of Ernst & Young et Autres are located at Tour First, 1 place des Saisons, 92400 Courbevoie, 92037 Paris – La Défense Cedex, France.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the ordinary shares to be in the form of ADSs offered in this prospectus. A related registration statement on Form F-6 will be filed with the SEC to register the ADSs. This prospectus, which forms a part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information included in the registration statement. Certain information is omitted and you should refer to the registration statement and its exhibits for that information. With respect to references made in this prospectus to any contract or other document of Nanobiotix, such references are not necessarily complete and you should refer to the exhibits attached to the registration statement for copies of the actual contract or document.
The SEC maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants, such as Nanobiotix, that file electronically with the SEC.
Upon completion of the offering, we will be subject to the information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to foreign private issuers and under those requirements will file reports with the SEC. Those reports may be inspected without charge at the locations described above. As a foreign private issuer, we will be exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our executive board members, supervisory board members and principal shareholders will be exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will not be required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as United States companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.
We maintain a corporate website at www.nanobiotix.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Index to Financial Statements
Interim Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020:
Annual Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL
POSITION
(Amounts in thousands of euros)
ASSETS
| | | | | | | | | |
Non-current assets
| | | | | | | | | |
Intangible assets | | | 5 | | | 73 | | | 163 |
Property, plant and equipment | | | 6 | | | 8,961 | | | 9,386 |
Other non-current financial assets | | | 7 | | | 465 | | | 529 |
Total non-current assets | | | | | | 9,499 | | | 10,078 |
Current assets
| | | | | | | | | |
Trade receivables | | | 8.1 | | | 51 | | | 11 |
Other current assets | | | 8.2 | | | 8,626 | | | 11,022 |
Cash and cash equivalents | | | 9 | | | 26,590 | | | 35,094 |
Total current assets | | | | | | 35,266 | | | 46,127 |
TOTAL ASSETS | | | | | | 44,765 | | | 56,205 |
| | | | | | | | | |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
| | | | | | | | | |
Shareholders’ equity
| | | | | | | | | |
Share capital | | | 10.1 | | | 682 | | | 672 |
Premiums related to share capital | | | 10.1 | | | 151,968 | | | 153,139 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | | | | | | 428 | | | 433 |
Treasury shares | | | | | | (243) | | | (169) |
Reserve | | | | | | (154,451) | | | (105,069) |
Net loss for the period | | | | | | (20,579) | | | (50,915) |
Total shareholders’ equity | | | | | | (22,194) | | | (1,908) |
Non-current liabilities
| | | | | | | | | |
Non-current provisions | | | 11.2 | | | 371 | | | 331 |
Non-current financial liabilities | | | 12 | | | 49,448 | | | 43,435 |
Total non-current liabilities | | | | | | 49,819 | | | 43,766 |
Current liabilities
| | | | | | | | | |
Current provisions | | | 11.1 | | | — | | | 164 |
Current financial liabilities | | | 12 | | | 2,391 | | | 1,091 |
Trade payables and other payables | | | 13.1 | | | 8,868 | | | 7,770 |
Other current liabilities | | | 13.2 | | | 5,881 | | | 5,322 |
Total current liabilities | | | | | | 17,140 | | | 14,347 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | | | | | | 44,765 | | | 56,205 |
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONS
(Amounts in thousands of euros, except per share numbers)
Revenues and other income
| | | | | | | | | |
Revenues | | | 15 | | | 37 | | | 37 |
Other income | | | 15 | | | 1,411 | | | 1,786 |
Total revenues and other income | | | | | | 1,448 | | | 1,823 |
Operating expenses
| | | | | | | | | |
Research and development expenses | | | 16.1 | | | (13,077) | | | (13,380) |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | | | 16.2 | | | (6,755) | | | (8,910) |
Total operating expenses | | | | | | (19,832) | | | (22,290) |
Operating income (loss) | | | | | | (18,384) | | | (20,467) |
Financial income | | | 18 | | | 234 | | | 724 |
Financial expenses | | | 18 | | | (2,428) | | | (4,176) |
Financial income (loss) | | | | | | (2,194) | | | (3,452) |
Income tax | | | | | | (1) | | | — |
Net loss for the period | | | | | | (20,579) | | | (23,920) |
Basic loss per share (euros/share) | | | 20 | | | (0.91) | | | (1.15) |
Diluted loss per share (euros/share) | | | 20 | | | (0.91) | | | (1.15) |
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Amounts in thousands of euros)
Net loss for the period | | | (20,579) | | | (23,920) |
Actuarial gains and losses on retirement benefit obligations (IAS 19) | | | — | | | 64 |
Tax impact | | | — | | | — |
Other comprehensive loss that will not be reclassified subsequently to income or loss | | | — | | | 64 |
Currency translation adjustment | | | (5) | | | (12) |
Tax impact | | | — | | | — |
Other comprehensive income that may be reclassified subsequently to income or loss | | | (5) | | | (12) |
Total comprehensive loss | | | (20,584) | | | (23,869) |
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Amounts in thousands of euros, except number of shares)
As of December 31, 2018 | | | | | | 19,633,373 | | | 589 | | | 122,799 | | | 381 | | | (124) | | | (79,057) | | | (30,345) | | | 14,243 |
Net loss for the period | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (23,920) | | | (23,920) |
Currency translation adjustments | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (12) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (12) |
Actuarial gains and losses (IAS 19) | | | 11.2 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 64 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 64 |
Total comprehensive loss | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 52 | | | — | | | — | | | (23,920) | | | (23,868) |
Allocation of prior period loss | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (30,345) | | | 30,345 | | | — |
Capital increase | | | | | | 2,566,666 | | | 77 | | | 28,002 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 28,079 |
Subscription and exercise of founders’ warrants and warrants | | | 10.3 | | | 160,000 | | | 5 | | | 963 | | | — | | | — | | | 13 | | | — | | | 981 |
Share based payment | | | 17 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,716 | | | — | | | 1,716 |
Treasury shares | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 6 | | | — | | | — | | | 6 |
U.S. Initial public offering costs offset | | | | | | — | | | — | | | (423) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (423) |
As of June 30, 2019 | | | | | | 22,360,039 | | | 671 | | | 151,341 | | | 433 | | | (118) | | | (107,672) | | | (23,920) | | | 20,734 |
As of December 31, 2019 | | | | | | 22,415,039 | | | 672 | | | 153,139 | | | 433 | | | (169) | | | (105,070) | | | (50,915) | | | (1,909) |
Net loss for the period | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (20,579) | | | (20,579) |
Currency translation adjustments | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (5) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (5) |
Actuarial gains and losses (IAS 19) | | | 11.2 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Total comprehensive loss | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (5) | | | — | | | — | | | (20,579) | | | (20,584) |
Allocation of prior period loss | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (50,915) | | | 50,915 | | | — |
Capital increase | | | 10.1 | | | 316,083 | | | 9 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (9) | | | — | | | — |
Subscription and exercise of founders’ warrants and warrants | | | 10.3 | | | — | | | — | | | 5 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 5 |
Share based payment | | | 17 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,542 | | | — | | | 1,542 |
Treasury shares | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (74) | | | — | | | — | | | (74) |
U.S. Initial public offering costs | | | 10.1 | | | — | | | — | | | (1,175) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (1,175) |
As of June 30, 2020 | | | | | | 22,731,122 | | | 682 | | | 151,968 | | | 428 | | | (243) | | | (154,451) | | | (20,579) | | | (22,194) |
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOWS
(Amounts in thousands of euros)
Cash flows used in operating activities
| | | | | | | | | |
Net loss for the period | | | | | | (20,579) | | | (23,920) |
Elimination of other non-cash, non-operating income and expenses | | | | | | | | | |
Depreciation and amortization | | | 16.4 | | | 906 | | | 850 |
Provisions | | | | | | (126) | | | (17) |
Expenses related to share-based payments | | | 17 | | | 1,542 | | | 1,716 |
Cost of net debt | | | | | | 1,046 | | | 901 |
Impact of accrued royalties and the financial liabilities discounting effect | | | | | | 1,343 | | | 1,923 |
Other charges with no impact on treasury | | | | | | 3 | | | 3 |
Cash flows used in operations, before tax and changes in working capital | | | | | | (15,864) | | | (18,544) |
(Increase) / Decrease in trade receivables | | | 8.1 | | | (39) | | | (37) |
Reimbursement of research tax credit | | | 8.2 | | | 3,314 | | | — |
(Increase) / Decrease in other receivables | | | 8.2 | | | (918) | | | (2,198) |
Increase in trade payables | | | 13.1 | | | 192 | | | (1,461) |
Increase in other current liabilities | | | 13.2 | | | 435 | | | 917 |
Changes in operating working capital | | | | | | 2,935 | | | (2,780) |
Net cash flows used in operating activities | | | | | | (12,879) | | | (21,324) |
Cash flows from (used in) investing activities
| | | | | | | | | |
Acquisitions of intangible assets | | | 5 | | | (17) | | | (259) |
Acquisitions of property, plant and equipment | | | 6 | | | (57) | | | (545) |
Addition in non-current financial assets | | | | | | (9) | | | (5,055) |
Net cash flows from (used in) investing activities | | | | | | (83) | | | (5,859) |
Cash flows from financing activities
| | | | | | | | | |
Capital increases | | | | | | — | | | 28,079 |
Warrants subscription | | | 10.1 | | | 5 | | | 981 |
Transaction costs | | | 10.1 | | | (261) | | | (423) |
Increase in loans and conditional advances | | | 12 | | | 5,350 | | | 14,000 |
Decrease in conditional advances | | | 12 | | | — | | | (125) |
Payment of lease liabilities | | | 12 | | | (171) | | | (260) |
Interest paid | | | 12 | | | (519) | | | (182) |
Net cash flows from financing activities | | | | | | 4,404 | | | 42,070 |
Effect of exchange rates changes on cash | | | | | | 54 | | | 22 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | | | | | | (8,505) | | | 14,909 |
Net cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | | | | | | 35,094 | | | 36,203 |
Net cash and cash equivalents at end of period | | | 9 | | | 26,590 | | | 51,112 |
| | | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF AND FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2020 AND 2019
Note 1. Company information
Presentation of the Company
Nanobiotix S.A. was incorporated in 2003 as a spin-off from the State University of New York (SUNY) in Buffalo. Nanobiotix S.A. (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”), is headquartered in Paris, France.
The Company is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing first-in-class product candidates that use proprietary nanotechnology to transform cancer treatment, as well as the utility and efficacy of radiotherapy. Its lead product candidate, NBTXR3, is an aqueous suspension of crystalline metallic nanoparticles approximately 50 nanometers (50 billionths of a meter) in diameter, designed for injection directly into a malignant tumor. When exposed to ionizing radiation, NBTXR3 amplifies the localized, intratumor killing effect of that radiation. NBTXR3 is designed to enhance the overall efficacy of radiotherapy without resulting in additional side effects on the surrounding healthy tissues.
Alongside the Company’s core NBTXR3 development program, the Company is also pursuing a development program to explore the use of radiotherapy-activated NBTXR3 in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors across several solid tumor indications.
The Company is been listed on the Euronext regulated market in Paris (under the ticker symbol “NANO”).
The Company has four wholly-owned direct subsidiaries—one in France, one in Germany, one in Spain and one in the United States. In addition, the Company’s French subsidiary, Curadigm S.A.S., has a wholly-owned subsidiary, Curadigm Corp., located in the United States.
Significant events of the period
Creation of the subsidiary Curadigm Corp. in January 2020
In January 2020, Curadigm Corp., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Curadigm S.A.S., was incorporated in the State of Delaware (see Note 3.1). Curadigm Corp., which is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, mainly operates in the United States.
Nanobiotix provides updates on clinical development continuity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
The strain of coronavirus, SARS-Cov-2, which results in Coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”), was identified by the World Health Organization, or WHO, in January 2020. On March 11, 2020, COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the WHO.
On April 21, 2020, the Company announced updates to the Company’s operational and global development plan in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company’s priority is to protect its employees, patients, and other partners and stakeholders. In light of the exceptional circumstances, the Company implemented proactive measures to protect the health and safety of employees, including restricting employee travel, requiring remote work arrangements for non-laboratory employees, implementing social distancing and enhanced sanitary measures in its facilities, and cancelling attendance at in-person events and conferences.
The Company benefited from an exceptional measure implemented by the French government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, referred to as the “partial unemployment measure” (see Note 15). In addition, under Bpifrance’s emergency fund for companies affected by COVID-19, Bpifrance allowed the Company to defer two quarterly payments of repayable OSEO/Bpifrance loan advances otherwise due in 2020. These payments will be deferred, without fees or penalties to the end of the initial reimbursement period.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company has experienced, and expects to continue to experience, disruptions and adverse impacts to its business, including delays in certain clinical trial activities. Although the ultimate impact of
TABLE OF CONTENTS
the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s business is not determinable at this stage, there have not been material disruptions to the Company’s global development plan, including its priority head and neck cancer and immuno-oncology (I/O) programs.
Nanobiotix obtains approval for a €10 million non-dilutive financing
On June 8, 2020, the Company received financing approval from both HSBC France and Bpifrance Financement for a total of €10 million in the form of state-guaranteed loans (“Prêts Garantis par l’Etat”, or “PGE”). The French State will guarantee 90% of the amounts due under each of the PGE.
On June 22, 2020, the Company entered into the first €5 million PGE with HSBC France (the “HSBC PGE Loan”). The HSBC PGE Loan has an initial 12-month term during which it bears no interest. At the end of this initial term, the Company has an option to repay the principal or to amortize it over an additional period of up to five years, during which the HSBC PGE Loan would bear interest at a rate not to exceed HSBC France’s refinancing costs. The Company must pay a guarantee fee equal to 0.25% of the €5 million principal amount at the end of the initial 12-month term. If the Company decides to amortize the principal over an additional period, it will have to pay an additional guarantee fee over such amortization period at a legal rate, which will vary depending on the duration of the amortization period, being 0.50% per annum for the first two years of amortization and 1% per annum for the third, fourth and fifth year of amortization. (See Note 12).
Note 2. General Information, Statement of Compliance and Basis of Presentation
General principles
The interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2020 were prepared under management’s supervision and were approved by the Executive Board of the Company (the “Executive Board”) and reviewed by the Supervisory Board of the Company (the “Supervisory Board”) on October 21, 2020.
All amounts presented in the interim condensed consolidated financial statements are presented in thousands of euros, unless stated otherwise. Some figures have been rounded. Accordingly, the totals in some tables may not be the exact sums of component items.
The preparation of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts and information disclosed in the financial statements (see Note 3.2 for additional information).
The interim condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared on a going concern basis. The Executive Board determined it is appropriate to apply a going concern assumption because the Company’s historical losses are due to the innovative nature of the products it is developing, which necessitates a research and development phase spanning several years. With cash and cash equivalents of €26.6 million as of June 30, 2020, the Company believes it has sufficient resources to continue operating for at least twelve months following the unaudited consolidated financial statements’ publication. In addition, on July 17, 2020, the Company received a PGE loan of €5 million from Bpifrance and on July 27, 2020 the Company raised gross proceeds of €20.1 million through an accelerated bookbuild capital increase (see Note 22).
Seasonality of the Company’s activities
According to IAS 34 – Interim Financial Reporting, an entity whose business is highly seasonal should present financial information for the twelve months up to the end of the interim period and additional comparative information for the prior twelve-month period in the unaudited interim condensed financial statements in order to provide a better understanding and comparison of its interim financial statements.
As mentioned in Note 15, as most of the income from the Company is generated by ongoing contracts that primarily depend on performance obligations not correlated to seasonal trends, we consider that the activities of the Company are not seasonal.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Therefore, the following unaudited interim condensed financial statements and corresponding notes will not include seasonal comparative information.
Statement of Compliance and Basis of Presentation
The interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS, International Accounting Standards (“IAS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) as well as interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (“IFRS-IC”) and the Standard Interpretations Committee (the “SIC”), which application is mandatory as of June 30, 2020. The interim condensed consolidated financial statements are also compliant with IFRS as adopted by the European Union.
The Company’s interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in compliance with IAS 34 – Interim Financial Reporting. As these are unaudited interim condensed financial statements, they do not contain all the disclosures required for annual consolidated financial statements and should therefore be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019, subject to any features specific to the preparation of interim financial statements as described below.
The accounting principles used to prepare the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the six months ended June 30, 2020 are identical to those used for the year ended December 31, 2019 except for the standards listed below that required adoption in 2020 or later and that were early adopted in 2020.
Application of New or Amended Standards and Interpretations
The Company adopted the following standards, amendments and interpretations, whose application was mandatory for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2020:
–
| Amendments to IAS 39, IFRS 9 and IFRS 7 related to the interest rate benchmark reform (“IBOR”); |
–
| Amendments to IFRS 3 - Business combinations, definition of a business; and |
–
| Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS standards, issued in March 2018 (Amendments to IAS 1 - Presentation of financial statements and IAS 8 - Accounting policies, change in accounting policies, change in accounting estimates and errors) – definition of material applicable for periods beginning after January 1, 2020. |
The application of these standards had no impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.
Application of New or Amended Standards and Interpretations early adopted by the Company
The Company elected to early adopt the following new standards, amendments and interpretations which application was not yet mandatory for the six months ended June 30, 2020:
–
| IFRS 16 - Amendments for COVID-19 related rent concessions, published on May 18, 2020. No significant impact is expected on the financial statements. |
The IASB published on May 28, 2020 an amendment to IFRS 16 - COVID-19 related rent concessions, mandatory as of June 1, 2020 that has been endorsed by the European Union in October 2020. The amendment provides the lessees with an option to book in their statement of operations the COVID-19 related rent concessions obtained in agreement with their lessors. This amendment is applicable for rents initially due on or before June 30, 2021. Lessees can elect to apply a non-amended IFRS 16 option, which entails a detailed case by case analysis of the rent concessions in order to determine whether to treat them as a contract modification. The schedule of payments has been changed from quarterly to paid monthly, which is not deemed a significant change.
Application of New or Amended Standards and Interpretations not yet applied by the Company
The Company elected not to early adopt the following new standards, amendments and interpretations which application was not yet mandatory for the six months ended June 30, 2020:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
–
| Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8 – Definition of material. No impact is expected on the consolidated financial statements. |
–
| IFRS 17 - Insurance contracts and related amendments. No impact is expected on the consolidated financial statements. |
Note 3. Consolidation principles and methods
3.1
| Basis of consolidation |
Consolidated entities
As of June 30, 2020, the Company comprises one parent entity, Nanobiotix S.A. and five wholly-owned subsidiaries: Nanobiotix Corp., incorporated in the State of Delaware in the United States in September 2014; Nanobiotix Germany GmbH, incorporated in Germany in October 2017; Nanobiotix Spain S.L.U., incorporated in Spain in December 2017, Curadigm S.A.S., incorporated on July 3, 2019 and located in France and Curadigm Corp., a subsidiary of Curadigm S.A.S., incorporated in the State of Delaware in the United States on January 7, 2020.
Accordingly, the interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2020 include the operations of each of these subsidiaries, to the extent applicable, from the date of their incorporation.
Foreign currency transactions
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are presented in euros, which is the reporting currency and the functional currency of the parent company, Nanobiotix S.A. The financial statements of consolidated foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the euro are translated into euros for statement of financial position items at the closing exchange rate at the date of the statement of financial position and for the statement of operations, statement of comprehensive loss and statement of cash flow items at the average rate for the period presented, except where this method cannot be applied due to significant exchange rate fluctuations during the applicable period. The dollar to euro exchange rate used in the interim condensed consolidated financial statements to convert the financial statements of our U.S. subsidiary were $1.1198 as of June 30, 2020 and an average of $1.1015 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 (source: Banque de France) compared with $1.1380 and $1.1298 for 2019, respectively. The resulting currency translation adjustments are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) as a cumulative currency translation adjustment.
3.2
| Use of judgement, estimates and assumptions |
The preparation of interim condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts and information disclosed in the financial statements. The estimates and judgments used by management are based on historical information and on other factors, including expectations about future events considered to be reasonable given the circumstances. These estimates may be revised where the circumstances on which they are based change. Consequently, actual results may vary significantly from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The main items affected by the use of estimates are share-based payments, deferred tax assets, clinical trials accruals, revenue recognition and the fair value of financial instruments.
Measurement of share-based payments
The Company measures the fair value of stock options (OSA), founders’ warrants (BSPCE), warrants (BSA) and free shares (AGA) granted to employees, members of the Supervisory Board and consultants based on actuarial models. These actuarial models require that the Company use certain calculation assumptions with respect to characteristics of the grants (e.g., vesting terms) and market data (e.g., expected share volatility) (see Note 11).
Deferred tax assets
Deferred taxes are recognized for temporary differences arising from the difference between the tax basis and the accounting basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities that appear in its financial statements. The primary temporary differences are related to the tax losses that can be carried forward or backward, depending on the jurisdiction. Enacted tax rates are used to measure deferred taxes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The deferred tax assets are recorded in the accounts only to the extent that it is probable that the future profits will be sufficient to absorb the losses that can be carried forward or backward. Considering its stage of development, which does not allow income projections judged to be sufficiently reliable to be made, the Company has not recognized deferred tax assets in relation to tax losses carryforwards in the statements of consolidated financial position.
Clinical trial accruals
Clinical trial expenses, although not yet billed in full, are estimated for each study and a provision is recognized accordingly (see Note 13.1 for information regarding the clinical trial accruals as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019).
Revenue recognition
In order to determine the amount and timing of revenue under the contract with PharmaEngine, the Company is required to use significant judgments, mainly with respect to identifying performance obligations of the Company and determining the timing of satisfaction of support services provided to PharmaEngine (see Note 15 of the Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2019 of the Company for additional detail regarding the Company’s accounting policies for its additional sources of revenue).
Fair value of financial liabilities
The fair value measurement of the loan granted by European Investment Bank (“EIB”) requires the Company to assess the amount of additional interest (“royalties”, as defined by the royalty agreement with EIB) that will be due according to the loan agreement during a royalty calculation period commencing on January 1, 2021. The royalties due during this period will be determined and calculated based on the number of tranches that have been withdrawn and will be indexed to the Company’s annual sales turnover. For purposes of measuring the fair value of the EIB loan, the Company forecasts the sales that it expects to generate during the royalty period, taking into consideration the operational assumptions such as market release dates of the products, growth and penetration rate in each market (see Notes 4.2 and 12 for details about this loan and the accounting treatment applied).
3.3
| Specific disclosure related to interim financial statements |
Segment information
Under IFRS 8 – Segment reporting, Companies should present their financial information per segment, which relies on the companies’ internal organization. The segment presentation should reflect management’s perspective, and should rely on the internal reporting used by the operating leaders, namely the Chief Executive and the Supervisory Board’s and Executive Board’s Presidents, in order to assess the Company’s performance and allocate resources.
The Company has one operating segment, which is the research and development of product candidates that use proprietary nanotechnology to transform cancer treatment.
Most of the Company’s assets, liabilities and operating results are located in France.
The revenue and other income for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 mainly derives from charging-back of shared external clinical research organization costs, in connection with the development support provided by the Company to PharmaEngine as part of the Company's License and Collaboration Agreement with PharmaEngine (see Note 15).
For geographical allocation purposes, the Company’s management allocates the revenue and other income based on the licenses’ delivery location, or based on location where services are rendered.
Note 4. Significant transactions
The on-going significant contracts as of June 30, 2020 are the same that the ones disclosed in the Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2019 of the Company, namely the ones disclosed below.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The exclusive License and Collaboration Agreement with PharmaEngine provides for the development and commercialization of NBTXR3 by PharmaEngine throughout the covered Asian countries. Under the terms of the License and Collaboration Agreement signed in 2014, PharmaEngine will receive the exclusive right to further develop NBTXR3 to obtain regulatory approval, leverage the data generated by the Company’s development activities and commercialize NBTXR3 in multiple countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region. This contract could generate for the Company up to $56 million in revenue through up-front payments and development and commercial milestone payments, as well as up to double-digit royalties on net product sales in the Asia-Pacific region and payments for the supply of NBTXR3. As of June 30, 2020, €3.0 million has been received since the signature of the License and Collaboration Agreement. The next potential milestone payment under the agreement will become payable only if PharmaEngine files a commercialization authorization of NBTXR3 in the defined Asian countries (see Note 15 for additional detail regarding the accounting policy applied to the License and Collaboration Agreement).
4.2
| Financing Agreement with the European Investment Bank (“EIB”) |
The financing Agreement with the EIB signed in July 2018 allows the Company to borrow up to €40 million in three tranches in order to fund its research, development and innovation activities related to NBTXR3 in various therapeutic indications, subject to achieving a set of agreed-upon performance criteria. In connection with this financing agreement, the Company also entered into a royalty agreement with EIB pursuant to which the Company is required, during a six-year royalty calculation period commencing on January 1, 2021, to pay (on each June 30 with respect to the preceding year within the calculation period) royalties to EIB. The amount of royalties payable is calculable based on low single-digit royalty rates, which vary according to the number of tranches that have been drawn, and indexed on the Company’s annual sales turnover.
4.3
| Collaboration Agreement with the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center |
The Collaboration Agreement with the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, a large-scale research collaboration, was signed in January 2019. The collaboration will initially support nine new Phase I/II clinical trials with Nanobiotix’s first-in-class agent NBTXR3 for use in treating six cancer types – head and neck, pancreatic, thoracic, lung, gastrointestinal and genitourinary cancers – involving approximately 340 patients. As part of the funding for this collaboration, Nanobiotix is committed to pay approximately $11 million for those clinical trials during the collaboration with payments made semi-annually. An additional milestone payment is payable in the event of a successful registration of NBTXR3 by the Food and Drug Administration, (“FDA”). As of June 30, 2020, the Company recorded a prepaid expense comprising the two invoices received through that date for an amount of €1.7 million (see Note 8.2). Expense is recorded in the statement of consolidated operations during the course of the collaboration on the basis of patients enrolled during the relevant period. The first enrollments are expected to begin during the second half of 2020.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Note 5. Intangible assets
The change in intangible assets breaks down as follows:
Patents | | | 65 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 65 |
Software | | | 584 | | | 11 | | | (5) | | | 61 | | | (0) | | | 652 |
Other intangible assets | | | 61 | | | 6 | | | — | | | (61) | | | — | | | 6 |
Gross book value of intangible assets | | | 710 | | | 17 | | | (5) | | | — | | | (0) | | | 722 |
Patents | | | (65) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (65) |
Software | | | (483) | | | (106) | | | 5 | | | — | | | — | | | (584) |
Accumulated depreciation of intangible assets(1) | | | (548) | | | (106) | | | 5 | | | — | | | — | | | (649) |
Net book value of intangible assets | | | 163 | | | (89) | | | — | | | — | | | (0) | | | 73 |
(1)
| Expenses for the period are detailed in Note 16.4 Depreciation, amortization and provisions expenses |
No impairment losses were recognized in application of IAS 36 — Impairment of Assets in the periods presented.
Note 6. Property, plant and equipment
The change in property, plant and equipment is as follows:
Fixtures, fittings and installations | | | 3,297 | | | 11 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 3,307 |
Right of use – Buildings | | | 6,765 | | | 310 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 7,076 |
Technical equipment | | | 2,019 | | | 16 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 2,035 |
Office and IT equipment | | | 957 | | | 25 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 981 |
Transport equipment | | | 34 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 34 |
Right of use – Transport equipment | | | 115 | | | — | | | — | | | (5) | | | — | | | 111 |
Tangible assets in progress | | | 11 | | | 6 | | | — | | | (11) | | | — | | | 6 |
Gross book value of tangible assets | | | 13,197 | | | 367 | | | — | | | (15) | | | — | | | 13,550 |
Fixtures, fittings and installations | | | (1,001) | | | (160) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (1,160) |
Right of use – Buildings | | | (829) | | | (444) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (1,273) |
Technical equipment | | | (1,272) | | | (96) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (1,368) |
Office and IT equipment | | | (629) | | | (82) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (711) |
Transport equipment | | | (34) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (34) |
Right of use – Transport equipment | | | (45) | | | (18) | | | — | | | 22 | | | — | | | (42) |
Accumulated depreciation of tangible assets(1) | | | (3,811) | | | (800) | | | — | | | 22 | | | — | | | (4,589) |
Net book value of tangible assets | | | 9,386 | | | (433) | | | — | | | 6 | | | — | | | 8,961 |
(1)
| Expenses for the period are detailed in Note 16.4 Depreciation, amortization and provisions expenses |
The €310 thousand increase in Right of use – Buildings mainly relates to two new lease contracts: one on Oberkampf Street in Paris, France for €155 thousand, the other on Faubourg Saint-Antoine in Paris, France for €140 thousand, as well as the impact of the annual rent amount revision based on the INSEE (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) index for the Villejuif lease for €15 thousand.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Note 7. Non-current financial assets
The change in non-current financial assets breaks down as follows:
Net book value as of December 31, 2018 | | | 176 | | | 383 | | | 558 |
Additions | | | — | | | 65 | | | 65 |
Decreases | | | (45) | | | (49) | | | (94) |
Net book value as of December 31, 2019 | | | 131 | | | 399 | | | 529 |
Additions | | | — | | | 9 | | | 9 |
Decreases | | | (74) | | | — | | | (74) |
Net book value as of June 30, 2020 | | | 58 | | | 408 | | | 465 |
(1)
| See Note 10.2 Treasury shares |
The decrease of the liquidity contract – cash account corresponds to the balance of the treasury shares transactions whose counterpart is recorded as capital on the "treasury shares" line in the statement of changes in Shareholders’ equity.
Note 8. Trade receivables and other current assets
Trade receivables relate mainly to invoices issued to PharmaEngine, in connection with the charging-back of shared external clinical research organization costs under the Company’s exclusive license and collaboration agreement amendment with PharmaEngine, as amended.
Trade receivables | | | 51 | | | 11 |
Trade and other receivables | | | 51 | | | 11 |
Other current assets break down as follows:
Research tax credit receivable | | | 3,262 | | | 5,688 |
VAT receivable | | | 906 | | | 1,419 |
Prepaid expenses | | | 3,088 | | | 2,671 |
Other receivables | | | 1,370 | | | 1,245 |
Other current assets | | | 8,626 | | | 11,022 |
As of June 30, 2020, prepaid expenses mainly relate to research agreements for €2.4 million, including namely €1.7 million related to the MD Anderson agreement (see Note 4), as compared to a total amount related to research agreements of €2.3 million, including €1.7 million related to the collaboration agreement with MD Anderson, as of December 31, 2019. Other receivables is mainly comprised of advances paid to suppliers in the amounts of €946 thousand and €1,150 thousand as of June 2020 and December 2019, respectively.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Research tax credit
The change in CIR receivables breaks down as follows:
Receivable as of December 31, 2019 | | | 5,688 |
Refund of 2018 Nanobiotix S.A. research tax credit | | | (3,251) |
Refund of 2019 Curadigm S.A.S. research tax credit | | | (63) |
2020 research tax credit(1) | | | 888 |
Receivable as of June 30, 2020 | | | 3,262 |
(1)
| See Note 15 – Revenue and other income |
Note 9. Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents break down as follows:
Short-term bank deposits | | | 9,500 | | | 10,000 |
Cash and bank accounts | | | 17,090 | | | 25,094 |
Net cash and cash equivalents | | | 26,590 | | | 35,094 |
Short-term bank deposits mainly comprise interest-bearing term deposits held as part of the Company's financial management strategy that may be converted to cash without any substantial penalty.
Note 10. Share Capital
Detail of share capital transactions
January 1, 2020 | | | | | | 672 | | | 153,139 | | | 22,415,039 |
March 6, 2020 | | | Capital increase | | | 9 | | | — | | | 316,083 |
June 24, 2020 | | | Subscription of 2020 warrants | | | — | | | 1 | | | — |
June 26, 2020 | | | Subscription of 2020 warrants | | | — | | | 1 | | | — |
June 29, 2020 | | | Subscription of 2020 warrants | | | — | | | 2 | | | — |
June 30, 2020 | | | Subscription of 2020 warrants | | | — | | | 1 | | | — |
June 30, 2020 | | | U.S. Initial Public Offering costs | | | — | | | (1,175) | | | — |
June 30, 2020 | | | | | | 682 | | | 151,968 | | | 22,731,122 |
As of June 30, 2020, the Company's share capital was €682 thousand divided into 22,731,122 fully paid in ordinary shares each with a par value of €0.03.
As of June 30, 2020, €1,175 thousand of transaction costs had been recorded related to the expected initial public offering in the United States and are recognized as a reduction to premiums related to share capital, including €261 thousand paid during the six-month period ended June 30, 2020.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
On June 30, 2020, the Company held 22,724 treasury shares under a liquidity contract, which complies with the general regulations of, and market practices accepted by, the French Financial Markets Authority (“AMF”), entered into following the Company’s French initial public offering in 2012. These shares were deducted from IFRS equity in the amount of €243 thousand as of June 30, 2020.
10.3
| Founders’ warrants, warrants and stock options |
As of June 30, 2020, the Company had the following type of equity plans in place: warrant (BSA) plans, founders’ warrant (BSPCE) plans, stock option (SOA) plans and free shares (AGA) (see Note 17 for tables summarizing the plans as of June 30, 2020).
Warrants
At a meeting on March 17, 2020, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted at the annual shareholders' meeting on April 11, 2019 and following the approval granted by the Supervisory Board on March 13, 2020, granted 18,000 warrants to members of the Supervisory Board, each entitling the holder to subscribe to a defined number of ordinary shares with a par value of €0.03, at a price of €6.59. The holders subscribed to the warrants, which subscription period lasted until September 30, 2020, by June 30, 2020.
At a meeting on March 29, 2019, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted at the annual shareholders' meeting on May 23, 2018 and following the approval granted by the Supervisory Board on January 23, 2019, granted 18,000 warrants to members of the Supervisory Board, each entitling the holder to subscribe to a defined number of ordinary shares with a par value of €0.03, at a price of €11.66. The holders subscribed to the warrants at the end of the subscription period on June 27, 2019.
Stock Options
At a meeting on March 11, 2020, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted at the annual shareholders' meeting on April 11, 2019, adopted the “2019 Stock Option Plan”, granted stock options to employees of the Company to acquire an aggregate of 107,972 ordinary shares of the Company, with a par value of €0.03, at an exercise price of €6.25 (premium issue included) and granted stock options to certain members of the Executive Board and Mr. Alain Dostie to acquire an aggregate of 300,000 ordinary shares of the Company, with a par value of €0.03, at an exercise price of €6.25 (premium issue included).
In each case, the stock options are exercisable according to the following conditions:
–
| Up to one third of the options can be exercised starting March 11, 2021; and |
–
| Up to another third of the options can be exercised starting March 11, 2022; and |
–
| The remaining third can be exercised starting March 11, 2023. |
The stock options may remain outstanding for ten years following their grant date. After this ten-year period, the options will be forfeited by law. The number of options that could be exercised pursuant to the aforementioned planning will always be rounded up.
With respect to the stock options granted to employees of the Company, the exercise conditions are only valid provided that each holder remains employed by the Company during the corresponding reference period.
The Executive Board also decided that the options granted to Executive Board members and to Mr. Alain Dostie are subject to the following performance obligation: positive results must have been obtained during the year ending December 31, 2020 in the 1100 clinical study.
At a meeting of April 30, 2020, the Executive Board, which can, in its sole discretion, at any time during the acquisition period, decide that the holders do not have to remain in the Company anymore, decided to lift this condition that predefines the final acquisition of free shares and subscription of founders’ warrants granted to some of Company’s employees holding the stock options.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
At a meeting on March 29, 2019, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted by the thirty sixth resolution at the annual shareholders' meeting on May 23, 2018, granted 37,500 stock options to the employees of the Company under the 2018 stock option plan, with a par value of €0.03, at an exercise price of €11.08 (premium issue included).
Under the 2018 plan approved on January 13, 2019 by the Supervisory Board, the options will abide by the following conditions and will be exercisable according to the following conditions:
–
| Up to two thirds of the options can be exercised starting March 30, 2021, and |
–
| The remaining third can be exercised starting March 30, 2022. |
These conditions are only valid provided that each holder remains in the Company during the corresponding reference period and at the latest in the ten years following of their grant date. After this ten-year period, the options will be forfeited by law.
At a meeting on October 24, 2019, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted by the thirty sixth resolution at the annual shareholders' meeting on April 11, 2019, adopted the stock option plan LLY 2019, and granted 500,000 stock options to Laurent Levy, CEO of the Company, and decided that each stock option will entitle the holder to subscribe to an ordinary share of the Company, with a par value of €0.03, at an exercise price of €6.41 (premium issue included).
The Supervisory Board also decided that the options will abide by the plan LLY 2019 conditions and will be exercisable according to the following conditions, defined by the thirty-sixth resolution of the Annual shareholders’ meeting of April 11, 2019:
–
| 10% of the options can be exercised as soon as the market share price of the Company on Euronext Paris reaches €24; |
–
| An additional 10% of the options can be exercised as soon as the market share price of the Company on Euronext in Paris reaches €30; |
–
| An additional 40% of the options can be exercised as soon as the market share price of the Company on Euronext in Paris reaches €40; and |
–
| An additional 40% of the options can be exercised as soon as the market share price of the Company on Euronext in Paris reaches €60. |
–
| In the 10 years after their grant date at the latest, the options which have not been exercised by the end of this period of 10 years will be forfeited by law. |
The number of options that could be exercised pursuant to the aforementioned planning will always be rounded to the next whole number and the aforementioned share price will automatically be adjusted in case of grouping or division of the Company shares’ number or similar transaction that occur after the granting of the shares.
Free shares
At a meeting on March 11, 2020, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization at the annual shareholders’ meeting on April 11, 2019, granted 50,000 free shares with a par value of €0.03 to Mrs. Anne-Juliette Hermant following her entry into the Company and new title of Member of the Executive Board.
The free shares will vest according to the following conditions:
–
| A two-year acquisition period starting on March 11, 2020. The holder remaining employed by the Company during the corresponding reference period is one condition for the definitive acquisition of the free shares. |
–
| A one-year holding period following the acquisition period of those shares. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Executive Board also decided that the free shares granted to Mrs. Anne-Juliette Hermant are subject to the following performance obligation: positive results must have been obtained during the year ending December 31, 2020 in the 1100 clinical study.
The impact of share-based payments on income is discussed in Note 17. As of June 30, 2020, the assumptions related to the estimated vesting of the founders’ warrants, the warrants and performance stock-options have been updated (see Note 17).
Removal of Conditions
The Executive Board possesses the discretionary authority to remove conditions established at the time of grant of any warrants, stock options or free shares. In 2019 and 2020, the Executive Board exercised this discretion to eliminate the condition for certain departing employees and a departing manager that such employees or manager must remain employed by or in office in the Company, as applicable, during the applicable reference period in order to exercise options, subscribe for warrants or finally acquire free shares.
Note 11. Provisions
Lump-sum retirement benefits | | | 331 | | | 40 | | | — | | | 371 |
Non-current provisions | | | 331 | | | 40 | | | — | | | 371 |
Provisions for disputes | | | 164 | | | — | | | (164) | | | — |
Current provisions | | | 164 | | | 40 | | | (164) | | | — |
Total provisions | | | 495 | | | 40 | | | (164) | | | 371 |
11.1 Current provisions
Provisions for disputes comprise employee disputes in progress. The decrease of €164 thousand in the six months period ended June 30, 2020 was mainly due to €145 thousand in payments following an employee’s departure.
11.2 Non-current provisions
Commitments for retirement benefits
Provision as of beginning of period | | | 331 | | | 337 |
Expense for the period | | | 40 | | | 82 |
Actuarial gains or losses recognized in other comprehensive income | | | — | | | (88) |
Provision as of end of period | | | 371 | | | 331 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The assumptions used to measure lump-sum retirement benefits are as follows:
| | Retirement assumptions | | | Management: Age 66
Non-management: Age 64 | | | Management: Age 66
Non-management: Age 64 | |
| | Social security contribution rate | | | 43% | | | 43% | |
| | Discount rate | | | 0.85% | | | 0.85% | |
| | Mortality tables | | | Regulatory table
INSEE 2012-2014 | | | Regulatory table
INSEE 2012-2014 | |
| | Salary increase rate (including inflation) | | | 2.5% | | | 2.5% | |
| | Staff turnover | | | Constant average rate of 5.86% | | | Constant average rate of 5.86% | |
| | Duration | | | 17 years | | | 17 years | |
The rights granted to Company employees are defined in the Collective Agreement for the Pharmaceutical industry (manufacturing and sales of pharmaceutical products).
The staff turnover rate was determined using a historical average over the 2015-2018 period.
Note 12. Financial liabilities
Lease liabilities – Short term | | | 1,179 | | | 591 |
Repayable advances OSEO/Bpifrance loan – Short term | | | 500 | | | 500 |
State-guaranteed loan – Short term | | | 13 | | | — |
EIB loan – Short term | | | 700 | | | — |
Total current financial liabilities | | | 2,391 | | | 1,091 |
Lease liabilities – Long term | | | 5,384 | | | 5,814 |
Repayable OSEO/Bpifrance loan advances – Long term | | | 3,176 | | | 2,875 |
State-guaranteed loan – Long term | | | 4,988 | | | — |
EIB loan – Long term | | | 35,900 | | | 34,746 |
Total non-current financial liabilities | | | 49,448 | | | 43,435 |
Total financial liabilities | | | 51,839 | | | 44,256 |
The Company receives repayable advances from Banque Publique d’Investissement (formerly known as OSEO Innovation) (“Bpifrance”). The advances are interest-free and are fully repayable in the event of technical and/or commercial success. In 2018, the Company was informed that the initial date of reimbursement of the Bpifrance repayable advance was deferred for 18 months. The amount to be reimbursed corresponds to the amount received to date, €2.1 million, increased by the interest amount (see Note 12.1).
On June 18, 2020, Curadigm executed a non-dilutive €1.0 million financing agreement as part of Bpifrance’s Deep Tech program in order to support Curadigm’s Nanoprimer technology. The financing comprises (i) a €500 thousand conditional advance, the first €350 thousand of which was funded at signing and the remainder of which will be funded upon completion of a project related to a nanomedecine therapy, upon the beneficiary's request, and (ii) a €500 thousand grant, the first €350 thousand of which was funded at signing and the remainder of which will be funded upon completion of a project related to a nanomedecine therapy, upon the beneficiary's request (see Note 13.2 and Note 15). Curadigm received €350 thousand of the €500 thousand conditional advance in June 2020. The conditional advance component of the financing is repayable each quarter, commencing March 31, 2023 and continuing through
TABLE OF CONTENTS
December 31, 2027. In July 2018, the Company obtained a fixed rate loan from the EIB. The loan could reach a maximum amount of €40 million, divided in three tranches. The first tranche, with a nominal value of €16 million, was received in October 2018 and will be repaid in full in 2023. The accumulated fixed-rate interest related to this tranche will be paid at the same time. The second tranche, with a nominal value of €14 million, was received in March 2019 and will be repaid between 2021 and 2024. The accumulated fixed-rate interest related to this second tranche will be paid twice a year together with the principal due.
The third tranche, which abides by specific conditions (e.g., NBTXR3 must obtain the European Commission trademark and reach the main performance criteria for the Phase III trial for head and neck cancer treatment), has not been requested by the Company yet. The deadline for requesting this third tranche, initially scheduled as of July 26, 2020, was delayed by 12 months to July 31, 2021.
Pursuant to the terms of the loan, the Company is also required, during a six-year royalty calculation period commencing on January 1, 2021, to pay (on each June 30 with respect to the preceding year within the calculation period) additional interest in the form of royalties, calculated according to the number of tranches that have been withdrawn and indexed on the annual sales turnover (see Note 4.2). Initially, the Company calculated estimated future royalties based on its forecast of future annual sales turnover, and this estimated amount was included in the amortized cost of the loan. When the Company revises its forecasts of estimated royalties, the carrying value of the liability is subsequently adjusted based on the revised estimate of future royalties, which is discounted at the original effective interest rate. The related impact on the carrying value of the liability is recorded as financial income or expense, as applicable.
On June 22, 2020, the Company entered into a €5 million state guaranteed loan agreement (“Prêt garanti par l’Etat” or “PGE”) with HSBC France (the “HSBC PGE Loan”). The HSBC PGE Loan is 90% guaranteed by the French State and has an initial 12-month term during which it bears no interest. At the end of this initial term, the Company has an option to repay the principal or to amortize it over an additional period of up to five years, during which the HSBC PGE Loan would bear interest at a rate not to exceed HSBC France’s refinancing costs. The Company must pay a guarantee fee equal to 0.25% of the €5 million principal amount at the end of the initial 12-month term. If the Company decides to amortize the principal over an additional period, the Company will have to pay an additional guarantee fee over such amortization period at a legal rate, which will vary depending on the duration of the amortization period, being 0.50% per annum for the first two years of amortization and 1% per annum for the third, fourth and fifth year of amortization. The HSBC PGE Loan must be repaid upon the occurrence of customary events of default.
12.1
| Conditional advance, bank loan and loans from government and public authorities |
The table below shows the detail of liabilities recognized on the statements of financial position by type of conditional advances and loans from government and public authorities:
Conditional advances and loans from government and public authorities
As of December 31, 2019 | | | 2,165 | | | 1,210 | | | 34,746 | | | — | | | 38,121 |
Principal received | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 350 | | | 350 |
Impact of discounting and accretion | | | 7 | | | 0 | | | (1,098) | | | (74) | | | (1,164) |
Accumulated fixed interest expense accrual | | | 16 | | | — | | | 859 | | | 1 | | | 875 |
Accumulated variable interest expense accrual | | | — | | | — | | | 2,440 | | | — | | | 2,440 |
Repayment | | | — | | | — | | | (350) | | | — | | | (350) |
As of June 30, 2020 | | | 2,189 | | | 1,211 | | | 36,598 | | | 277 | | | 40,275 |
The impact of discounting and accretion of €1.1 million related to the EIB loan. The decrease, offset by accretion, mainly relates to the application of the “catch-up method” in accordance with IFRS 9, and was computed following a decrease in the Company’s revenue forecasts from those initially determined in connection with the latest available development and marketing planning. Such a decrease impacts the variable part of the EIB financial charges relate to royalties, that are based on the Company’s future revenue expectations. When the Company revises its forecasts of estimated royalties, the carrying value of the liability is subsequently adjusted based on the revised estimate of future
TABLE OF CONTENTS
royalties, which is discounted at the original effective interest rate. The related impact on the carrying value of the liability is recorded as financial income or expense, as applicable. The expected royalty payments to be made in the future, initially estimated as €43.4 million as of the date of the signature of the agreement, have been updated to €38,103 thousand as of June 30, 2020.
As of December 31, 2019 | | | — |
Principal received | | | 5,000 |
Financial expenses on liabilities | | | — |
Repayment of principal | | | — |
Accumulated fixed interest accrual(2) | | | 1 |
As of June 30, 2020 | | | 5,001 |
(1)
| “PGE” or in French “Prêts garantis par l’Etat” are state-guaranteed loans. |
(2)
| The fixed interest accrual refers to guarantee fee of 0.25% of the principal. |
The table below shows the detail of changes in lease liabilities recognized on the statements of financial position over the six month period ended June 30, 2020:
As of December 31, 2019 | | | 6,405 |
New lease contracts | | | 403 |
Impact of discounting of the new lease contracts | | | (74) |
Fixed interest expense | | | 169 |
Repayment of lease | | | (340) |
As of June 30, 2020 | | | 6,564 |
12.4
| Due dates of the financial liabilities |
The due dates for repayment of the advances and loans are as follows:
Bpifrance | | | — | | | 300 | | | 1,300 | | | 808 | | | 2,408 |
Interest-free Bpifrance loan | | | 500 | | | 750 | | | — | | | — | | | 1,250 |
Curadigm interest-free Bpifrance advance | | | — | | | 50 | | | 200 | | | 100 | | | 350 |
HSBC “PGE” | | | 13 | | | 2,035 | | | 2,035 | | | 1,017 | | | 5,099 |
EIB fixed rate loan | | | 700 | | | 10,383 | | | 26,253 | | | — | | | 37,337 |
Lease liabilities | | | 1,199 | | | 2,309 | | | 2,267 | | | 1,951 | | | 7,726 |
Total | | | 2,412 | | | 15,827 | | | 32,055 | | | 3,876 | | | 54,170 |
The long-term debt obligations relate to the fixed rate interest and principal payable on repayable advances, the interest-free Bpifrance loan, the EIB loan and the lease liabilities. Those amounts do not include the discounting impact, but only reflect the committed amounts under those contracts as of June 30, 2020.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The outstanding balance of the EIB loan in the table above does not include the variable interests (or royalties) of €38.1 million (accounted for as variable rate interest), which was estimated as of June 30, 2020, based on the consolidated forecasted sales expected to be generated by the Company during the six-year period beginning January 1, 2021 (see Notes 3.2, 4.2 and 12.1).
Note 13.
| Trade payables and other current liabilities |
13.1
| Trade and other payables |
Accrued expenses - clinical trials | | | 1,963 | | | 1,620 |
Other trade payables | | | 6,905 | | | 6,150 |
Total trade and other payables | | | 8,868 | | | 7,770 |
Trade payables are not discounted, as none of the amounts were due in more than one year. Other trade payables include €914 thousand of initial public offering costs not yet paid, as of June 30, 2020.
13.2
| Other current liabilities |
Tax liabilities | | | 332 | | | 216 |
Payroll tax and other payroll liabilities | | | 4,994 | | | 4,912 |
Other payables | | | 555 | | | 193 |
Other current liabilities | | | 5,881 | | | 5,322 |
Payroll tax and other payroll liabilities consist primarily of payroll taxes, namely the employer costs to be paid on free shares, accrued bonuses, vacation days and related social charges.
Other payables as of June 30, 2020 mainly include:
–
| A deferred income of €178 thousand corresponding to the portion of the €350 thousand grant not incurred yet (see Note 15); and |
–
| An accrued income related to Nanobiotix S.A.’s advance from Bpifrance for an aggregate amount of €190 thousand, as compared with €93 thousand as of December 31, 2019. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Note 14.
| Financial instruments included in the statement of financial position and impact on income |
Non-current financial assets
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Non-current financial assets | | | 465 | | | 57 | | | 408 | | | 465 |
Trade receivables | | | 51 | | | — | | | 51 | | | 51 |
Cash and cash equivalents | | | 26,590 | | | — | | | 26,590 | | | 26,590 |
Total assets | | | 27,105 | | | 57 | | | 27,049 | | | 27,105 |
Financial liabilities
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Non-current financial liabilities | | | 49,448 | | | — | | | 49,448 | | | 49,448(1) |
Current financial liabilities | | | 2,391 | | | — | | | 2,391 | | | 2,391 |
Trade payables and other payables | | | 8,868 | | | — | | | 8,868 | | | 8,868 |
Total liabilities | | | 60,707 | | | — | | | 60,707 | | | 60,707 |
(1)
| The fair value of current and non-current liabilities include loans, repayable advances from Bpifrance, the EIB loan and the HSBC PGE loan, booked at amortized cost. They were assessed using Level 3 data, in the IFRS 13 classification for fair value. |
Management of financial risks
The principal financial instruments held by the Company are instruments classified as cash and cash equivalents. These instruments are managed with the objective of enabling the Company to finance its business activities. The Company's policy is not to use financial instruments for speculative purposes. It does not use derivative financial instruments.
The principal risks faced by the Company are liquidity, foreign currency exchange, interest rate and credit risks.
Liquidity risk
Given the amount of cash and cash equivalents held by the Company as of June 30, 2020 (see Note 2), the Company does not believe that it is exposed to short-term liquidity risk.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
The functional currency of Nanobiotix S.A. is the euro. Exposure to foreign currency exchange risk is derived almost entirely from intragroup transactions between Nanobiotix S.A. and its U.S. subsidiary, for which the functional currency is the U.S. dollar, as well as trade relations with customers and suppliers outside the euro zone.
At this stage of its development, the Company does not use hedging to protect its business against exchange rate fluctuations. However, a significant increase in its business activity could lead to a greater exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. If this occurs, the Company may implement a suitable hedging policy for these risks.
Credit risk
Credit risk arises from cash and cash equivalents, derivative instruments and deposits with banks and other financial institutions as well as from exposure to customer credit, in particular unpaid receivables and transaction commitments.
The credit risk related to cash and cash equivalents and to current financial instruments is not material given the quality of the relevant financial institutions.
Customer credit risk is limited, due in part to low trade receivables as of June 30, 2020 and in part to its customers’ high credit ratings for other receivables.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Interest rate risk
The Company's exposure to interest rate risk is primarily related to cash equivalents and investment securities, which consist of money market mutual funds (SICAVs). Changes in interest rates have a direct impact on the interest earned from these investments and the cash flows generated.
In 2018 the Company entered into an agreement with the EIB pursuant to which the Company may borrow a total of up to €40 million, divided in three tranches, two of which were received as of June 30, 2020. In addition to the fixed interest rate, the Company also committed, for a period lasting from 2022 through 2027 to pay additional interest in the form of royalties indexed to the Company’s annual sales turnover calculated beginning on January 1, 2021. Because the variable rate of any such interest (royalties) does not depend on the performance of the financial markets, the exposure of the Company to interest rate and market risk is deemed low (see Note 4.2).
Fair value
The fair value of financial instruments traded on an active market is based on the market price on the reporting date. The market prices used for the financial assets held by the Company are the bid prices in the market on the measurement date.
The carrying value of receivables and current liabilities is assumed to approximate their fair value.
Note 15.
| Revenues and other income |
Under the License and Collaboration Agreement, the Company’s and PharmaEngine’s rights are clearly identified and, financial terms are defined in the contract. The contract has commercial substance (the Company’s cash flows have been affected by the terms of the contract) and the Company has collected and is entitled to collect in the future consideration in exchange for the goods and services transferred to PharmaEngine.
The Company identified three performance obligations in the License and Collaboration Agreement described under Note 4 above:
–
| the license of the right to use the Company’s patent and know-how; |
–
| the support provided by the Company to PharmaEngine until the first regulatory approval is granted in PharmaEngine’s territory that the Company views as a series of distinct periods of access to information and experience that is satisfied over time; and |
–
| the supply of NBTXR3 to PharmaEngine. |
An upfront payment of $1.0 million was fully recognized as revenue when the license was transferred to PharmaEngine in 2012.
Development milestones constitute variable payments that are recognized over-time. As milestone payment timing was defined to reflect the efforts of both parties over time and were amended to reflect all changes in the contractual development plan, the Company concluded that the terms of variable payments reflect its efforts to satisfy the performance obligation related to each development phase and that no portion if any of such consideration that would relate to the license would impact the timing of recognition because of the highly probable collectability requirement. On this basis, the first milestone payment (signature of the first amendment that allowed PharmaEngine to benefit from the results of the Company’s clinical studies for soft-tissue sarcoma indication) and the second milestone payment of $1 million (first patient’s injection with NBTXR3 in soft tissue sarcoma study in Asia) were received and recognized in 2014 and 2016, respectively. The next milestone payment will be received following the first filing for regulatory approval for marketing NBTXR3 in PharmaEngine’s territory; no filing has occurred as of June 30, 2020.
Royalties are considered at market conditions and will be fully recognized once the subsequent sales occur.
During the six-month period ended June 30, 2020, no payment was received, and no revenue was recognized for this contract.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Grants
Due to its innovative approach to nanomedicine, the Company has received various grants and other assistance from the government of France and French public authorities since its creation. The funds are intended to finance its operations or specific recruitments. Grants are recognized in income as the corresponding expenses are incurred and independently of cash flows received.
Research tax credit
The French tax authorities grant a research tax credit (Crédit d’Impôt Recherche, or “CIR”), to companies in order to encourage them to conduct technical and scientific research. Companies demonstrating that they have incurred research expenditures that meet the required criteria (research expenses in France or, since January 1, 2005, other countries in the European Community or the European Economic Area that have signed a tax treaty with France containing an administrative assistance clause) receive a tax credit that may be used for the payment of their income tax due for the fiscal year in which the expenditures were incurred and during the next three fiscal years. If taxes due are not sufficient to cover the full amount of the tax credit at the end of the three-year period, the difference is repaid in cash to the company by the French tax authorities.
The Company has received research tax credits since its creation. These amounts are recognized as "Other income" in the fiscal year in which the corresponding charges or expenses were incurred. The portion related to capitalized expenses is deducted from the amount of capitalized expenses on the statements of financial position and from the amortization charges for these expenses on the statements of operations.
Detail of revenues and other income
The following table summarizes the Company’s revenues and other income per category for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019:
Services | | | 37 | | | 20 |
Other sales | | | — | | | 17 |
Licenses | | | — | | | — |
Total revenues | | | 37 | | | 37 |
Research tax credit | | | 888 | | | 1,776 |
Subsidies | | | 494 | | | 10 |
Other | | | 28 | | | — |
Total other income | | | 1,411 | | | 1,786 |
Total revenues and other income | | | 1,448 | | | 1,823 |
The Company’s other income, other than the research tax credit, mainly derives from French State subsidies of €312 thousand provided as part of the “partial unemployment measure,” a National plan allowing companies facing economic challenges during the COVID-19 crisis to receive from the French State approximately 84% of specific employees’ net salary, as well as the €350 thousand received by Curadigm in connection with the Bpifrance Deep Tech Grant, €172 thousand of which was recognized as revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2020.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Note 16.
| Operating expenses |
16.1
| Research and development expenses |
Purchases, sub-contracting and other expenses | | | (7,096) | | | (6,339) |
Payroll costs (including share-based payments) | | | (5,397) | | | (6,297) |
Depreciation, amortization and provision expenses(1) | | | (583) | | | (744) |
Total research and development expenses | | | (13,077) | | | (13,380) |
Purchases, sub-contracting and other expenses increased by €757 thousand, or 12%, for the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared with the same period in 2019. This reflects increased clinical expenses associated with maintaining clinical trials development during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Payroll costs decreased by €900 thousand, or 14%, for the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared with the same period in 2019. This variation is mainly due to a decrease of 12 research and development staff for the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared with the same period in 2019.
16.2
| Selling, General and Administrative (SG&A) expenses |
Purchases, fees and other expenses | | | (2,955) | | | (3,956) |
Payroll costs (including share-based payments) | | | (3,641) | | | (4,903) |
Depreciation, amortization and provision expenses(1) | | | (159) | | | (51) |
Total SG&A expenses | | | (6,755) | | | (8,910) |
Purchases, fees and other expenses decreased by €1 million, or 25%, for the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared with the same period in 2019. This variation reflects the Company’s endeavor to decrease selling, general and administrative costs because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Payroll costs decreased by €1.3 million, mainly resulting from the variation of employer's contribution from an expense of €0.7 million for the period ended June 30, 2019 to a net reversal of €0.2 million for the period ended June 30, 2020 due to the cancellation of free shares over the period.
Wages and salaries | | | (5,658) | | | (6,322) |
Payroll taxes | | | (1,799) | | | (3,124) |
Share-based payments | | | (1,542) | | | (1,716) |
Retirement benefit obligations | | | (38) | | | (38) |
Total payroll costs | | | (9,038) | | | (11,200) |
Average headcount | | | 104 | | | 110 |
End-of-period headcount | | | 98 | | | 111 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
As of June 30, 2020, the Company’s workforce amounted to 98 staff, including 73 in research and development and 25 in selling, general and administrative, as compared with 111 as of June 30, 2019.
For the six months ended June 30, 2020, the aggregated wages, salaries and payroll costs amounted to €7.5 million as compared with €9.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. This is mainly due to a decrease in staff and to the variation of the employer’s contribution expense due for free shares.
In accordance with IFRS 2 – Share-based Payment, the share-based payment item recognized in the statements of comprehensive loss reflects the expense associated with rights vesting during the fiscal year under the Company's share-based compensation plans. The share-based payment expenses amounted to €1.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020, as compared with €1.7 million as of June 30, 2019 (see Note 17).
16.4
| Depreciation, amortization and provision expenses |
Depreciation, amortization and provision expenses by function are detailed as follows:
Amortization expense of intangible assets | | | (73) | | | (44) | | | (117) |
Depreciation expense of property, plant and equipment | | | (623) | | | (167) | | | (789) |
Utilization of provision for disputes | | | 112 | | | — | | | 112 |
Provision for charges | | | — | | | 52 | | | 52 |
Total depreciation, amortization and provision expenses | | | (583) | | | (159) | | | (742) |
Note 17.
| Share-based payments |
Detail of share-based payments
The Company has granted stock options (options de souscription d’actions, “OSA”), warrants (bons de souscription d’actions, “BSA”), founders’ warrants (bons de souscription de parts de créateur d’entreprise, “BSPCE”) and free shares (attributions gratuites d’actions, “AGA”) to corporate officers, employees and members of the Supervisory Board and consultants. In certain cases, exercise of the options and warrants is subject to performance conditions. The Company has no legal or constructive obligation to pay the options in cash.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The number of options, warrants and free shares outstanding on June 30, 2020 and their main characteristics, are detailed below:
Founders’ warrants
Type of underlying asset | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares |
Number of founder’s warrants granted | | | 100,000 | | | 50,000 | | | 97,200 | | | 71,650 | | | 53,050 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 05/04/12 | | | 06/28/13 | | | 06/18/14 | | | 06/18/14 | | | 06/18/14 |
Grant date | | | 12/18/12 | | | 08/28/13 | | | 09/16/14 | | | 02/10/15 | | | 06/10/15 |
Contractual expiration date | | | 12/18/22 | | | 08/28/23 | | | 09/16/24 | | | 02/10/25 | | | 06/10/25 |
Grant price | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Exercise price | | | €6.63 | | | €5.92 | | | €18.68 | | | €18.57 | | | €20.28 |
Number of founders’ warrants as of June 30, 2020 | | | 100,000 | | | 50,000 | | | 86,900 | | | 68,450 | | | 31,700 |
Number of founders’ warrants exercised | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Including founders’ warrants exercised during the period | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Number of founders’ warrants lapsed or canceled | | | — | | | — | | | 10,300 | | | 3,200 | | | 21,350 |
Including founders’ warrants lapsed or canceled during the period | | | — | | | — | | | 5,200 | | | 2,500 | | | 6,700 |
Type of underlying asset | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares |
Number of founder’s warrants granted | | | 126,400 | | | 129,250 | | | 117,650 | | | 80,000 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 06/25/15 | | | 06/25/15 | | | 06/23/16 | | | 06/23/16 |
Grant date | | | 02/02/16 | | | 02/02/16 | | | 01/07/17 | | | 01/07/17 |
Contractual expiration date | | | 02/02/26 | | | 02/02/26 | | | 01/07/27 | | | 01/07/27 |
Grant price | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Exercise price | | | €14.46 | | | €14.46 | | | €15.93 | | | €15.93 |
Number of founders’ warrants as of June 30, 2020 | | | 101,617 | | | 101,804 | | | 101,600 | | | 80,000 |
Number of founders’ warrants exercised | | | 333 | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Including founders’ warrants exercised during the period | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Number of founders’ warrants lapsed or canceled | | | 24,450 | | | 27,446 | | | 16,050 | | | — |
Including founders’ warrants lapsed or canceled during the period | | | 8,350 | | | 1,198 | | | 5,566 | | | — |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Warrants
Type of warrants | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares |
Number of warrants granted | | | 52,500 | | | 10,000 | | | 14,000 | | | 26,000 | | | 64,000 | | | 6,000 | | | 18,103 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 05/04/12 | | | 05/04/12 | | | 06/18/14 | | | 06/18/14 | | | 06/18/14 | | | 06/25/15 | | | 06/25/15 |
Grant date | | | 05/04/12 | | | 04/10/13 | | | 09/16/14 | | | 02/10/15 | | | 06/25/15 | | | 06/25/10 | | | 02/02/16 |
Contractual expiration date | | | 05/04/22 | | | 04/10/23 | | | 09/16/24 | | | 02/10/25 | | | 06/25/25 | | | 06/25/20 | | | 02/02/21 |
Grant price | | | €0.60 | | | €2.50 | | | €4.87 | | | €4.87 | | | €5.00 | | | €2.80 | | | €1.67 |
Exercise price | | | €6.00 | | | €6.37 | | | €17.67 | | | €17.67 | | | €19.54 | | | €19.54 | | | €13.74 |
Number of warrants as of June 30, 2020 | | | 30,000 | | | 6,000 | | | 10,000 | | | 21,000 | | | 64,000 | | | — | | | 18,103 |
Number of warrants exercised | | | 22,500 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Including warrants exercised during the period | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Number of warrants lapsed or canceled | | | — | | | 4,000 | | | 4,000 | | | 5,000 | | | — | | | 6,000 | | | — |
Including warrants lapsed or canceled during the period | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 6,000 | | | — |
Type of warrants | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares |
Number of warrants granted | | | 18,105 | | | 8,000 | | | 18,000 | | | 28,000 | | | 5,820 | | | 18,000 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 06/25/15 | | | 06/23/16 | | | 06/23/16 | | | 06/14/17 | | | 05/23/18 | | | 05/23/18 |
Grant date | | | 02/02/16 | | | 11/03/16 | | | 01/07/17 | | | 03/06/18 | | | 07/27/18 | | | 03/29/19 |
Contractual expiration date | | | 02/02/21 | | | 11/03/21 | | | 01/07/22 | | | 03/06/23 | | | 07/27/28 | | | 03/29/19 |
Grant price | | | €1.67 | | | €2.03 | | | €2.03 | | | €1.62 | | | €2.36 | | | €1.15 |
Exercise price | | | €13.74 | | | €15.01 | | | €15.76 | | | €13.55 | | | €16.102 | | | €11.66 |
Number of warrants as of June 30, 2020 | | | 18,105 | | | 8,000 | | | 18,000 | | | 28,000 | | | 5,820 | | | 18,000 |
Number of warrants exercised | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Including warrants exercised during the period | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Number of warrants lapsed or canceled | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Including warrants lapsed or canceled during the period | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Type of warrants | | | New shares |
Number of warrants granted | | | 18,000 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 04/11/19 |
Grant date | | | 03/17/20 |
Contractual expiration date | | | 03/17/20 |
Grant price | | | €0.29 |
Exercise price | | | €6.59 |
Number of warrants as of June 30, 2020 | | | 18,000 |
Number of warrants exercised | | | — |
Including warrants exercised during the period | | | — |
Number of warrants lapsed or canceled | | | — |
Including warrants lapsed or canceled during the period | | | — |
Stock options
Type of underlying asset | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares |
Number of options granted | | | 6,400 | | | 4,000 | | | 3,500 | | | 62,000 | | | 37,500 | | | 500,000 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 06/25/15 | | | 06/23/16 | | | 06/23/16 | | | 03/06/18 | | | 05/23/18 | | | 04/11/19 |
Grant date | | | 02/02/16 | | | 11/03/16 | | | 01/07/17 | | | 03/06/18 | | | 05/23/18 | | | 04/11/19 |
Contractual expiration date | | | 02/02/26 | | | 11/03/26 | | | 01/07/27 | | | 03/06/28 | | | 03/29/19 | | | 10/24/19 |
Grant price | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Exercise price | | | €13.05 | | | €14.26 | | | €14.97 | | | €12.87 | | | €11.08 | | | €6.41 |
Number of options as of June 30, 2020 | | | 400 | | | 4,000 | | | 500 | | | 53,333 | | | 28,750 | | | 500,000 |
Number of options exercised | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Including options exercised during the period | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Number of options lapsed or canceled | | | 6,000 | | | — | | | 3,000 | | | 8,667 | | | 8,750 | | | — |
Including options lapsed or canceled during the period | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 667 | | | 1,500 | | | — |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Type of underlying asset | | | New shares |
Number of options granted | | | 407,972 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 04/11/19 |
Grant date | | | 03/11/20 |
Contractual expiration date | | | 03/11/20 |
Grant price | | | — |
Exercise price | | | €6.25 |
Number of options as of June 30, 2020 | | | 406,063 |
Number of options exercised | | | — |
Including options exercised during the period | | | — |
Number of options lapsed or canceled | | | 1,909 |
Including options lapsed or canceled during the period | | | 1,909 |
Free shares
Type of underlying assets | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares | | | New shares |
Number of free shares granted | | | 396,250 | | | 6,000 | | | 438,250 | | | 50,000 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 06/14/2017 | | | 05/23/2018 | | | 05/23/2018 | | | 04/11/2019 |
Grant date | | | 03/06/2018 | | | 07/27/2018 | | | 03/29/2019 | | | 03/11/2020 |
Grant price | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Exercise price | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Number of free shares as of June 30, 2020 | | | 24,500 | | | 6,000 | | | 378,250 | | | 50,000 |
Number of free shares exercised | | | 316,083 | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Including free shares exercised during the period | | | 316,083 | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Number of free shares lapsed or canceled | | | 55,667 | | | — | | | 60,000 | | | — |
Including free shares lapsed or canceled during the period | | | 14,667 | | | — | | | 6,750 | | | — |
Total number of shares underlying grants outstanding as of June 30, 2020 | | | 722,071 | | | 263,028 | | | 993,046 | | | 458,750 | | | 2,436,895 |
The measurement methods used to estimate the fair value of stock options, warrants and free shares are described below:
–
| The share price on the grant date is equal to the exercise price, except for the BSA 2014 which exercise price was set at €40, taking into account both the average share price on the 20 days preceding the grant date and the expected development perspectives of the Company; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
–
| The risk-free rate was determined based on the average life of the instruments; and |
–
| Volatility was determined based on a sample of listed companies in the biotechnology sector on the grant date and for a period equal to the life of the warrant or option. |
The performance conditions for all of the plans were assessed as follows:
–
| Performance conditions unrelated to the market were analyzed to determine the likely exercise date of the warrants and options and expense was recorded accordingly based on the probability these conditions would be met; and |
–
| Market-related performance conditions were directly included in the calculation of the fair value of the instruments. |
As of June 30, 2020, the assumptions on the probability the performance conditions would be met for the 2016 BSPCE, BSA and OSA performance plans were updated.
Except for the 2012-1 founders’ warrants, the fair value of the warrants and options was measured using the Black-Scholes model.
The fair value of 2012-1 founders’ warrants was determined using the Monte Carlo valuation model to take into account the exercise conditions, which depend on the realized gain compared to the expected stock market listing price.
BSPCE
2012-1 | | | 5.26 | | | 6.00 | | | 41% | | | 3.49 | | | 0.20% | | | 0.00% | | | 307 | | | 0 | | | 0 |
BSPCE
2012-2 | | | 6.65 | | | 6.63 | | | 44.3% - 47.6% | | | 5 - 7.30 | | | 0.84% - 1.22% | | | 0.00% | | | 288 | | | 0 | | | 0 |
BSPCE
04-2013 | | | 6.30 | | | 6.30 | | | 56% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.90% | | | 0.00% | | | 167 | | | 0 | | | 0 |
BSPCE
08-2013 | | | 6.30 | | | 6.30 | | | 256% | | | 7.0 | | | 0.90% | | | 0.00% | | | 152 | | | 0 | | | 0 |
BSPCE
09-2014 | | | 18.68 | | | 18.68 | | | 58% | | | 5.5/6/6.5 | | | 0.64% | | | 0.00% | | | 932 | | | 0 | | | 0 |
BSPCE
2015-1 | | | 18.57 | | | 18.57 | | | 58% - 62% -
61% | | | 5.5/6/6.5 | | | 0.39% | | | 0.00% | | | 50 | | | 0 | | | 0 |
BSPCE
2015-1 | | | 18.57 | | | 18.57 | | | 58% - 62%
- 61% | | | 5.5/6/6.5 | | | 0.39% | | | 0.00% | | | 650 | | | 0 | | | 0 |
BSPCE
2015-3 | | | 20.28 | | | 20.28 | | | 61% - 62%
- 61% | | | 5.5/6/6.5 | | | 0.56% | | | 0.00% | | | 483 | | | 0 | | | 0 |
BSPCE
2016 Ordinary | | | 14.46 | | | 14.46 | | | 59% - 62%
- 60% | | | 5.5/6/6.5 | | | 0.32% | | | 0.00% | | | 1,080 | | | 0 | | | 10 |
BSPCE
2016
Performance | | | 14.46 | | | 14.46 | | | 59% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.19% | | | 0.00% | | | 1,212 | | | 63 | | | 11 |
BSPCE
2017 Ordinary | | | 15.93 | | | 15.93 | | | 58% - 61%
- 59% | | | 5.5/6/6.5 | | | 0.23% | | | 0.00% | | | 1,000 | | | 8 | | | 56 |
BSPCE
2017 Performance | | | 15.93 | | | 15.93 | | | 59% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.11% | | | 0.00% | | | 622 | | | 0 | | | 0 |
BSPCE
2017 | | | 15.93 | | | 15.93 | | | 59% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.11% | | | 0.00% | | | 627 | | | 0 | | | 0 |
BSPCE
2017 Project | | | 15.93 | | | 15.93 | | | 59% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.11% | | | 0.00% | | | 94 | | | 0 | | | 0 |
Total BSPCE | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | 71 | | | 77 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BSA 2012 | | | 6.00 | | | 6.00 | | | 49% | | | 10.00 | | | 0.96% | | | 0.00% | | | 183 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2013 | | | 6.30 | | | 6.37 | | | 156% | | | 6.00 | | | 0.90% | | | 0.00% | | | 1 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2014 | | | 18.68 | | | 17.67 | | | 57% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.41% | | | 0.00% | | | — | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2015-1 | | | 17.67 | | | 17.67 | | | 58% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.26% - 0.27% | | | 0.00% | | | 63 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2015-2 | | | 17.67 | | | 19.54 | | | 58% - 58%
- 57% - 58% | | | 5/5.1/5.3/5.4 | | | 0.39% | | | 0.00% | | | 16 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2015-3 | | | 19.54 | | | 19.54 | | | 58% - 60% | | | 4.6 – 9.6 | | | 0.25% - 0.91% | | | 0.00% | | | 284 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2016o-1 | | | 13.74 | | | 13.74 | | | 57% | | | 2.40 | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | 37 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2016p-1 | | | 13.74 | | | 13.74 | | | 57% | | | 2.40 | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | 143 | | | — | | | (46) |
BSA 2016-2 | | | 15.01 | | | 15.01 | | | 57% | | | 2.40 | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | — | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2017o-1 | | | 15.76 | | | 15.76 | | | 33% | | | 2.40 | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | — | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2018-1 | | | 13.55 | | | 13.55 | | | 38% | | | 4.80 | | | 0.7% -
0.10% | | | 0.00% | | | 2 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2018-2 | | | 16.10 | | | 16.10 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2019-1 | | | 11.66 | | | 11.66 | | | 37% | | | 9.8/9.9 | | | 0.16% - 0.50% | | | 0.00% | | | 24 | | | — | | | 24 |
BSA 2020 | | | — | | | — | | | 38% | | | 10.00 | | | - 0.13%/- 0.07% | | | 0.00% | | | 19 | | | 19 | | | 0 |
Total BSA | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | 19 | | | (22) |
OSA 2016 Ordinary | | | 13.05 | | | 13.05 | | | 59% - 62%
- 60% | | | 5.5 / 6 / 6.5 | | | 0.32% | | | 0.00% | | | 117 | | | — | | | — |
OSA 2016 Performance | | | 13.05 | | | 13.05 | | | 59% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.19% | | | 0.00% | | | 69 | | | — | | | — |
OSA 2016-2 | | | 14.26 | | | 14.26 | | | 58% - 62%
- 59% | | | 5.5 / 6 / 6.5 | | | 0.04% | | | 0.00% | | | 27 | | | — | | | 2 |
OSA 2017 Ordinary | | | 15.93 | | | 15.93 | | | 58% - 61%
- 59% | | | 5.5 / 6 / 6.5 | | | 0.23% | | | 0.00% | | | 31 | | | — | | | — |
OSA 2017 Performance | | | 15.93 | | | 15.93 | | | 59% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.11% | | | 0.00% | | | 35 | | | — | | | — |
OSA 2018 | | | 12.87 | | | 12.87 | | | 35% | | | 5.5 / 6 / 6.5 | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | 252 | | | 6 | | | 45 |
OSA 2019-1 | | | 11.08 | | | 11.08 | | | 38.10% /
37.40% | | | 6 / 6.5 | | | 0.103% /
0.149% | | | 0.00% | | | 140 | | | 27 | | | 13 |
OSA 2019-2 | | | 6.41 | | | 6.41 | | | 37% | | | 10.00 | | | 0.40% | | | 0.00% | | | 252 | | | — | | | — |
OSA 2020 | | | 6.25 | | | 6.25 | | | 38.30% | | | 10.00 | | | 0.31% | | | 0.00% | | | 939 | | | 172 | | | — |
Total Stock options | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | 205 | | | 59 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AGA 2018-1 | | | 12.87 | | | 0.00 | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | 4,951 | | | 224 | | | 1,063 |
AGA 2018-2 | | | 12.87 | | | 0.00 | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | 75 | | | 19 | | | 19 |
AGA 2019-1 | | | 10.90 | | | 0.00 | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | 0.19% /
0.141% | | | 0.00% | | | 4,776 | | | 960 | | | 520 |
AGA 2020 | | | 5.90 | | | 0.00 | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | - 0.74% /
-0.69% | | | 0.00% | | | 287 | | | 43 | | | 0 |
Total | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | 1,246 | | | 1,602 |
Expense for the six-month period ended June 30, 2020 | | | 71 | | | 19 | | | 205 | | | 1,246 | | | 1,542 |
Expense for the six-month period ended June 30, 2019 | | | 77 | | | (22) | | | 59 | | | 1,602 | | | 1,716 |
Note 18.
| Net financial income (loss) |
Income from cash and cash equivalents | | | — | | | 21 |
Foreign exchange gains | | | 177 | | | 651 |
Other financial income | | | 56 | | | 52 |
Total financial income | | | 234 | | | 724 |
Interest cost | | | (2,219) | | | (3,611) |
IFRS 16 related interests | | | (169) | | | (181) |
Foreign exchange losses | | | (39) | | | (384) |
Total financial expenses | | | (2,428) | | | (4,176) |
Net financial income (loss) | | | (2,194) | | | (3,452) |
For the six months ended June 30, 2020, the interest cost was €2.2 million, including €1.1 million of interest cost reversal resulting from the EIB loan royalties update (see Note 12.1) and €3.3 million of interest charges, including €350 thousand paid in 2020.
Net loss for the period (in thousands of euros) | | | (20,579) | | | (23,920) |
Weighted average number of shares | | | 22,608,408 | | | 20,844,245 |
Basic loss per share (in euros) | | | (0.91) | | | (1.15) |
Diluted loss per share (in euros) | | | (0.91) | | | (1.15) |
Instruments providing deferred access to the capital (stock options) are considered to be anti-dilutive because they result in a decrease in the loss per share. Therefore, diluted loss per share are identical to basic loss per share.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
20.1
| Obligations under the loan agreement with the EIB |
In the event the EIB loan is repaid early, or in the event of a change of control after repayment of the loan, the amount of royalties due will be equal to the net present value of the royalties as determined by an independent expert, such amount not to be less than €35.0 million. As the variable rate of any such royalties due will depend not on the performance of the financial markets, but on the Company’s performance, the Company’s exposure to interest rate and market risk is deemed low.
20.2
| Obligations under the terms of the rental agreements part of the IFRS 16 exemptions |
The obligations of the Company related to the leases falling under the practical expedients (leases related to low-value assets and short-term leases) are as follows:
–
| One short term lease for an office by Nanobiotix Corp., of which the annual rent is $140 thousand; and |
–
| Leases related to low-value assets for Nanobiotix S.A.’s printers, of which the annual rent is approximately €10 thousand. |
20.3
| Obligations related to the MD Anderson agreement |
In January 2019, the Company and the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, world prominent center of research, education, prevention and care for cancer patients announced a large-scale research collaboration.
The collaboration will initially support nine new Phase I/II clinical trials with Nanobiotix’s first-in-class agent NBTXR3 for use in treating six cancer types – head and neck, pancreatic, thoracic, lung, gastrointestinal and genitourinary cancers – involving around 340 patients.
As part of the funding for this collaboration, Nanobiotix is committed to pay approximately $11 million for those clinical trials during the collaboration, and made an initial $1.0 million payment at the commencement of the collaboration and a second $1.0 million payment on February 3, 2020. Additional payments will be made semi-annually, and expense is recorded in the statement of consolidated operations during the course of the collaboration on the basis of patients enrolled during the relevant period, with the balance payable upon enrollment of the final patient for all studies. Nanobiotix may also be required to pay an additional one-time milestone payment upon (i) grant of the first regulatory approval by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States and (ii) the date on which a specified number of patients have been enrolled in the clinical trials. The milestone payment increases on an annual basis ranging from $2.2 million to $16.4 million.
As of June 30, 2020, $2.0 million has been invoiced since the beginning of the collaboration and €1.7 million remains in prepaid expenses. An additional payment will also occur in the event of a successful first registration of NBTXR3 with the FDA.
The amount will be determined on the basis of patients enrolled in the nine clinical trials at the date of FDA registration. This number increases every year and varies between $2.2 million (if payable in 2020) and $16.4 million (if payable in 2030).
Note 21. Related parties
Key management personnel compensation
The compensation presented below, granted to the members of the Executive Board and Supervisory Board was recognized in expenses over the period shown:
Salaries, wages and benefits | | | 687 | | | 1,008 |
Share-based payments | | | 859 | | | 1,007 |
Supervisory Board’s fees | | | 35 | | | 35 |
Total compensation to related parties | | | 1,581 | | | 2,050 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The methods used to measure share-based payments are presented in Note 17.
Note 22. Subsequent events
Private placement of ordinary new shares with US and European investors
On July 27, 2020, the Company raised €18.8 million through an accelerated bookbuild offering of ordinary shares.
Reimbursement of the 2019 research tax credit
In July 2020, the Company received €2.3 million for its 2019 research tax credit.
€5 million non-dilutive financing
On July 10, 2020, the Company entered into the second €5 million PGE loan with Bpifrance Financement (the “Bpifrance PGE Loan”). The Bpifrance PGE Loan has a six-year term and is 90% guaranteed by the French State. The Bpifrance PGE Loan will bear no interest for the first 12-month period but, following such 12-month period and for the subsequent 5 years, will bear an interest rate of 2.25% per annum, inclusive of an annual State guarantee fee of 1.61% per annum. The principal and interest of the Bpifrance PGE loan will be reimbursed in 20 quarterly installments as from October 31, 2021 until July 26, 2026.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Supervisory Board and Shareholders of Nanobiotix S.A.,
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying statements of consolidated financial position of Nanobiotix S.A. (“the Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related statements of consolidated operations, consolidated comprehensive loss, consolidated cash flows and consolidated changes in shareholders’ equity for each of the two years ended in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its consolidated operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS”).
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in note 2.1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method for accounting for leases effective January 1, 2019, due to the adoption of IFRS 16, “Leases”.
Basis for opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG et Autres
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2012.
Paris, France
June 5, 2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL POSITION
(Amounts in thousands of euros)
ASSETS
| | | | | | | | | |
Non-current assets
| | | | | | | | | |
Intangible assets | | | 5 | | | 163 | | | 102 |
Property, plant and equipment | | | 6 | | | 9,386 | | | 2,884 |
Non-current financial assets | | | 7 | | | 529 | | | 558 |
Total non-current assets | | | | | | 10,078 | | | 3,544 |
Current assets
| | | | | | | | | |
Trade receivables | | | 8.1 | | | 11 | | | 25 |
Other current assets | | | 8.2 | | | 11,022 | | | 6,422 |
Cash and cash equivalents | | | 9 | | | 35,094 | | | 36,203 |
Total current assets | | | | | | 46,127 | | | 42,651 |
TOTAL ASSETS | | | | | | 56,205 | | | 46,195 |
| | | | | | | | | |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
| | | | | | | | | |
Shareholders’ equity
| | | | | | | | | |
Share capital | | | 10.1 | | | 672 | | | 589 |
Premiums related to share capital | | | 10.1 | | | 153,139 | | | 122,799 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | | | | | | 433 | | | 381 |
Treasury shares | | | | | | (169) | | | (124) |
Reserve | | | | | | (105,069) | | | (79,057) |
Net loss for the period | | | | | | (50,915) | | | (30,345) |
Total shareholders’ equity | | | | | | (1,908) | | | 14,243 |
Non-current liabilities
| | | | | | | | | |
Non-current provisions | | | 11.2 | | | 331 | | | 337 |
Non-current financial liabilities | | | 12 | | | 43,435 | | | 20,021 |
Total non-current liabilities | | | | | | 43,766 | | | 20,358 |
Current liabilities
| | | | | | | | | |
Current provisions | | | 11.1 | | | 164 | | | 55 |
Current financial liabilities | | | 12 | | | 1,091 | | | 500 |
Trade payables and other payables | | | 13.1 | | | 7,770 | | | 6,509 |
Other current liabilities | | | 13.2 | | | 5,322 | | | 4,533 |
Total current liabilities | | | | | | 14,347 | | | 11,597 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | | | | | | 56,205 | | | 46,195 |
(1)
| The Company applied the new standard IFRS 16 – Leases starting January 1, 2019 following the modified retrospective method, the comparative financial statements are therefore not restated (see Note 2.1 for further details on the impacts of the first application of IFRS 16 – Leases) |
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONS
(Amounts in thousands of euros, except per share numbers)
Revenues and other income
| | | | | | | | | |
Revenues | | | 15 | | | 68 | | | 116 |
Other income | | | 15 | | | 2,473 | | | 3,363 |
Total revenues and other income | | | | | | 2,541 | | | 3,479 |
Operating expenses
| | | | | | | | | |
Research and development expenses | | | 16.1 | | | (30,411) | | | (20,893) |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | | | 16.2 | | | (18,909) | | | (12,653) |
Total operating expenses | | | | | | (49,320) | | | (33,546) |
Operating income (loss) | | | | | | (46,779) | | | (30,067) |
Financial income | | | 18 | | | 837 | | | 1,172 |
Financial expenses | | | 18 | | | (4,970) | | | (1,449) |
Financial income (loss) | | | | | | (4,133) | | | (277) |
Income tax | | | 19 | | | (3) | | | — |
Net loss for the period | | | | | | (50,915) | | | (30,345) |
Basic loss per share (euros/share) | | | 21 | | | (2.35) | | | (1.55) |
Diluted loss per share (euros/share) | | | 21 | | | (2.35) | | | (1.55) |
(1)
| The Company applied the new standard IFRS 16 – Leases starting January 1, 2019 following the modified retrospective method, the comparative financial statements are therefore not restated (see Note 2.1 for further details on the impacts of the first application of IFRS 16 – Leases) |
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Amounts in thousands of euros)
Net loss for the period | | | (50,915) | | | (30,345) |
Actuarial gains and losses on retirement benefit obligations (IAS 19) | | | 88 | | | (48) |
Tax impact | | | — | | | — |
Other comprehensive loss that will not be reclassified subsequently to income or loss | | | 88 | | | (48) |
Currency translation adjustment | | | (36) | | | (85) |
Tax impact | | | — | | | — |
Other comprehensive income that may be reclassified subsequently to income or loss | | | (36) | | | (85) |
Total comprehensive loss | | | (50,863) | | | (30,478) |
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Amounts in thousands of euros, except number of shares)
As of January 1, 2018 | | | | | | 19,633,373 | | | 589 | | | 123,782 | | | 514 | | | (27) | | | (54,793) | | | (26,143) | | | 43,922 |
Net loss for the period | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (30,345) | | | (30,345) |
Currency translation adjustments | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (85) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (85) |
Actuarial gains and losses (IAS 19) | | | 11.2 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (48) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (48) |
Total comprehensive loss | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (133) | | | — | | | — | | | (30,345) | | | (30,478) |
Allocation of prior period loss | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (26,143) | | | 26,143 | | | — |
Subscription of warrants | | | 10.3 | | | — | | | — | | | 47 | | | — | | | — | | | 12 | | | — | | | 59 |
Share based payment | | | 17 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,867 | | | — | | | 1,867 |
Treasury shares | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (97) | | | — | | | — | | | (97) |
U.S. Initial public offering costs | | | 10.1 | | | — | | | — | | | (1,030) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (1,030) |
As of December 31, 2018 | | | | | | 19,633,373 | | | 589 | | | 122,799 | | | 381 | | | (124) | | | (79,057) | | | (30,345) | | | 14,243 |
Net loss for the period | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (50,915) | | | (50,915) |
Currency translation adjustments | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (36) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (36) |
Actuarial gains and losses (IAS 19) | | | 11.2 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 88 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 88 |
Total comprehensive loss | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 52 | | | — | | | — | | | (50,915) | | | (50,863) |
Allocation of prior period loss | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (30,345) | | | 30,345 | | | — |
Capital increase | | | | | | 2,566,666 | | | 77 | | | 28,002 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 28,079 |
BSPCE exercise | | | | | | 215,000 | | | 6 | | | 1,300 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,306 |
Subscription of warrants and attribution of free shares | | | 10.3 | | | — | | | — | | | 8 | | | — | | | — | | | 13 | | | — | | | 21 |
Share based payment | | | 17 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 4,320 | | | — | | | 4,320 |
Treasury shares | | | | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (45) | | | — | | | — | | | (45) |
U.S. Initial public offering costs reversal | | | 10.1 | | | — | | | — | | | 1,030 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,030 |
As of December 31, 2019 | | | | | | 22,415,039 | | | 672 | | | 153,139 | | | 433 | | | (169) | | | (105,070) | | | (50,915) | | | (1,908) |
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOWS
(Amounts in thousands of euros)
Cash flows used in operating activities
| | | | | | | | | |
Net loss for the period | | | | | | (50,915) | | | (30,345) |
Elimination of other non-cash, non-operating income and expenses
| | | | | | | | | |
Depreciation and amortization | | | 16.4 | | | 1,767 | | | 619 |
Provisions | | | | | | 164 | | | 5 |
Expenses related to share-based payments | | | 17 | | | 4,320 | | | 1,867 |
Cost of net debt | | | | | | 1,940 | | | 292 |
Loss on disposal | | | | | | 45 | | | — |
U.S. Initial public offering 2018 costs reversal | | | 10.1 | | | 201 | | | — |
Impact of accrued royalties related to financial liabilities discounting effect | | | | | | 2,833 | | | 535 |
Other charges with no impact on treasury | | | | | | (5) | | | (36) |
Cash flows used in operations, before tax and changes in working capital | | | | | | (39,647) | | | (27,063) |
(Increase) / Decrease in trade receivables | | | 8.1 | | | (85) | | | 144 |
Increase in other receivables | | | 8.2 | | | (4,640) | | | (698) |
Increase in trade and other payables | | | 13.1 | | | 2,057 | | | 633 |
Increase in other current liabilities | | | 13.2 | | | 1,146 | | | 999 |
Changes in operating working capital | | | | | | (1,522) | | | 1,078 |
Net cash flows used in operating activities | | | | | | (41,169) | | | (25,985) |
Cash flows from (used in) investing activities
| | | | | | | | | |
Acquisitions of intangible assets | | | 5 | | | (353) | | | (90) |
Acquisitions of property, plant and equipment | | | 6 | | | (1,091) | | | (416) |
Addition in non-current financial assets | | | | | | (16) | | | 577 |
Net cash flows from (used in) investing activities | | | | | | (1,459) | | | 71 |
Cash flows from financing activities
| | | | | | | | | |
Capital increases | | | 10.1 | | | 29,517 | | | — |
Warrants subscription | | | 10.1 | | | 1,327 | | | 59 |
Transaction costs | | | 10.1 | | | (1,438) | | | (279) |
Increase in loans | | | 12 | | | 14,000 | | | 16,000 |
Decrease in conditional advances | | | 12 | | | (500) | | | (500) |
Decrease in borrowings | | | 12 | | | — | | | (427) |
Payment of lease liabilities (2) | | | 12 | | | (1,067) | | | — |
Interest paid | | | 12 | | | (350) | | | (3) |
Net cash flows from financing activities | | | | | | 41,489 | | | 14,850 |
Effect of exchange rates changes on cash | | | | | | 29 | | | 54 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | | | | | | (1,109) | | | (11,009) |
Net cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | | | | | | 36,203 | | | 47,212 |
Net cash and cash equivalents at end of period | | | 9 | | | 35,094 | | | 36,203 |
(1)
| The Company applied the new standard IFRS 16 – Leases starting January 1, 2019 following the modified retrospective method, the comparative financial statements are therefore not restated (see Note 2.1 for further details on the impacts of the first application of IFRS 16 – Leases) |
(2)
| Lease contracts in the IFRS 16 scope (see Note 2.1 for further details on the impacts of the first application of IFRS 16 – Leases effective from January 1, 2019) |
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019 AND DECEMBER 31, 2018
Note 1. Company Information
Presentation of the Company
Nanobiotix S.A. was incorporated in 2003 as a spin-off from the State University of New York (SUNY) in Buffalo. Nanobiotix S.A. (together, with its four subsidiaries located in the United States of America, Germany, Spain and France, the “Company”), is headquartered in Paris, France.
The Company is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing first-in-class product candidates that use proprietary nanotechnology to transform cancer treatment, as well as the utility and efficacy of radiotherapy. Its lead product candidate, NBTXR3, is an aqueous suspension of crystalline metallic nanoparticles approximately 50 nanometers (50 billionths of a meter) in diameter, designed for injection directly into a malignant tumor. When exposed to ionizing radiation, NBTXR3 amplifies the localized, intratumor killing effect of that radiation. NBTXR3 is designed to enhance the overall efficacy of radiotherapy without resulting in additional side effects on the surrounding healthy tissues.
The Company is currently conducting eight clinical trials worldwide, independently and in partnership, to evaluate NBTXR3 as a potential treatment, either alone or in combination with other agents, in various cancer indications. Alongside its core NBTXR3 development program, it is also pursuing a development program to explore the use of radiotherapy-activated NBTXR3 in combination with immunotherapeutic agents across various oncology indications.
Nanobiotix S.A. has been listed on the Euronext regulated market in Paris since October 2012 under the ticker symbol “NANO.”
Significant events of the period
Large-scale, comprehensive clinical collaboration on NBTXR3 with MD Anderson Cancer Center
In January 2019, Nanobiotix and the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (“MD Anderson”) announced a large-scale, comprehensive clinical research collaboration.
The collaboration will first conduct the launch of nine new phase I/II clinical trials with NBTXR3 across several types of different cancers—including head and neck, pancreatic, thoracic, lung, gastrointestinal and genitourinary cancers for approximately 340 patients.
See Notes 4.3 and 22.4 for further details on this collaboration.
Addendum to the Headquarters rent contract of the 60, rue de Wattignies in Paris
On January 24, 2019, in addition to the initial rental agreement signed in 2017, an addendum was executed resulting in the lease of additional space and an additional annual rent of €225 thousand before tax with retroactive effect from January 1, 2019. As a result, the annual rent was increased to €686 thousand before tax.
The Company benefits from a rent-free period for the first eight months for the additional space rented. The total commitments related to this 2019 addendum, considered as a new lease contract under IFRS 16, was €1.9 million. See Notes 6 and 12.
€14 million second tranche disbursement of financing from the European Investment Bank received
On March 4, 2019, the Company received €14 million through the second tranche disbursement of the non-dilutive loan from the European Investment Bank (the “EIB”) (see Note 12). This payment was triggered by the achievement of two key Company milestones, namely (i) the determination of the recommended dose at 22% of the tumor volume for head and neck cancers treatment following the end of Phase I clinical trial with NBTXR3 and (ii) a positive evaluation of the clinical benefit/risk ratio of NBTXR3 in a soft tissue sarcomas Phase III by the clinical expert mandated by the French medical device notified body (GMED).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approximately €29.5 million raised in a private placement of new ordinary shares
On April 9, 2019, the Company placed 2,566,666 of new ordinary shares with a par value of €0.03 with institutional investors in the United States and investors in France and other countries outside of the United States through a private placement offering reserved to a specific class of investors.
The total gross proceeds from this offering were approximately €29.5 million, before deducting fees and expenses in a total amount of €1.4 million (see Note 10.1).
Creation of the subsidiary Curadigm SAS, carrying the technology Nanoprimer
The subsidiary Curadigm SAS was created on July 3, 2019 through a €1.0 million capital contribution.
This platform is dedicated to redefining, through the Nanoprimer technology, the therapeutic balance between bioavailability, toxicity, and efficacy across the pharmaceutical industry as for most therapeutics today, only a small portion of the medicine administered is effective and the rest is cleared from the body without effect or may even be toxic.
The wholly-owned subsidiary of Nanobiotix operates in France and in the United States. In vivo proof of concept data was presented during AACR2019.
Note 2. General Information, Statement of Compliance and Basis of Presentation
General principles
The consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were prepared under management’s supervision and were approved by the Executive Board of the Company (the “Executive Board”) on June 5, 2020 and reviewed by the Supervisory Board of the Company (the “Supervisory Board”) on June 5, 2020.
All amounts presented in the consolidated financial statements are presented in thousands of euros, unless stated otherwise. Some figures have been rounded. Accordingly, the totals in some tables may not be the exact sums of component items.
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared using the historical cost measurement basis, with the exception of financial assets and liabilities, which are measured at fair value.
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts and information disclosed in the financial statements. See Note 3.2 for additional information.
The consolidated financial statements were prepared on a going concern basis. The executive board determined it is appropriate to apply a going concern assumption because given the €35.1 million of cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2019 and the initial approval obtained from each of HSBC and Bpifrance to execute agreements for non-dilutive, state guaranteed loans, the Company believes it has sufficient resources to continue operating for at least the next twelve months following the consolidated financial statements’ approval on June 5, 2020.
Statement of Compliance and Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS, International Accounting Standards (“IAS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) as well as interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (“IFRS-IC”) and the Standard Interpretations Committee (the “SIC”), which application is mandatory as of December 31, 2019. The consolidated financial statements are also compliant with IFRS as adopted by the European Union.
The accounting principles used to prepare the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 are identical to those used for the previous year except for the standards listed below that required adoption in 2019.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Application of New or Amended Standards and Interpretations
The Company adopted the following standards, amendments and interpretations, whose application was mandatory for periods beginning on January 1, 2019:
–
| IFRIC 23 – Uncertainty over income tax treatments. |
–
| Amendments to IFRS 9 – Prepayment Features with negative Compensation and modifications of financial liabilities. |
–
| Amendments to IAS 19 – Employee benefits - plan amendments, curtailments or settlements. |
–
| Amendments to IAS 28 – Long term interests in associates and joint ventures. |
–
| IFRS 16 – Leases, which replaces IAS 17 and the related IFRIC and SIC interpretations and is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. This standard eliminates the difference between operating and financial leases, and requires leases be recognized in the balance sheet. The accounting consists of recognizing a right of use asset and recording a liability for the value of the discounted rentals to be paid over the lease term. |
–
| Annual improvements to IFRSs 2015-2017 Cycle (Amendments to IFRS 3, IFRS 11, IAS 12 and IAS 23, applicable for periods beginning after January 1, 2019). |
Those amendments and interpretations have no impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company, except for the new Standard IFRS 16, which impacts are detailed in Note 2.1 Impact of IFRS 16 first application below.
The Company elected not to early adopt the following new standards, amendments and interpretations which application was not yet mandatory for the year ended December 31, 2019:
–
| Amendment to IFRS 3 – Business combination, definition of a business. No impact expected on the consolidated financial statements of the Company. |
–
| Amendment to IAS1 – Presentation of financial statements, classification of liabilities. No impact expected on the consolidated financial statements. |
–
| Amendment to IAS 39, IFRS 7 and IFRS 9 related to the BOR interest rates reform. No impact expected on the consolidated financial statements. |
–
| Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (Effective for the accounting periods as of January 1, 2020). No impact expected on the consolidated financial statements. |
–
| IFRS 17 – Insurance Contracts (applicable for periods beginning after January 1, 2021 and not yet adopted by the European Union). No impact is expected on the consolidated financial statements. |
2.1
| Impact of IFRS 16 first application |
The Company has adopted the standard IFRS 16 as of January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method. The Company therefore records:
–
| a right of use equivalent to the initial debt, net of any lease incentives provided by the lessor. |
–
| a lease liability for the discounted lease payments outstanding for the remaining reasonably certain lease term as of January 1, 2019. |
The Company’s equity was not impacted by the first application of IFRS 16. The application of IFRS 16 has no impact on the Company’s cash and cash equivalents.
The main operating leases falling within the scope of IFRS 16 are the leases entered into for the Company’s headquarters and research buildings.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Company used the following practical expedients:
–
| the use of a single discount rate to a portfolio of leases with reasonably similar characteristics; |
–
| the reliance on previous assessments on whether leases are onerous; |
–
| the exclusion of payments related to operating leases with a remaining lease term of less than 12 months without option to buy (short-term leases) and leases related to low-value assets recorded in operating expenses; |
–
| the exclusion of initial direct costs for the measurement of the right-of-use asset at the date of initial application; and |
–
| the use of hindsight in determining the lease term where the contract contains options to extend or terminate the lease. |
On adoption of IFRS 16, the Company recognized the “lease liabilities” in relation to leases which had previously been classified as “operating leases” under the principles of IAS 17 Leases. These liabilities were measured at the present value of the remaining lease payments, discounted using the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate as of January 1, 2019.
The discount rate used at the transition date corresponds to the incremental borrowing rate that would be obtained for a loan entered into for an equivalent period as the remaining duration of the on-going lease contracts at the transition date. For future contracts, and in the absence of an implicit rate, the same method will be used. The weighted average incremental borrowing rate applied to the lease liabilities on January 1, 2019 are 4.87% for transport equipment and 5.33% for buildings.
As the Company applied IFRS 16 following the modified retrospective method, the comparative financial statements as of December 31, 2018 are not restated. However, the following tables detail the main impacts of IFRS 16 as of the date of first application.
Reconciliation between the Company’s operating leases commitments as of December 31, 2018 and the lease liability as of January 1, 2019
Operating lease commitments disclosed as at December 31, 2018 | | | 6,407 |
Rent reevaluated with the 2019 index(1) | | | 294 |
2018 contracts not previously included in commitments | | | 216 |
Discounting impact of lines above | | | (1,234) |
Prepaid expenses related to IFRS 16 contracts as of December 31, 2018 | | | (114) |
Lease liabilities recognized as at January 1, 2019 | | | 5,569 |
Of which:
| | | |
Current lease liabilities | | | 741 |
Non-current lease liabilities | | | 4,828 |
(1)
| As of January 1, 2019, the lease payments were updated to take into account the lease payment increase required under the lease agreements based on various indices. This amount corresponds to the impact of these indices application to the operating leases commitments disclosed as of December 31, 2018 |
At the date of first-time application under the modified retrospective method, there was no significant impact on reserves. During 2019, the Company recorded in the income statement an interest expense associated with the leases as a financial charge (see Note 12.1) and the amortization of the right of use (see Note 6).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Impact of IFRS 16 first application on the statement of financial position (increase/(decrease)) at the date of initial application (January 1, 2019)
ASSETS
| | | | | | | | | |
Total non-current assets | | | 3,544 | | | 5,500 | | | 9,044 |
Of which Property, plant and equipment | | | 2,884 | | | 5,500 | | | 8,384 |
Total current assets | | | 42,651 | | | (114) | | | 42,537 |
Of which Other current assets | | | 6,422 | | | (114) | | | 6,308 |
TOTAL ASSETS | | | 46,195 | | | 5,386 | | | 51,581 |
| | | | | | | | | |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
| | | | | | | | | |
Total shareholders’ equity | | | 14,243 | | | — | | | 14,243 |
Total non-current liabilities | | | 20,358 | | | 4,828 | | | 25,186 |
Of which Non-current financial liabilities | | | 20,021 | | | 4,828 | | | 24,849 |
Total current liabilities | | | 11,597 | | | 558 | | | 12,155 |
Of which Current financial liabilities | | | 500 | | | 741 | | | 1,241 |
Of which Other current liabilities | | | 4533 | | | (183) | | | 4,350 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | | | 46,195 | | | 5,386 | | | 51,581 |
Note 3. Consolidation Principles and Methods
3.1 Basis of consolidation
Accounting policy
In accordance with IFRS 10 – Consolidated Financial Statements, an entity is consolidated when it is controlled by the Company. The Company has decision-making authority over the financial and operating policies of all its subsidiaries and holds greater than 50% of the voting rights of each subsidiary. Accordingly, each of the Company’s subsidiaries has been fully consolidated from the date on which the Company obtained control over it. A subsidiary would be deconsolidated as of the date on which the Company no longer exercises control.
All intra-Company balances, transactions, unrealized gains and losses resulting from intra-Company transactions and all intra-Company dividends are eliminated in full.
The accounting methods of the Company’s subsidiaries are aligned with those of the Company.
The consolidated financial statements are presented in euros, which is the reporting currency and the functional currency of the parent company, Nanobiotix S.A. The financial statements of consolidated foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the euro are translated into euros for statement of financial position items at the closing exchange rate at the date of the statement of financial position and for the statement of operations, statement of comprehensive loss and statement of cash flow items at the average rate for the period presented, except where this method cannot be applied due to significant exchange rate fluctuations during the applicable period. The 2019 closing and average dollar to euro exchange rates used in the consolidated financial statements to convert the operations of the U.S. subsidiary were $1.1234 and $1.1196, respectively (source: Banque de France) compared with $1.1450 and $1.1815 in 2018. The resulting currency translation adjustments are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) as a cumulative currency translation adjustment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Consolidated entities
As of December 31, 2019, the Company involves one parent entity, “Nanobiotix S.A.” and Nanobiotix S.A. had four wholly owned subsidiaries: Nanobiotix Corp., incorporated in the State of Delaware in the United States in September 2014; Nanobiotix Germany GmbH, incorporated in Germany in October 2017; Nanobiotix Spain S.L., incorporated in Spain in December 2017; and Curadigm S.A.S., incorporated in July 2019 and located in France. Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 include the operations of each of these subsidiaries from the date of their incorporation. The consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 include the operations of each of these subsidiaries, excluding Curadigm S.A.S.
3.2 Use of judgement, estimates and assumptions
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts and information disclosed in the financial statements. The estimates and judgments used by management are based on historical information and on other factors, including expectations about future events considered to be reasonable given the circumstances. These estimates may be revised where the circumstances on which they are based change. Consequently, actual results may vary significantly from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. A sensitivity analysis may be presented if the results differ materially based on the application of different assumptions or conditions. The main items affected by the use of estimates are share-based payments, deferred tax assets, clinical trials accruals, revenue recognition and the fair value of financial instruments.
Measurement of share-based payments
The Company measures the fair value of stock options (OSA), founders’ warrants (BSPCE), warrants (BSA) and free shares (AGA) granted to employees, members of the Supervisory Board and consultants based on actuarial models. These actuarial models require that the Company use certain calculation assumptions with respect to characteristics of the grants (e.g., vesting terms) and market data (e.g., expected share volatility) (see Note 17).
Deferred tax assets
Deferred taxes are recognized for temporary differences arising from the difference between the tax basis and the accounting basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities that appear in its financial statements. The primary temporary differences are related to the tax losses that can be carried forward or backward, depending on the jurisdiction. Enacted tax rates are used to measure deferred taxes (see Note 19).
The deferred tax assets are recorded in the accounts only to the extent that it is probable that the future profits will be sufficient to absorb the losses that can be carried forward or backward. Considering its stage of development, which does not allow income projections judged to be sufficiently reliable to be made, the Company has not recognized deferred tax assets in relation to tax losses carryforwards in the Statements of Consolidated Financial Position.
Clinical trial accruals
Clinical trial expenses, although not yet billed in full, are estimated for each study and an accrual is recognized accordingly. See Note 13.1 for information regarding the clinical trial accruals as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
Revenue recognition
In order to determine the amount and timing of revenue under the contract with PharmaEngine, the Company is required to use significant judgments, mainly with respect to identifying performance obligations of the Company and determining the timing of satisfaction of support services provided to PharmaEngine.
See Note 15 for additional detail regarding the Company’s accounting policies for its additional sources of revenue.
Fair value of financial assets
The fair value measurement of the loan granted by EIB requires the Company to assess the amount of additional interest (“royalties”, as defined by the royalty agreement with EIB) that will be due according to the loan agreement during a royalty calculation period commencing on January 1, 2021. The royalties due during this period will be determined and calculated
TABLE OF CONTENTS
based on the number of tranches that have been withdrawn and will be indexed to the Company’s annual sales turnover. For purposes of measuring the fair value of the EIB loan, the Company forecasts the sales that it expects to generate during the royalties period, taking into consideration its operational assumptions such as market release dates of the products, growth and penetration rate in each market. See Notes 4 and 12 for details about this loan and the accounting treatment applied.
Note 4. Significant Transactions
4.1 PharmaEngine contract
In August 2012, the Company entered into an Exclusive License and Collaboration Agreement (as amended in 2014, the “License and Collaboration Agreement”) with PharmaEngine, a biopharmaceutical company specializing in the development of new drugs for the treatment of cancer in Asia. Under the terms of the License and Collaboration Agreement, PharmaEngine will receive the exclusive right to further develop NBTXR3 to obtain regulatory approval, leverage the data generated by the Company’s development activities and commercialize NBTXR3 in multiple countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Under the License and Collaboration Agreement, PharmaEngine is responsible for developing (non-clinical and clinical research) and commercializing NBTXR3 throughout the contractual territory and making certain development and minimum commercial milestone payments to the Company.
Key provisions of the License and Collaboration Agreement include:
⯀ | An exclusive perpetual license granted to PharmaEngine, with the right to sublicense the Company’s technology in order to exploit or have NBTXR3 exploited and use the Company’s trademark in connection with the exploitation of NBTXR3 in the contractual territory (with exploitation including among others developing, obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval, commercializing, distributing, promoting and marketing); |
⯀ | The Company’s commitment to furnish PharmaEngine with know-how necessary and useful to develop and commercialize NBTXR3 in the contractual territory, know-how meaning any results of experimentation and pre-clinical, clinical and non-clinical trial data by providing PharmaEngine with access to an electronic data platform; and |
⯀ | The Company’s commitment to supplying or having supplied PharmaEngine with all quantities of NBTXR3 required and used by PharmaEngine for clinical testing and subsequent commercialization if and when regulatory approvals are obtained. |
In return, PharmaEngine commits to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop NBTXR3 in the contractual territory at PharmaEngine’s cost.
Under the License and Collaboration Agreement, the Company has received and/or is entitled to receive:
⯀ | A $1.0 million up-front payment on signature of the contract, fully received in 2012; |
⯀ | Payments upon the achievement of development milestones, including key stages of product development, first filing for regulatory approval, and first regulatory approval in the contractual territory; |
⯀ | Payments upon the achievement of commercial milestones based on specified sales thresholds; |
⯀ | Up to double-digit royalties based on net product sales in the Asia-Pacific region; and |
⯀ | Payments for the supply of NBTXR3. |
Potential development and commercial milestone payments, including those paid to date, amount to an aggregate of up to $56 million.
The Company and PharmaEngine amended the agreement in October 2014, as part of which PharmaEngine agreed:
⯀ | To join the global pivotal clinical trial of NBTXR3 for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma initiated by the Company in the Asia-Pacific region, with each party committing itself to share clinical trial results in order to increase the tested population and to accelerate growth and value creation; |
⯀ | To pay the first development milestone ($1 million, received by the Company in 2014) and share external clinical research organization costs charged to the Company in proportion of its participation to the patient population included in clinical trial; and |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | To pay the development milestone ($1 million, received by the Company in 2016) related to the launch of the first Phase II of the pivotal study. |
As of December 31, 2019, €3.0 million has been received since the signature of the License and Collaboration Agreement. The next potential milestone payment under the agreement will become payable only if PharmaEngine files a commercialization authorization of NBTXR3 in their region. See Note 15 for additional detail regarding the accounting policy applied to the License and Collaboration Agreement.
4.2 Financing Agreement with the European Investment Bank
In July 2018, the Company signed a non-dilutive financing agreement with the EIB to borrow up to €40 million in order to fund its research, development and innovation activities related to NBTXR3 in various therapeutic indications, subject to achieving a set of agreed-upon performance criteria. This financing is divided in three tranches:
⯀ | a first tranche of €16 million, received in October 2018, subject to a 6% fixed rate and that will be fully repaid within five years of disbursement; |
⯀ | a second tranche of €14 million, received in March 2019, subject to a 5% fixed rate, with repayments beginning in 2021 and continuing into 2024; and |
⯀ | a last tranche of €10 million, subject to a 4% fixed rate, that will be fully repaid after a period of five years, which begins within one year of obtaining it. |
In connection with this financing agreement, the Company also entered into a royalty agreement with EIB pursuant to which the Company is required, during a six-year royalty calculation period commencing on January 1, 2021, to pay (on each June 30 with respect to the preceding year within the calculation period) royalties to EIB. The amount of royalties payable is calculable based on low single-digit royalty rates, which vary according to the number of tranches that have been drawn, and indexed on the Company’s annual sales turnover.
The €14 million second tranche, which was received in March 2019, was disbursed on the basis of achieving the following criteria:
⯀ | Determination of the recommended dose at 22% of the tumor volume for head and neck cancers treatment following the end of the Phase I clinical trial with NBTXR3; and |
⯀ | Positive evaluation of the clinical benefit/risk ratio of NBTXR3 in the Phase II/III clinical trial in soft tissue sarcomas by the clinical expert mandated by the French notified body covering medical devices, GMED. |
See Note 22 for discussion of royalties that may be due in the case of early repayment or change of control after repayment of the loan.
4.3 Collaboration agreement with MD Anderson
In January 2019, the Company and the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, world prominent center of research, education, prevention and care for cancer patients announced a large-scale research collaboration.
The collaboration will initially support nine new Phase I/II clinical trials with Nanobiotix’s first-in-class agent NBTXR3 for use in treating six cancer types – head and neck, pancreatic, thoracic, lung, gastrointestinal and genitourinary cancers – involving around 340 patients.
As part of the funding for this collaboration, Nanobiotix is committed to pay approximately $11 million for those clinical trials during the collaboration, and made an initial $1.0 million payment at the commencement of the collaboration and a second $1.0 million payment on February 3, 2020. Additional payments will be made semi-annually, and expense is recorded in the statement of consolidated operations during the course of the collaboration on the basis of patients enrolled during the relevant period, with the balance payable upon enrollment of the final patient for all studies.
Nanobiotix may also be required to pay an additional one-time milestone payment upon (i) grant of the first regulatory approval by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States and (ii) the date on which a specified number of patients have been enrolled in the clinical trials. The milestone payment increases on an annual basis ranging from $2.2 million to $16.4 million.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
As of December 31, 2019, the Company recognized prepaid expenses for the first two invoices received in 2019, in an amount of €1.7 million. Expenses will be recorded in the statement of consolidated operations based on the patient enrollment progress. See Note 8.2 for further details on other current assets.
Note 5. Intangible Assets
Accounting policies
In accordance with IAS 38 – Intangible Assets, intangible assets are carried at their acquisition cost.
Research and Development costs
Research costs are recorded in expenses in the period during which they are incurred. Under IAS 38 – Intangible Assets, development costs may only be capitalized as intangible assets if the following criteria are met:
(a)
| it is technically feasible to complete the development of the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale; |
(b)
| the Company intends to complete the development of the intangible asset and use or sell it; |
(c)
| the Company has the ability to use or sell the intangible asset; |
(d)
| it is probable that the intangible asset will generate future economic benefits; |
(e)
| adequate technical, financial and other resources are available to complete the development of the intangible asset; and |
(f)
| the Company is able to reliably measure the expenditures attributable to the development of the intangible asset. |
The Company believes that because of the risks and uncertainties related to the grant of regulatory approval for the commercialization of its product candidates, the technical feasibility of completing its development projects will only be demonstrated when requisite approvals are obtained for the commercialization of products. Accordingly, pursuant to IAS 38, the Company has recognized all of its research and development costs incurred as an expense in 2019 and prior periods.
Patents
Costs incurred by the Company in connection with the filing of patent applications are recognized as an expense until such time as the relevant patents are obtained, in line with the treatment of research and development costs. Once the patents are obtained from relevant authorities, their related patent costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the patent protection period. The useful life of the patents is reassessed each year, according to IAS 36.
Software
The costs of acquiring software licenses are recognized as assets on the basis of the costs incurred to acquire and implement the software to which the license relates. These costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the license.
Recoverable amount of intangible assets
Intangible assets with a definite useful life are tested for impairment when there are events or changes in circumstances that indicate that the asset might be impaired. Impairment tests involve comparing the carrying amount of an intangible asset with its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of an asset is the higher of (i) its fair value less costs to sell and (ii) its value in use. If the recoverable amount of any asset is below its carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized to reduce the carrying amount to the recoverable amount.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Detail of intangible assets
The change in intangible assets breaks down as follows:
Patents | | | 65 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 65 |
Software | | | 293 | | | 291 | | | — | | | — | | | 584 |
Intangible assets in progress | | | — | | | 61 | | | — | | | — | | | 61 |
Gross book value of intangible assets | | | 358 | | | 353 | | | — | | | — | | | 710 |
Patents | | | (65) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (65) |
Software | | | (191) | | | (292) | | | — | | | — | | | (483) |
Accumulated depreciation of intangible assets(1) | | | (256) | | | (292) | | | — | | | — | | | (548) |
Net book value of intangible assets | | | 102 | | | 61 | | | — | | | — | | | 163 |
(1)
| Expenses for the period are detailed in Note 16.4 Depreciation, amortization and provisions expenses |
The increase in intangible asset in progress is due to the purchase and implementation of a Human Resources software. No impairment losses were recognized in application of IAS 36 Impairment of Assets in the periods presented.
Patents | | | 65 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 65 |
Software | | | 202 | | | 90 | | | — | | | — | | | 293 |
Other intangible assets | | | 35 | | | — | | | — | | | (35) | | | — |
Gross book value of intangible assets | | | 302 | | | 90 | | | — | | | (35) | | | 358 |
Patents | | | (65) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (65) |
Software | | | (101) | | | (90) | | | — | | | — | | | (191) |
Accumulated depreciation of intangible assets(1) | | | (166) | | | (90) | | | — | | | — | | | (256) |
Net book value of intangible assets | | | 136 | | | — | | | — | | | (35) | | | 102 |
(1)
| Expenses for the period are detailed in Note 16.4 Depreciation, amortization and provisions expenses |
Note 6. Property, Plant and Equipment
Accounting policies
Property, plant and equipment are recorded at their acquisition cost. Major renovations and improvements necessary to bring an asset to the working condition for its use as intended by the Company’s management are capitalized. The cost of repairs, maintenance and other renovation work is expensed as incurred.
Property, plant and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis according to the estimated useful life of the relevant assets.
The depreciation periods used are as follows:
–
| General fixtures and fittings, building work: 5 to 10 years; |
–
| Technical installations, equipment and industrial tooling: 3 to 10 years; and |
–
| Office and IT equipment and furniture: 1 to 10 years. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Recoverable amount of property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment with a definite useful life are tested for impairment when there are events or changes in circumstances that indicate that the asset might be impaired. An impairment loss is recognized for the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of an asset is equal to the higher of (i) its fair value less costs to sell and (ii) its value in use.
Detail of property, plant and equipment
The change in property, plant and equipment is as follows:
Fixtures, fittings and installations | | | 2,480 | | | 815 | | | — | | | 2 | | | — | | | 3,297 |
Right of use – Buildings(1) | | | 5,416 | | | 1,349 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 6,765 |
Technical equipment | | | 1,925 | | | 120 | | | — | | | (25) | | | — | | | 2,019 |
Office and IT equipment | | | 828 | | | 145 | | | (13) | | | (4) | | | — | | | 957 |
Transport equipment | | | 33 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 34 |
Right of use – Transport equipment(1) | | | 83 | | | 82 | | | (51) | | | — | | | — | | | 115 |
Tangible assets in progress | | | — | | | 11 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 11 |
Prepayments on tangible assets | | | 2 | | | — | | | — | | | (2) | | | — | | | — |
Gross book value of tangible assets | | | 10,768 | | | 2,522 | | | (64) | | | (29) | | | — | | | 13,197 |
Fixtures, fittings and installations | | | (750) | | | (251) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (1,001) |
Right of use – Buildings(1) | | | — | | | (829) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (829) |
Technical equipment | | | (1,123) | | | (175) | | | — | | | 25 | | | — | | | (1,272) |
Office and IT equipment | | | (483) | | | (162) | | | 12 | | | 4 | | | — | | | (629) |
Transport equipment | | | (28) | | | (6) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (34) |
Right of use – Transport equipment(1) | | | — | | | (55) | | | 10 | | | — | | | — | | | (45) |
Accumulated depreciation of tangible assets(2) | | | (2,384) | | | (1,478) | | | 22 | | | 29 | | | — | | | (3,811) |
Net book value of tangible assets | | | 8,384 | | | 1,044 | | | (42) | | | — | | | — | | | 9,386 |
(1)
| See Note 2.1 for further details on the IFRS 16 first application |
(2)
| Expenses for the period are detailed in Note 16.4 Depreciation, amortization and provisions expenses |
As of January 1, 2019, the Company applied the new standard IFRS 16 (see Note 2.1 for further details on the impact of IFRS 16 first application). Therefore €5.5 million of right of use assets have been accounted for in the opening statement of financial position (as at January 1, 2019), of which €5.4 million, or 98%, are related to the buildings lease contracts.
In 2019, the increase of €2.5 million is primarily due to the new lease contract of Nanobiotix France entered into for the 5th floor of 60, rue de Wattignies, which resulted in the acquisition of €815 thousand of additional fixtures, fittings and installations and an additional right of use of €1.3 million.
In 2018 and 2019, the Company also acquired office, IT and technical equipment to meet the needs of the increased staffing level.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Fixtures, fittings and installations | | | 2,166 | | | 135 | | | — | | | 179 | | | — | | | 2,480 |
Technical equipment | | | 1,868 | | | 57 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,925 |
Office and IT equipment | | | 616 | | | 206 | | | (1) | | | 6 | | | 1 | | | 828 |
Transport equipment | | | 32 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1 | | | 33 |
Tangible assets in progress | | | 163 | | | 16 | | | — | | | (179) | | | — | | | — |
Prepayments on tangible assets | | | — | | | 2 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 2 |
Gross book value of tangible assets | | | 4,845 | | | 416 | | | (1) | | | 6 | | | 2 | | | 5,268 |
Fixtures, fittings and installations | | | (527) | | | (223) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (750) |
Technical equipment | | | (953) | | | (170) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (1,123) |
Office and IT equipment | | | (358) | | | (125) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (483) |
Transport equipment | | | (16) | | | (12) | | | 1 | | | — | | | (1) | | | (28) |
Accumulated depreciation of tangible assets(1) | | | (1,854) | | | (529) | | | 1 | | | — | | | (1) | | | (2,384) |
Net book value of tangible assets | | | 2,990 | | | (113) | | | — | | | 6 | | | 1 | | | 2,884 |
(1)
| Expenses for the period are detailed in Note 16.4 Depreciation, amortization and provisions expenses |
Note 7. Non-Current Financial Assets
Accounting policies
Non-current financial assets are recognized and measured in accordance with IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments.
Pursuant to IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments, financial assets are classified in two categories according to their nature and the intention of management:
⯀ | Financial assets at fair value through profit and loss; and |
⯀ | Financial assets at amortized cost. |
All regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized at the settlement date.
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
This category includes marketable securities, cash and cash equivalents. They represent financial assets held for trading purposes, i.e., assets acquired by the Company to be sold in the short-term. They are measured at fair value and changes in fair value are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations as financial income or expense, as applicable.
Financial assets at amortized cost
This category includes other financial assets (non-current), trade receivables (current) and other receivables and related accounts (current). Other financial assets (non-current) include advances and security deposits and guarantees granted to third parties as well as term deposits and restricted cash, which are not considered as cash equivalents.
They are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not listed on an active market. They are initially recognized at fair value plus transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset, except trade receivables that are initially recognized at the transaction price as defined in IFRS 15.
After initial recognition, these financial assets are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method when both of the following conditions are met:
(a)
| The financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and |
(b)
| The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Gains and losses are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations when they are derecognized, subject to modification of contractual cash flows and/or impaired.
IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments requires an entity to recognize a loss allowance for expected credit losses on a financial asset at amortized cost at each Statement of Financial Position date. The amount of the loss allowance for expected credit losses equals: (i) the 12-month expected credit losses or (ii) the full lifetime expected credit losses. The latter applies if credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition of the financial instrument. An impairment is recognized, where applicable, on a case–by–case basis to take into account collection difficulties which are likely to occur based on information available at the time of preparation of the financial statements.
Disputed receivables are written-off when certain and precise evidence shows that recovery is impossible, and existing credit loss allowance are released.
Financial assets and liabilities are monitored for any indication of impairment. Under IFRS 9, the impairment model is based on the accounting on expected credit losses during the life of the financial assets. A financial asset is impaired if its credit risk, determined with both historic and prospective data, increased significantly since its initial booking. The loss will impact the net income (loss) recorded to the statement of operations.
Detail of non-current financial assets
The change in non-current financial assets breaks down as follows:
Net book value as of January 1, 2018 | | | 273 | | | 500 | | | 459 | | | 1,232 |
Additions | | | — | | | — | | | 7 | | | 7 |
Decreases | | | (97) | | | — | | | (83) | | | (180) |
Reclassifications | | | — | | | (500) | | | — | | | (500) |
Currency translation adjustments | | | — | | | — | | | 1 | | | 1 |
Net book value as of December 31, 2018 | | | 176 | | | — | | | 383 | | | 558 |
Additions | | | — | | | — | | | 65 | | | 65 |
Decreases | | | (45) | | | — | | | (49) | | | (94) |
Net book value as of December 31, 2019 | | | 131 | | | — | | | 399 | | | 529 |
(1)
| See Note 10.2 Treasury shares |
In 2019, non-current financial assets decreased by €29 thousand compared to 2018. The Security deposits paid increased by €16 thousand, mainly due to the new €65 thousand deposit paid in connection with the headquarters’ lease contract addendum signed in January 2019 for the lease of additional space, partially offset by the utilization of €48 thousand worth of deposits for a minor manufacturing site.
In 2018, non-current financial assets decreased by €674 thousand compared to 2017. After fully repaying a loan from BNP Paribas, the Company retrieved €500 thousand of BNP Paribas fund units that had been pledged as collateral, which accounts for most of the decrease during the year ended December 31, 2018.
The decrease of the liquidity contract – cash account corresponds to treasury shares transactions whose counterpart is recorded as capital on the "treasury shares" line in the statement of change in shareholders’ equity.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Note 8. Trade Receivables and Other Current Assets
Accounting policies for trade receivables and other current assets are described in Note 7.
8.1 Trade receivables
Trade receivables relate mainly to invoices issued to PharmaEngine, in connection with the charging-back of shared external clinical research organization costs under the License and Collaboration Agreement (see Note 4 for more detail on the License and Collaboration Agreement).
Trade receivables | | | 11 | | | 25 |
Trade receivables | | | 11 | | | 25 |
Trade receivables break down as follows:
Due in 3 months or less | | | 11 | | | 25 |
Due between 3 and 6 months | | | — | | | — |
Due between 6 and 12 months | | | — | | | — |
Due after more than 12 months | | | — | | | — |
Trade receivables | | | 11 | | | 25 |
8.2 Other current assets
Other current assets break down as follows:
Research tax credit receivable | | | 5,688 | | | 3,251 |
VAT receivable | | | 1,419 | | | 1,104 |
Prepaid expenses | | | 2,671 | | | 1,095 |
Other receivables | | | 1,245 | | | 972 |
Other current assets | | | 11,022 | | | 6,422 |
As of December 2019, prepaid expenses were mainly due to research agreements for €2.3 million, including €1.7 million related to the collaboration agreement with MD Anderson. The residual €358 thousand comprised miscellaneous prepaid expenses such as consultancy fees, insurances, maintenance costs or travel expenses, each for an individual amount less than €70 thousand.
As of December 2018, prepaid expenses were mainly due to €215 thousand paid by the Company for research agreements, €200 thousand of charges paid in connection with clinical trials and €114 thousand of rent related to the 2019 first trimester. The residual €566 thousand comprised miscellaneous prepaid expenses such as consultancy fees, insurances, maintenance costs or travel expenses, each for an individual amount less than €100 thousand.
Other receivables mainly comprised advances paid to suppliers in the amounts of €1,150 thousand and €909 thousand as of December 2019 and 2018, respectively.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Research tax credit
The Company receives a research tax credit (Crédit d’Impôt Recherche, or “CIR”) from the French tax authorities. See Note 15 for additional details on the CIR research tax credit.
The research tax credit for 2019 was €2.4 million (€2.4 million for Nanobiotix S.A. and €64 thousand for Curadigm SAS), while the amount for 2018 was €3.3 million. The 2018 research tax credit was collected by the Company in February 2020.
The change in CIR receivables breaks down as follows:
Receivable as of January 1, 2018 | | | 3,259 |
Refund of 2017 research tax credit | | | (3,243) |
Adjusted charge for 2017 research tax credit | | | (17) |
2018 research tax credit | | | 3,251 |
Receivable as of December 31, 2018 | | | 3,251 |
Refund of 2018 research tax credit | | | — |
2019 research tax credit | | | 2,437 |
Receivable as of December 31, 2019 | | | 5,688 |
Note 9. Cash and Cash Equivalents
Accounting policy
Cash equivalents are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments rather than for investment or other reasons. They are easily converted into known amounts of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Cash and cash equivalents consist of liquid assets that are available immediately and term deposits.
Cash equivalents are measured at amortized cost.
Detail of cash and cash equivalents
Short-term bank deposits | | | 10,000 | | | 11,503 |
Cash and bank accounts | | | 25,094 | | | 24,700 |
Net cash and cash equivalents | | | 35,094 | | | 36,203 |
Short-term bank deposits mainly comprise interest-bearing term deposits held as part of the Company's financial management strategy, that may be converted to cash without any substantial penalty.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Note 10. Share Capital
10.1 Capital issued
Accounting policies
Ordinary shares are classified in shareholders’ equity. The cost of equity transactions that are directly attributable to the issue of new shares or options is recognized in shareholders’ equity as a deduction from the proceeds of the issue.
Detail of share capital transactions
January 1, 2018 | | | | | | 589 | | | 123,782 | | | 19,633,373 |
May 14, 2018 | | | Subscription of 2018 warrants | | | — | | | 13 | | | — |
June 1, 2018 | | | Subscription of 2018 warrants | | | — | | | 6 | | | — |
June 3, 2018 | | | Subscription of 2018 warrants | | | — | | | 5 | | | — |
June 6, 2018 | | | Subscription of 2018 warrants | | | — | | | 21 | | | — |
June 30, 2018 | | | Grant of 2018 free shares | | | — | | | (12) | | | — |
August 28, 2018 | | | Subscription of 2018 warrants | | | — | | | 14 | | | — |
August 28, 2018 | | | Grant of 2018 free shares | | | — | | | (0) | | | — |
December 31, 2018 | | | U.S. Initial public offering costs | | | — | | | (1,030) | | | — |
December 31, 2018 | | | | | | 589 | | | 122,799 | | | 19,633,373 |
March 29, 2019 | | | Grant of 2019 free shares | | | — | | | (13) | | | — |
April 9, 2019 | | | Capital increase | | | 77 | | | 29,440 | | | 2,566,666 |
April 9, 2019 | | | Cost of capital increase | | | — | | | (1,438) | | | — |
April 25, 2019 | | | Exercise of 2012 founders’ warrants | | | 5 | | | 955 | | | 160,000 |
May 1, 2019 | | | Subscription of 2019 warrants | | | — | | | 3 | | | — |
May 21, 2019 | | | Subscription of 2019 warrants | | | — | | | 6 | | | — |
June 24, 2019 | | | Subscription of 2019 warrants | | | — | | | 3 | | | — |
June 25, 2019 | | | Subscription of 2019 warrants | | | — | | | 3 | | | — |
June 28, 2019 | | | Subscription of 2019 warrants | | | — | | | 5 | | | — |
July 17, 2019 | | | Exercise of 2013 founders’ warrants | | | 2 | | | 345 | | | 55,000 |
December 31, 2019 | | | U.S. Initial public offering costs reversal | | | — | | | 1,030 | | | — |
December 31, 2019 | | | | | | 672 | | | 153,139 | | | 22,415,039 |
As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s share capital was €672 thousand divided into 22,415,039 fully paid in ordinary shares, each with a par value of €0.03, as compared with the 2018 share capital of €589 thousand divided into 19,633,373 fully paid in ordinary shares each with a par value of €0.03.
The increase in share capital is mainly related to the issue of 2,566,666 new ordinary shares with a par value of €0.03 each at an issue price of €11.47 resulting in a capital increase of €77 thousand plus a premium of €29.4 million.
As of December 31, 2018, €1.0 million of transaction costs had been recorded related to the Company’s expected initial public offering of its ordinary shares in the United States and are recognized as a reduction to premiums related to share capital. In 2018, €0.3 million was paid and €0.7 million was recorded as accrued expenses
As of December 31, 2019, considering the market conditions, the Company decided to delay its plans to conduct an initial public offering of its ordinary shares in the United States. The transaction costs related to the initial public offering, incurred in 2018, which were initially recorded as a reduction to premiums related to share capital, as well as those incurred in 2019, were written off to expense and are included within selling, general and administrative expenses on the statement of operations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
10.2 Treasury shares
On December 31, 2019, the Company held 15,723 treasury shares under a liquidity contract compared to 13,144 treasury shares as of December 31, 2018, which complies with the general regulations of, and market practices accepted by, the French Financial Markets Authority (AMF), entered into following the Company’s French initial public offering in 2012. These shares were deducted from equity in the amount of €169 thousand and €124 thousand as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
10.3 Founders’ warrants, warrants, stock options and free shares
Accounting policies
Accounting policies for share-based payments are described in Note 17.
Detail of change in founders’ warrants, warrants and stock options and free shares
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had the following type of equity plans in place: warrant (BSA) plans, founders’ warrant (BSPCE) plans, stock option (OSA) plans and free shares (AGA) plans. The following tables summarize activity in these plans during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
BSAs:
BSA 04-12 | | | May 4, 2012 | | | 6.00 | | | 30,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 30,000 | | | 30,000 |
BSA 2013 | | | April 10, 2013 | | | 6.37 | | | 6,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 6,000 | | | 6,000 |
BSA 2014 | | | Sept. 16, 2014 | | | 17.67 | | | 10,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 10,000 | | | 10,000 |
BSA 2015-1 | | | February 10, 2015 | | | 17.67 | | | 4,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 4,000 | | | 4,000 |
BSA 2015-1 | | | February 10, 2015 | | | 17.67 | | | 17,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 17,000 | | | 17,000 |
BSA 2015-2(a) | | | June 25, 2015 | | | 19.54 | | | 64,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 64,000 | | | 64,000 |
BSA 2015-2(b) | | | June 25, 2015 | | | 19.54 | | | 6,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 6,000 | | | 6,000 |
BSA 2016 | | | February 2, 2016 | | | 13.74 | | | 36,208 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 36,208 | | | 36,208 |
BSA 2016-2 | | | November 3, 2016 | | | 15.01 | | | 8,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 8,000 | | | 8,000 |
BSA 2017 | | | January 7, 2017 | | | 15.76 | | | 18,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 18,000 | | | 18,000 |
BSA 2018-1 | | | March 6, 2018 | | | 13.55 | | | 28,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 28,000 | | | 28,000 |
BSA 2018-2 | | | July 27, 2018 | | | 16.102 | | | 5,820 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 5,820 | | | 5,820 |
BSA 2019-1 | | | March 29, 2019 | | | 11.66 | | | — | | | 18,000 | | | — | | | — | | | 18,000 | | | 18,000 |
Total | | | | | | | | | 233,028 | | | 18,000 | | | — | | | — | | | 251,028 | | | 251,028 |
BSA 04-12 | | | May 04, 2012 | | | 6.00 | | | 30,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 30,000 | | | 30,000 |
BSA 2013 | | | April 10, 2013 | | | 6.37 | | | 6,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 6,000 | | | 6,000 |
BSA 2014 | | | Sept. 16, 2014 | | | 17.67 | | | 10,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 10,000 | | | 10,000 |
BSA 2015-1 | | | February 10, 2015 | | | 17.67 | | | 4,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 4,000 | | | 4,000 |
BSA 2015-1 | | | February 10, 2015 | | | 17.67 | | | 17,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 17,000 | | | 17,000 |
BSA 2015-2(a) | | | June 25, 2015 | | | 19.54 | | | 64,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 64,000 | | | 64,000 |
BSA 2015-2(b) | | | June 25, 2015 | | | 19.54 | | | 6,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 6,000 | | | 6,000 |
BSA 2016 | | | February 2, 2016 | | | 13.74 | | | 36,208 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 36,208 | | | 36,208 |
BSA 2016-2 | | | November 3, 2016 | | | 15.01 | | | 8,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 8,000 | | | 8,000 |
BSA 2017 | | | January 7, 2017 | | | 15.76 | | | 18,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 18,000 | | | 18,000 |
BSA 2018-1 | | | March 6, 2018 | | | 13.55 | | | — | | | 28,000 | | | — | | | — | | | 28,000 | | | 28,000 |
BSA 2018-2 | | | July 27, 2018 | | | 16.102 | | | — | | | 5,820 | | | — | | | — | | | 5,820 | | | 5,820 |
Total | | | | | | | | | 199,208 | | | 33,820 | | | — | | | — | | | 233,028 | | | 233,028 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BSPCEs:
BSPCE 2012-1 | | | May 4, 2012 | | | 6.00 | | | 1,674,548 | | | — | | | (160,000) | | | (1,514,548) | | | — | | | — |
BSPCE 2012-2 | | | December 18, 2012 | | | 6.63 | | | 100,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 100,000 | | | 100,000 |
BSPCE 04-2013 | | | April 10, 2013 | | | 6.30 | | | 55,000 | | | — | | | (55,000) | | | — | | | — | | | — |
BSPCE 08-2013 | | | August 28, 2013 | | | 5.92 | | | 50,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 50,000 | | | 50,000 |
BSPCE 09-2014 | | | September 16, 2014 | | | 18.68 | | | 92,100 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 92,100 | | | 92,100 |
BSPCE 2015-1 | | | February 10, 2015 | | | 18.57 | | | 70,950 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 70,950 | | | 70,950 |
BSPCE 2015-3 | | | June 10, 2015 | | | 20.28 | | | 39,750 | | | — | | | — | | | (1,350) | | | 38,400 | | | 38,400 |
BSPCE 2016 | | | February 2, 2016 | | | 14.46 | | | 220,967 | | | — | | | — | | | (7,998) | | | 212,969 | | | 212,969 |
BSPCE 2017 | | | January 7, 2017 | | | 15.93 | | | 202,417 | | | — | | | — | | | (15,251) | | | 187,166 | | | 187,166 |
Total | | | | | | | | | 2,505,732 | | | — | | | (215,000) | | | (1,539,147) | | | 751,585 | | | 751,585 |
BSPCE 2012-1 | | | May 4, 2012 | | | 6.00 | | | 1,674,548 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,674,548 | | | 1,674,548 |
BSPCE 2012-2 | | | December 18, 2012 | | | 6.63 | | | 100,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 100,000 | | | 100,000 |
BSPCE 04-2013 | | | April 10, 2013 | | | 6.30 | | | 55,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 55,000 | | | 55,000 |
BSPCE 08-2013 | | | August 28, 2013 | | | 5.92 | | | 50,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 50,000 | | | 50,000 |
BSPCE 09-2014 | | | September 16, 2014 | | | 18.68 | | | 92,100 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 92,100 | | | 92,100 |
BSPCE 2015-1 | | | February 10, 2015 | | | 18.57 | | | 70,950 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 70,950 | | | 70,950 |
BSPCE 2015-3 | | | June 10, 2015 | | | 20.28 | | | 41,383 | | | — | | | — | | | (1,633) | | | 39,750 | | | 39,750 |
BSPCE 2016 | | | February 2, 2016 | | | 14.46 | | | 230,309 | | | — | | | — | | | (9,342) | | | 220,967 | | | 220,967 |
BSPCE 2017 | | | January 7, 2017 | | | 15.93 | | | 288,350 | | | — | | | — | | | (85,933) | | | 202,417 | | | 202,417 |
Total | | | | | | | | | 2,602,640 | | | — | | | — | | | (96,908) | | | 2,505,732 | | | 2,505,732 |
OSAs:
OSA 2016-1 | | | February 2, 2016 | | | 13.05 | | | 400 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 400 | | | 400 |
OSA 2016-2 | | | November 3, 2016 | | | 14.26 | | | 4,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 4,000 | | | 4,000 |
OSA 2017 | | | January 7, 2017 | | | 14.97 | | | 500 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 500 | | | 500 |
OSA 2018 | | | March 6, 2018 | | | 12.87 | | | 58,000 | | | — | | | — | | | (4,000) | | | 54,000 | | | 54,000 |
OSA 2019-1 | | | March 29, 2019 | | | 11.08 | | | — | | | 37,500 | | | — | | | (7,250) | | | 30,250 | | | 30,250 |
OSA 2019-2 | | | October 24, 2019 | | | 6.41 | | | — | | | 500,000 | | | — | | | — | | | 500,000 | | | 500,000 |
Total | | | | | | | | | 62,900 | | | 537,500 | | | — | | | (11,250) | | | 589,150 | | | 589,150 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OSA 2016-1 | | | February 2, 2016 | | | 13.05 | | | 14,400 | | | — | | | — | | | (14,000) | | | 400 | | | 400 |
OSA 2016-2 | | | November 3, 2016 | | | 14.26 | | | 4,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 4,000 | | | 4,000 |
OSA 2017 | | | January 7, 2017 | | | 14.97 | | | 7,850 | | | — | | | — | | | (7,350) | | | 500 | | | 500 |
OSA 2018 | | | March 6, 2018 | | | 12.87 | | | — | | | 62,000 | | | — | | | (4,000) | | | 58,000 | | | 58,000 |
Total | | | | | | | | | 26,250 | | | 62,000 | | | — | | | (25,350) | | | 62,900 | | | 62,900 |
AGAs:
AGA 2018-1 | | | March 6, 2018 | | | n.a. | | | 369,250 | | | — | | | — | | | (14,000) | | | 355,250 | | | 355,250 |
AGA 2018-2 | | | July 27, 2018 | | | n.a. | | | 6,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 6,000 | | | 6,000 |
AGA 2019-1 | | | March 29, 2019 | | | n.a. | | | — | | | 438,250 | | | — | | | (53,250) | | | 385,000 | | | 385,000 |
Total | | | | | | | | | 375,250 | | | 438,250 | | | — | | | (67,250) | | | 746,250 | | | 746,250 |
AGA 2018-1 | | | March 6, 2018 | | | n.a. | | | — | | | 396,250 | | | — | | | (27,000) | | | 369,250 | | | 369,250 |
AGA 2018-2 | | | July 27, 2018 | | | n.a. | | | — | | | 6,000 | | | — | | | — | | | 6,000 | | | 6,000 |
Total | | | | | | | | | — | | | 402,250 | | | — | | | (27,000) | | | 375,250 | | | 375,250 |
Warrants
At a meeting on March 29, 2019, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted at the annual shareholders' meeting on May 23, 2018 and following the approval granted by the Supervisory Board on January 23, 2019, granted 18,000 warrants to members of the Supervisory Board, each entitling the holder to subscribe to a defined number of ordinary shares with a par value of €0.03, at a price of €11.66. The warrants are exercisable subject to the following conditions: the Supervisory Board member shall have attended at least 75% of the Supervisory Board meetings held during the period preceding the exercise of the warrants or, as the case may be, the date the holder ceases to be part of the Group, and the market value of a share shall be at least equal to €40. The holders subscribed to the warrants at the end of the subscription period on June 27, 2019.
At a meeting on March 6, 2018, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted at the annual shareholders' meeting on June 14, 2017, granted 18,000 warrants to members of the Supervisory Board, each entitling the holder to subscribe to a defined number of ordinary shares with a par value of €0.03, at a price of €13.55. The warrants are exercisable subject to the following conditions: the Supervisory Board member shall have attended at least 75% of the Supervisory Board meetings held during the period preceding the exercise of the warrants or, as the case may be, the date the holder ceases to be part of the Group, and the market value of a share shall be at least equal to €40. The holders subscribed to the warrants at the end of the subscription period, on June 7, 2018.
At the same meeting, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted at the annual shareholders’ meeting on June 14, 2017, granted 10,000 warrants to an external consultant of the Company, each entitling the holder to subscribe to a defined number of ordinary shares with a par value of €0.03, at a price of €13.55. The warrants are exercisable subject to the market value of a share being at least equal to €40. The holder subscribed to the warrants at the end of the subscription period, on June 7, 2018.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
At a meeting on July 27, 2018, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted at the annual shareholders’ meeting on May 23, 2018, granted 5,820 warrants to an external consultant of the Company, each entitling the holder to subscribe to a defined number of ordinary shares with a par value of €0.03, at a price of €16.102. The warrants are exercisable subject to the market value of a share being at least equal to €40. The holder subscribed to the warrants at the end of the subscription period, on October 31, 2018.
Stock options
At a meeting on March 29, 2019, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted by the thirty sixth resolution at the annual shareholders' meeting on May 23, 2018, granted 37,500 stock options to the employees of the Company under the 2018 stock option plan, with a par value of €0.03, at a price of €11.08 (premium issue included).
Under the 2018 stock option plan, which was approved on January 13, 2019 by the Supervisory Board, the stock options granted on March 29, 2019 will abide by the following conditions and would be exercisable according to the following conditions:
-
| Up to two third of the options can be exercised starting March 30, 2021; and |
-
| The remaining third can be exercised starting March 30, 2022. |
These conditions are only valid provided that each holder remains employed by the Company during the corresponding reference period. The stock options granted on March 29, 2019 may remain outstanding for ten years following of their grant date. After this ten-year period, the options will be forfeited by law.
At a meeting on October 24, 2019, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted by the thirty sixth resolution at the annual shareholders' meeting on April 11, 2019, adopted the stock option plan LLY 2019, and granted 500,000 stock options to Laurent Levy, CEO of the Company, and decided that each stock option will entitle the holder to subscribe to an ordinary share of the Company, with a par value of €0.03, at a price of €6.41 (premium issue included).
The Executive Board also decided that the options will abide by the LLY 2019 plan conditions and would be exercisable according to the following conditions, defined by the thirty-sixth resolution of the annual shareholders’ meeting of April 11, 2019:
-
| 10% of the options can be exercised as soon as the market share price of the Company on Euronext Paris reaches €24; |
-
| An additional 10% of the options can be exercised as soon as the market share price of the Company on Euronext in Paris reaches €30; |
-
| An additional 40% of the options can be exercised as soon as the market share price of the Company on Euronext in Paris reaches €40; |
-
| An additional 40% of the options can be exercised as soon as the market share price of the Company on Euronext in Paris reaches €60; and |
-
| In the 10 years after their grant date at the latest, the options which would not have been exercised by the end of this period of 10 years would be forfeited by law. |
The number of options that could be exercised pursuant to the aforementioned planning will always be rounded down and the aforementioned share price will automatically be adjusted in case of merger or division of the Company’s shares or a similar transaction that occurs after the granting of the shares.
At a meeting on March 6, 2018, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted at the annual shareholders' meeting on May 23, 2018, granted 62,000 stock options to employees of the Company, each entitling the
TABLE OF CONTENTS
holder to subscribe to a defined number of ordinary shares with a par value of €0.03, at a price of €12.87. These stock options are divided into 12,000 ordinary shares granted to employees and 50,000 granted to the Chief Operating Officer (“COO”).
For the Company’s employees other than the COO, these options can be exercised at the latest during the ten years following the grant date and by a third party, provided that the options subscriber is still an employee of the Company during the corresponding period, according to the following conditions:
-
| One third can be exercised with effect from March 7, 2019; |
-
| One third can be exercised with effect from March 7, 2020; and |
-
| One third can be exercised with effect from March 8, 2021. |
For the COO, the options can be exercised at the latest during the ten years following the grant date, and by a third party, provided that the options subscriber is still an employee of the Company during the corresponding period, according to the following conditions:
-
| Two thirds can be exercised with effect from March 7, 2019 and |
-
| One third can be exercised with effect from March 7, 2020. |
The stock options granted on March 6, 2018 may remain outstanding for ten years following their grant date. After this ten-year period, the options will be forfeited by law.
The number of options that could be exercised pursuant to conditions on their exercise will always be rounded down and the aforementioned share price will automatically be adjusted in case of a share split, share combination or similar transaction with respect to the Company shares that occur after the granting of the shares.
Free shares
At a meeting on March 29, 2019, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization at the annual shareholders’ meeting on May 23, 2018, granted 438,250 free shares to the members of the Executive Board and employees of the Company, each with a par value of €0.03. The conditions for subscribing are as follows:
For French Tax Residents ("2+1"):
−
| An acquisition period of two years with effect on March 29, 2019. The granting conditions state that the subscriber must remain an employee of the Company during the acquisition period; and |
−
| A holding period of one year following the acquisition period. |
For Foreign Tax Residents ("3+0"), there is an acquisition period of three years with effect on March 29, 2019, provided that the subscriber must remain an employee of the Company during this acquisition period. No additional holding period is required.
Furthermore, the final acquisition of the free shares granted to the members of the Executive Board on March 29, 2019 was subject to the achievement of the “CE” marking for NBTXR3 on June 30, 2019, which condition was satisfied in April 2019.
At a meeting on March 6, 2018, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted at the annual shareholders' meeting on May 23, 2018, granted 396,250 free shares to the members of the Executive Board and employees of the Company, each with a par value of €0.03. The conditions for subscribing have been defined as follows:
For French Tax Residents ("2+1"):
−
| An acquisition period of two years with effect on March 7, 2018, and subject to the condition that the subscriber must remain an employee of the Company during the acquisition period; and |
−
| A holding period of one year following the acquisition period. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
For Foreign Tax Residents ("3+0"), there is an acquisition period of three years with effect on March 7, 2018, provided that the subscriber must remain an employee of the Company during this acquisition period. No additional holding period is required.
Furthermore, the final acquisition of the free shares granted to the members of the Executive Board will depend on the achievement of clinical and strategic conditions in the head and neck study.
At a meeting on July 27, 2018, the Executive Board, acting pursuant to the authorization granted at the annual shareholders’ meeting on May 23, 2018, granted 6,000 free shares to an employee of the Company, each with a par value of €0.03. The Executive Board decided on:
−
| An acquisition period of two years with effect on July 27, 2018. The employee does not have to remain an employee of the Company during this period; and |
−
| A holding period of 1 year following the acquisition period. |
Free shares and founders’ warrants – change in condition
At a meeting of July 23, 2019, the Executive Board, which can, in its sole discretion, at any time during the acquisition period, decide that the holders do not have to remain in the Company anymore, decided to lift this condition that predefines the final acquisition of free shares and subscription of founders’ warrants granted to some of Company’s employees owning the founders’ warrants.
The impact of share-based payments on income is discussed in Note 17.
Note 11. Provisions
Accounting policies
Provisions for contingencies and charges
Provisions for contingencies and charges reflect obligations resulting from various disputes and risks which due dates and amounts are uncertain, that the Company may face as part of its normal business activities.
A provision is recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, where it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.
The amount recorded in provisions is a best estimate of the outflow of resources that will be required to settle the obligation, discounted, if required, at year-end.
Provisions for retirement obligations
Company employees receive the retirement benefits provided for by law in France:
−
| Lump-sum retirement benefit paid by the Company to employees upon retirement (defined benefit plan); and |
−
| Pension benefits paid by social security agencies, which are financed through employer and employee contributions (State defined contribution plan). |
The cost of retirement benefits payable under defined benefit plans is estimated using the projected credit unit cost method.
Based on this method, the cost of retirement is recorded in income such that the amount is distributed uniformly over the term of the employee’s career. Past service cost related to non-vested benefits is recognized as an expense (increase in the benefits granted) or as income (reduction in the benefits granted) when the plan amendment or curtailment occurs. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized directly and in full in other comprehensive income (loss) under equity.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Retirement benefit obligations are measured at the present value of future estimated payments by reference to market yields on high quality corporate bonds with a maturity equivalent to that estimated for the plan. The Company uses experts to carry out an annual valuation of the plans.
The Company's payments to defined contribution plans are recognized as expenses in each period to which they relate.
As of December 31, 2019, and 2018, the Company updated the parameters for calculating the lump-sum retirement benefit plan to take recent changes into account. The salary increase rate, staff turnover and discount rate were all updated (see Note 11.2 for further details on assumptions used).
Detail of provisions
Lump-sum retirement benefits | | | 337 | | | 82 | | | (88) | | | 331 |
Non-current provisions | | | 337 | | | 82 | | | (88) | | | 331 |
Provisions for disputes | | | 55 | | | — | | | (55) | | | — |
Provision for charges | | | — | | | 164 | | | — | | | 164 |
Current provisions | | | 55 | | | 164 | | | (55) | | | 164 |
Total provisions | | | 392 | | | 246 | | | (143) | | | 495 |
(1)
| See Statement of consolidated cash flows and Note 16.4 for the nature of these decreases |
Lump-sum retirement benefits | | | 233 | | | 104 | | | — | | | 337 |
Non-current provisions | | | 233 | | | 104 | | | — | | | 337 |
Provisions for disputes | | | 105 | | | — | | | (50) | | | 55 |
Current provisions | | | 105 | | | — | | | (50) | | | 55 |
Total provisions | | | 338 | | | 104 | | | (50) | | | 392 |
(1)
| See Statement of consolidated cash flows and Note 16.4 for the nature of these decreases |
11.1 Current provisions
Provisions for disputes comprise employee disputes in progress. The decrease during 2018 and 2019 of €50 thousand and €55 thousand, respectively, were due to payments that occurred during the respective years.
Provisions for charges of €112 thousand are related to termination costs accounted for in 2019 following an employee departure.
11.2 Non-current provisions
Commitments for retirement benefits
Provision as of beginning of period | | | 337 | | | 233 |
Expense for the period | | | 82 | | | 55 |
Actuarial gains or losses recognized in other comprehensive income | | | (88) | | | 48 |
Provision as of end of period | | | 331 | | | 337 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The assumptions used to measure lump-sum retirement benefits are as follows:
| | Retirement assumptions | | | Management: Age 66
Non-management: Age 64 | | | Management: Age 66
Non-management: Age 64 | |
| | Social security contribution rate | | | 43% | | | 43% | |
| | Discount rate | | | 0.85% | | | 1.81% | |
| | Mortality tables | | | Regulatory table
INSEE 2012 -2014 | | | Regulatory table
INSEE 2012 -2014 | |
| | Salary increase rate (including inflation) | | | 2.5 % | | | 2.5 % | |
| | Staff turnover | | | Constant average rate of 5.86% | | | Constant average rate of 3.71% | |
| | Duration | | | 17 years | | | 19 years | |
The rights granted to Company employees are defined in the Collective Agreement for the Pharmaceutical industry (manufacturing and sales of pharmaceutical products).
The staff turnover rate was determined using a historical average over the 2015-2018 period.
Note 12. Financial Liabilities
Accounting policies
The Company receives assistance in the form of grants, conditional advances and interest-free loans.
Under IFRS, a repayable advance that does not require the payment of annual interest is considered to be an interest-free loan. The difference between the amount of the advance at historical cost and the advance discounted at the Company's average borrowing rate is considered to be a government grant. These grants are deferred over the estimated duration of the projects they finance.
The long-term (more than one year) portion of conditional advances is recognized in non-current financial liabilities and the short-term portion in current financial liabilities.
Grants are recognized as Grants receivable as soon as the assurance that the payment will be received is obtained and not when actual payment is made. A portion of the grants is then recognized in deferred income to the extent that the related expenditures have not yet been made.
Non-repayable conditional loans are treated as government grants when there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions for non-repayment. Otherwise, they are classified in liabilities.
Government grants made available to offset expenses or losses already incurred, or as immediate financial assistance to the Company with no future related costs, are recognized in income in the period in which the grant is allocated.
Financial liabilities are recognized and measured in accordance with IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments. Financial liabilities, including trade and other payables are valued at amortized cost.
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
Loans and other financial liabilities are recognized and measured in accordance with IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments, effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018.
They are recognized at amortized cost, which is defined under IFRS 9 as the initial value of a financial asset or liability, after deduction of reimbursement of principal, increased or decreased by the accumulated amortization, calculated using the effective interest rate method.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition or issuance of financial liabilities are deducted from the financial liabilities. The costs are then amortized on an actuarial basis over the life of the liability using the effective interest rate, namely the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash flows to the net carrying amount of the financial liability in order to determine its amortized cost.
Details of financial liabilities
Lease liabilities – Short term | | | 591 | | | — |
Repayable advances OSEO/Bpifrance loan - Short term | | | 500 | | | 500 |
Total current financial liabilities | | | 1,091 | | | 500 |
Lease liabilities – Long term | | | 5,814 | | | — |
Repayable OSEO/Bpifrance loan advances – Long term | | | 2,875 | | | 3,291 |
EIB loan – Long term | | | 34,746 | | | 16,730 |
Total non-current financial liabilities | | | 43,435 | | | 20,021 |
Total financial liabilities | | | 44,526 | | | 20,521 |
The Company receives repayable advances from Banque Publique d’Investissement (formerly known as OSEO Innovation). The advances are interest-free and are fully repayable in the event of technical and/or commercial success. In 2018, the Company was informed that the initial date of reimbursement of the Bpifrance repayable advance was deferred for 18 months. The amount to be reimbursed corresponds to the amount received to date, €2.1 million (see Note 12.1).
In July 2018, the Company obtained a loan from the EIB. The loan could reach a maximum amount of €40 million, divided in three tranches. The first tranche, with a nominal value of €16 million, was received in October 2018 and will be repaid in full in 2023. The accumulated fixed-rate interest related to this tranche will be paid at the same time. The second tranche, with a nominal value of €14 million, was received in March 2019 and will be repaid between 2021 and 2024. The accumulated fixed-rate interest related to this second tranche will be paid twice a year together with the principal.
The third tranche, which is subject to specific conditions defined in the terms of the loan, has not yet been requested by the Company.
Pursuant to the terms of the loan, the Company is also required, during a six-year royalty calculation period commencing on January 1, 2021, to pay (on each June 30 with respect to the preceding year within the calculation period) additional interest in the form of royalties, calculated according to the number of tranches that have been withdrawn and indexed on the annual sales turnover (see Note 4.2). Initially, the Company calculated estimated future royalties based on its forecast of future annual sales turnover, and this estimated amount was included in the amortized cost of the loan. When the Company revises its forecasts of estimated royalties, the carrying value of the liability is subsequently adjusted based on the revised estimate of future royalties, which is discounted at the original effective interest rate. The related impact on the carrying value of the liability is recorded as financial income or expense, as applicable.
Since January 1, 2019 the Company applies the new standard IFRS 16 – Leases, which replaces IAS 17 and the related IFRIC and SIC interpretations. This standard eliminates the difference between operating and financial leases, and requires leases be recognized in the balance sheet. The accounting consists of recognizing a right of use asset while recording a liability for the value of the discounted rentals to be paid over the lease term.
As mentioned in Note 2.1, on January 1, 2019, for each ongoing operating lease contract outstanding as of December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a right of use asset and a corresponding financial liability, based on the discounted amount to be paid over those lease terms. While no impact on the statement of profit and loss is recorded at first time application under the modified retrospective method applied by the Company, after the adoption the following impact will be booked:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
−
| The right of use amortization amount, computed on a straight-line basis at each closing date; and |
−
| A financial expense for the interest component associated with the rent payment (with the principal amount reducing the lease liability). |
After adoption, all new lease contracts not falling under a practical expedient defined by IFRS 16, namely short-term leases or low-value leases, will be treated with the same accounting method. Note 12.2 below presents the detailed impact of the lease liability at first time application and the related liability increases or decreases recorded during 2019.
12.1 Conditional advances, bank loan and loans from government and public authorities
The tables below show the detail of liabilities recognized on the statements of financial position by type of conditional advances, bank loan and loans from government and public authorities:
Conditional advances and loans from government and public authorities
As of January 1, 2018 | | | 247 | | | 1,962 | | | 1,880 | | | — | | | 4,088 |
Principal received | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 16,000 | | | 16,000 |
Impact of discounting and accretion | | | 3 | | | 122 | | | 45 | | | (223) | | | (53) |
Accumulated fixed interest expense accrual | | | — | | | 32 | | | — | | | 211 | | | 243 |
Accumulated variable interest expense accrual | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 742 | | | 742 |
Repayment | | | (250) | | | — | | | (250) | | | — | | | (500) |
As of December 31, 2018 | | | — | | | 2,116 | | | 1,675 | | | 16,730 | | | 20,521 |
Principal received | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 14,000 | | | 14,000 |
Impact of discounting and accretion | | | — | | | 32 | | | 36 | | | (1,422) | | | (1,354) |
Accumulated fixed interest expense accrual | | | — | | | 16 | | | — | | | 1,545 | | | 1,561 |
Accumulated variable interest expense accrual | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 4,243 | | | 4,243 |
Repayment | | | — | | | — | | | (500) | | | (350) | | | (850) |
As of December 31, 2019 | | | — | | | 2,165 | | | 1,210 | | | 34,746 | | | 38,121 |
Bank loan
As of January 1, 2018 | | | 428 |
Financial expenses on liabilities | | | — |
Repayment of principal | | | (427) |
Payment of interest | | | (1) |
As of December 31, 2018 | | | — |
Financial expenses on liabilities | | | — |
Repayment of principal | | | — |
Payment of interest | | | — |
As of December 31, 2019 | | | — |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
12.2 Lease Liabilities
The table below shows the detail of changes in lease liabilities recognized on the statements of financial position:
As of December 31, 2018 | | | — |
Impact of IFRS 16 first application(1) | | | 5,569 |
As of January 1, 2019 | | | 5,569 |
New lease contracts | | | 1,991 |
Impact of discounting of the new lease contracts | | | (399) |
Fixed interest expense | | | 359 |
Repayment of lease | | | (1,067) |
Early termination of moveable lease contracts during 2019 | | | (48) |
As of December 31, 2019 | | | 6,405 |
(1)
| See Note 2.1 Impact of IFRS 16 first application for further details |
12.3 Due dates of the financial liabilities
The due dates for repayment of the advances, loans and lease liabilities at their nominal value and including fixed-rate interest are as follows:
Bpifrance | | | — | | | 300 | | | 1,300 | | | 639 | | | 2,239 |
Interest-free Bpifrance loan | | | 500 | | | 750 | | | — | | | — | | | 1,250 |
EIB loan | | | 700 | | | 8,225 | | | 28,762 | | | — | | | 37,687 |
Lease liabilities | | | 1,131 | | | 2,241 | | | 2,160 | | | 3,379 | | | 8,911 |
Total | | | 2,331 | | | 11,516 | | | 32,222 | | | 4,018 | | | 50,087 |
The long-term debt obligations relate to the fixed rate interest and principal payable on repayable advances, the interest-free Bpifrance loan and the EIB loan. The outstanding balance of the EIB loan included in the table above was €37.6 million as of December 31, 2019, including €7.7 million of total fixed rate interest to be paid over the term of the loan, out of which €1.5 million was accrued as of December 31, 2019. The balance in the table above does not include €27.6 million of estimated variable rate interest, based on the consolidated forecasted sales expected to be generated by the Company during the six-year period beginning January 1, 2021 (see Notes 3.2, 4.2 and 12.1).
Note 13. Trade Payables and Other Current Liabilities
13.1 Trade and other payables
Accounting policies
Accounting policies for Trade and other payables are described in Note 12, “Financial Liabilities.”
Accrued expenses
Taking into account the time lag between the time at which treatment costs are incurred in studies or clinical trials and the time at which such costs are invoiced, the Company estimates an amount of accrued expenses to record in the financial statements at each reporting date.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The treatment costs for patients were estimated for each study based on contracts signed with clinical research centers conducting the trials, taking into account the length of the treatment and the date of injection of each patient. The total amount estimated for each study has been reduced by the amount of invoices received at the closing date.
Details of trade and other payables
Accrued expenses - clinical trials | | | 1,620 | | | 1,973 |
Other trade payables | | | 6,150 | | | 4,536 |
Total trade and other payables | | | 7,770 | | | 6,509 |
Trade payables are not discounted, as none of the amounts were due in more than one year.
13.2 Other current liabilities
Tax liabilities | | | 216 | | | 180 |
Payroll tax and other payroll liabilities | | | 4,912 | | | 3,928 |
Other payables | | | 193 | | | 425 |
Other current liabilities | | | 5,322 | | | 4,533 |
Payroll tax and other payroll liabilities consist primarily of payroll, payroll taxes, employer costs to be paid on free shares, accrued bonuses, vacation days and related social charges.
Payroll tax and other payroll liabilities increased by €984 thousand from €3.9 million as of December 31, 2018 to €4.9 million as of December 31, 2018 as a result of the recognition in 2019 of an additional accrual of €866 thousand related to employer costs to be paid on free shares granted in 2019, compared to €485 thousand in 2018.
Change in other payables mainly include:
−
| Rent deferral for the Company’s facilities in Villejuif and Wattignies decreased by €183 thousand, following the reclassification associated with the first application of IFRS 16 at January 1, 2019 (see Note 2.1 Impact of IFRS 16 first application), compared to €183 thousand as of December 31, 2018; and |
−
| An accrued income of €138 thousand as of December 31, 2019, compared to an aggregate amount of €93 thousand related to the Bpifrance advance as of December 31, 2018. |
Note 14. Financial Instruments Included in the Statement of Financial Position and Impact on Income
Accounting policies
Accounting policies for financial instruments included in the statements of financial position and impact on income are described in Note 7, “Non-current financial assets”, Note 8, “Trade receivables and other current assets”, Note 9, “Cash and cash equivalents” and Note 12, “Financial liabilities.”
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Detail of financial instruments included in the statements of financial position and impact on income
Non-current financial assets
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Non-current financial assets | | | 529 | | | 130 | | | 399 | | | 529 |
Trade receivables | | | 11 | | | — | | | 11 | | | 11 |
Cash and cash equivalents | | | 35,094 | | | — | | | 35,094 | | | 35,094 |
Total assets | | | 35,634 | | | 130 | | | 35,504 | | | 35,634 |
Financial liabilities
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Non-current financial liabilities | | | 43,435 | | | — | | | 43,435 | | | 43,435(1) |
Current financial liabilities | | | 1,091 | | | — | | | 1,091 | | | 1,091 |
Trade payables and other payables | | | 7,770 | | | — | | | 7,770 | | | 7,770 |
Total liabilities | | | 52,296 | | | — | | | 52,296 | | | 52,296 |
(1)
| The fair value of non-current and current financial liabilities consisting of the Bpifrance loan and the EIB loan recorded at amortized cost was assessed using unobservable “level 3” inputs |
Non-current financial assets
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Non-current financial assets | | | 558 | | | 176 | | | 383 | | | 558 |
Trade receivables | | | 25 | | | — | | | 25 | | | 25 |
Cash and cash equivalents | | | 36,203 | | | — | | | 36,203 | | | 36,203 |
Total assets | | | 36,787 | | | 176 | | | 36,611 | | | 36,787 |
Financial liabilities
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Non-current financial liabilities | | | 20,021 | | | — | | | 20,021 | | | 20,021 |
Current financial liabilities | | | 500 | | | — | | | 500 | | | 500 |
Trade payables and other payables | | | 6,509 | | | — | | | 6,509 | | | 6,509 |
Total liabilities | | | 27,030 | | | — | | | 27,030 | | | 27,030 |
The impact on income (loss) is as follows:
Cost of gross debt | | | 1,354 | | | 53 |
Income from cash equivalents | | | 105 | | | 34 |
Total fair value through profit or loss | | | 1,459 | | | 87 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Management of financial risks
The principal financial instruments held by the Company are instruments classified as cash and cash equivalents. These instruments are managed with the objective of enabling the Company to finance its business activities. The Company's policy is to not use financial instruments for speculative purposes. It does not use derivative financial instruments.
The principal risks faced by the Company are liquidity, foreign currency exchange, interest rate and credit risks.
Liquidity risk
Given the amount of cash and cash equivalents held by the Company as of December 31, 2019 (see Note 9) and the approval obtained from each of HSBC and Bpifrance on June 5, 2020 to execute agreements for non-dilutive, state guaranteed loans, the Company does not believe that it is exposed to short-term liquidity risk.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
The functional currency of Nanobiotix S.A. is the euro. Exposure to foreign currency exchange risk is derived almost entirely from intragroup transactions between Nanobiotix S.A. and its U.S. subsidiary, for which the functional currency is the U.S. dollar, as well as trade relations with customers and suppliers outside the euro zone.
At this stage of its development, the Company does not use hedging to protect its business against exchange rate fluctuations. However, a significant increase in its business activity could lead to a greater exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. If this occurs, the Company may implement a suitable hedging policy for these risks.
The following table shows the impact of a 10% increase or decrease in the exchange rate between the euro and the U.S. dollar, calculated on the amounts of capital contributions and loans to the Company’s U.S. subsidiary as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019.
USD / Euro exchange rate | | | 41 | | | (41) | | | 141 | | | (141) |
Total | | | 41 | | | (41) | | | 141 | | | (141) |
USD / Euro exchange rate | | | 29 | | | (29) | | | 178 | | | (178) |
Total | | | 29 | | | (29) | | | 178 | | | (178) |
Credit risk
Credit risk arises from cash and cash equivalents, derivative instruments and deposits with banks and other financial institutions as well as from exposure to customer credit, in particular unpaid receivables and transaction commitments.
The credit risk related to cash and cash equivalents and to current financial instruments is not material given the quality of the relevant financial institutions.
Customer credit risk is limited, due in part to low trade receivables as of December 31, 2019 and in part to its customers’ high credit ratings for other receivables.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Interest rate risk
The Company's exposure to interest rate risk is primarily related to cash equivalents and investment securities, which consist of money market mutual funds (SICAVs). Changes in interest rates have a direct impact on the interest earned from these investments and the cash flows generated.
In 2018 the Company entered into an agreement with the EIB pursuant to which the Company may borrow a total of up to €40 million, divided in three tranches, two of which were received through December 31, 2019. In addition to the fixed interest rate of 6% for the first tranche (5% and 4%, respectively, for the second and third tranches), the Company also committed, for a calculation period of 6 years beginning on January 1, 2021, to pay (on each June 30 with respect to the preceding year within such calculation period) additional interest in the form of royalties calculated according to the number of tranches that have been withdrawn and indexed to the Company’s annual sales turnover (see Note 4.2).
Fair value
The fair value of financial instruments traded on an active market is based on the market price on the reporting date. The market prices used for the financial assets held by the Company are the bid prices in the market on the measurement date.
The carrying value of receivables and current liabilities is assumed to approximate their fair value.
Note 15. Revenues and Other Income
Accounting policies
Revenues
Revenue is recognized in accordance with IFRS 15.
Under IFRS 15, revenue is recognized when the Company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a distinct good or service (or a distinct bundle of goods and/or services) to a customer, i.e. when the customer obtains control of these goods or services. An asset is transferred when the customer obtains control of the asset (or service).
Given the wide spectrum of therapeutic research and development opportunities, aside from the fields that the Company intends to research and develop with its own scientific and financial resources, the Company has entered and expects to enter into license and collaboration agreements with third parties in certain specific fields that have generated or will generate revenue.
Therefore, each agreement has been and will be analyzed, on a case-by-case basis to determine whether the arrangement contains performance obligations to the other party and, if so, to identify the nature of these performance obligations in order to determine the appropriate accounting under IFRS 15 principles of the amounts that the Company has received or is entitled to receive from the other party e.g.:
⯀ | Development services performed by the Company to create or enhance an intellectual property controlled by the client, for which revenue is recognized over time, when services are rendered; |
⯀ | A transfer of control of an existing intellectual property of the Company for which revenue is recognized at the time such control is transferred; |
−
| If the license is assessed to be a right to access the Company’s intellectual property as it exists throughout the license period, revenue is recognized over the license period; or |
−
| If the license is a right to use the Company’s intellectual property as it exists (in term of forms and functionality), revenue is recognized when the other party is able to use and benefit from the license; or |
⯀ | Product supply for which the revenue is recognized once the control over the delivered products is transferred. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contingent revenue arising from successful milestones or sales-based royalties are not recognized before the related milestone has been reached or sale has occurred.
Application to the license and collaboration agreement with PharmaEngine
Under the License and Collaboration Agreement, the Company’s and PharmaEngine’s rights are clearly identified and, financial terms are defined in the contract. The contract has commercial substance (the Company’s cash flows have been affected by the terms of the contract) and the Company has collected and is entitled to collect in the future consideration in exchange for the goods and services transferred to PharmaEngine.
The Company identified three performance obligations in the License and Collaboration Agreement described under Note 4 above:
⯀ | the license of the right to use the Company’s patent and know-how; |
⯀ | the support provided by the Company to PharmaEngine until the first regulatory approval is granted in PharmaEngine’s territory that the Company views as a series of distinct periods of access to information and experience that is satisfied over time; and |
⯀ | the supply of NBTXR3 to PharmaEngine. |
An upfront payment of $1.0 million was fully recognized as revenue when the license was transferred to PharmaEngine in 2012.
Development milestones constitute variable payments that are recognized over-time. As milestone payment timing was defined to reflect the efforts of both parties over time and were amended to reflect all changes in the contractual development plan, the Company concluded that the terms of variable payments reflect its efforts to satisfy the performance obligation related to each development phase and that no portion if any of such consideration that would relate to the license would impact the timing of recognition because of the highly probable collectability requirement. On this basis, the first milestone payment of $1 million (upon signature of the first amendment that allowed PharmaEngine to benefit from the results of the Company’s clinical studies for soft-tissue sarcoma indication) and the second milestone payment of $1 million (first patient’s injection with NBTXR3 in soft tissue sarcoma study in Asia) were received and recognized in 2014 and 2016, respectively. The next milestone will be received following the first filing for regulatory approval for marketing NBTXR3 in PharmaEngine’s territory, which had not occurred as of December 31, 2019.
Royalties are considered at market conditions and will be fully recognized once the subsequent sales occur.
In the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, no payment was received, and no revenue was recognized under the License and Collaboration Agreement.
Grants
Due to its innovative approach to nanomedicine, the Company has received various grants and other assistance from the government of France and French public authorities since its creation. The funds are intended to finance its operations or specific recruitments. Grants are recognized in income as the corresponding expenses are incurred and independently of cash flows received.
Research tax credit
The French tax authorities grant a research tax credit (Crédit d’Impôt Recherche, or “CIR”), to companies in order to encourage them to conduct technical and scientific research. Companies demonstrating that they have incurred research expenditures that meet the required criteria (research expenses in France or, since January 1, 2005, other countries in the European Community or the European Economic Area that have signed a tax treaty with France containing an administrative assistance clause) receive a tax credit that may be used for the payment of their income tax due for the fiscal year in which the expenditures were incurred and during the next three fiscal years. If taxes due are not sufficient to cover the full amount of the tax credit at the end of the three-year period, the difference is repaid in cash to the company by the French tax authorities.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Company has received research tax credits since its creation. These amounts are recognized as "Other income" in the fiscal year in which the corresponding charges or expenses were incurred. The portion related to capitalized expenses is deducted from the amount of capitalized expenses on the statements of financial position and from the amortization charges for these expenses on the statements of operations.
Detail of revenues and other income
The following table summarizes the Company’s revenues and other income for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:
Services | | | 40 | | | 109 |
Other sales | | | 28 | | | 7 |
Total revenues | | | 68 | | | 116 |
Research tax credit | | | 2,437 | | | 3,251 |
Subsidies | | | 20 | | | 90 |
Other | | | 17 | | | 22 |
Total other income | | | 2,474 | | | 3,363 |
Total revenues and other income | | | 2,542 | | | 3,479 |
The Company’s revenue of €68 thousand in 2019 and €116 thousand in 2018 were derived mainly from the charging-back of shared external clinical research organization costs in connection with the development support provided by the Company to PharmaEngine as part of the 2014 amendment to the Company's License and Collaboration Agreement.
100% of revenues recognized in 2019 and more than 90% of the revenues recognized in 2018 were derived from this arrangement with PharmaEngine (see Note 4.1).
Note 16. Operating Expenses
Accounting policies
Leases included in the practical expedients under the IFRS 16 standard and used by the Company (low value asset and short-term leases) are recognized in operating expenses. Payments made for these leases are expensed, net of any incentives, on a straight-line basis over the contract term (see Note 22).
Accounting policies for research and development expenses are described in Note 5.
16.1 Research and development expenses
Purchases, sub-contracting and other expenses | | | (16,804) | | | (11,358) |
Payroll costs (including share-based payments) | | | (11,980) | | | (9,002) |
Depreciation, amortization and provision expenses(1) | | | (1,627) | | | (534) |
Total research and development expenses | | | (30,411) | | | (20,893) |
As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s workforce amounted to 81 research and development staff, including two additional positions created during the year ended December 31, 2019.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s workforce amounted to 79 research and development staff, including 18 additional positions created during the year ended December 31, 2018.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The impact of share-based payments (excluding employer’s contribution) on research and development expenses amounted in 2019 to €902 thousand, as compared with €347 thousand in 2018.
16.2 Selling, General and Administrative (SG&A) expenses
Rent, fees and other expenses | | | (9,435) | | | (5,918) |
Payroll costs (including share-based payments) | | | (9,205) | | | (6,701) |
Depreciation, amortization and provision expenses(1) | | | (270) | | | (35) |
Total SG&A expenses | | | (18,910) | | | (12,653) |
The increase in Rent, fees and other expenses by €3.5 million resulted mainly from:
−
| the €1.5 million of transaction costs related to a potential U.S. initial public offering, of which €1.0 million were recorded in 2018 and €507 thousand in 2019 as a reduction of premiums related to share capital and then reversed to SG&A expenses upon the determination by management in 2019 that the offering would be delayed; |
−
| the €0.5 million increase in general consulting fees mostly related to market access; and |
−
| the increase in recruitment fees, communication agency fees and legal fees for €0.4 million, €0.4 million and €0.3 million, respectively. |
These increases in fees and other expenses were partially offset by the decrease in rental expenses following the application of IFRS 16 for the year ended December 31, 2019.
As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s workforce amounted to 29 SG&A staff, including 6 additional positions that were created during the year ended December 31, 2019.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s workforce amounted to 23 SG&A staff, including 3 additional positions that were created during the year ended December 31, 2018.
The impact of share-based payments (excluding employer’s contribution) on SG&A expenses amounted to €3.4 million in 2019, as compared with €1.5 million in 2018.
16.3 Payroll costs
Wages and salaries | | | (11,876) | | | (9,501) |
Payroll taxes | | | (4,913) | | | (4,279) |
Share-based payments | | | (4,320) | | | (1,867) |
Retirement benefit obligations | | | (76) | | | (55) |
Total payroll costs | | | (21,185) | | | (15,703) |
Average headcount | | | 112 | | | 94 |
End-of-period headcount | | | 110 | | | 102 |
As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s workforce totaled 110 employees, compared with 102 as of December 31, 2018. Wages and salaries and payroll taxes, together, reached €16.8 million due to the Company's growth and a related increase in the number of employees during the year ended December 31, 2019, together with the impact of its compensation policy. In comparison, wages and salaries and payroll taxes, together, reached €13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
In accordance with IFRS 2 – Share-based Payment, the share-based payment amount recognized in the statements of operations reflects the expense associated with rights vesting during the fiscal year under the Company's share-based compensation plans. The share-based payments amounted to €4.3 million in 2019 in comparison with €1.9 million in 2018. See Note 17.
16.4 Depreciation, amortization and provision expenses
Depreciation, amortization and provision expenses by function are detailed as follows:
Amortization expense of intangible assets | | | (289) | | | (3) | | | (292) |
Depreciation expense of property, plant and equipment | | | (1,208) | | | (270) | | | (1,478) |
Utilization of provision for disputes | | | — | | | 55 | | | 55 |
Provision for charges | | | (112) | | | (52) | | | (164) |
Total depreciation, amortization and provision expenses | | | (1,627) | | | (270) | | | (1,879) |
Amortization expense of intangible assets | | | (90) | | | — | | | (90) |
Depreciation expense of property, plant and equipment | | | (444) | | | (85) | | | (529) |
Utilization of provision for disputes | | | — | | | 50 | | | 50 |
Total depreciation, amortization and provision expenses | | | (534) | | | (35) | | | (569) |
Note 17. Share-Based Payments
Accounting policy
The Company has adopted a number of compensation plans since its inception. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had thirteen (13) founders’ warrant plans, fourteen (14) stock warrant plans, eight (8) stock option plans and three (3) free shares plans.
These share-based compensation plans are settled in equity instruments.
The Company has applied IFRS 2 – Share-based Payment to all equity instruments granted to employees since 2006.
As required by IFRS 2 – Share-based Payment, the cost of remuneration paid in the form of equity instruments is recognized as an expense, with a corresponding increase in shareholders’ equity for the vesting period during which the rights with respect to the equity instruments are earned.
The fair value of the equity instruments granted to employees is measured using the Black-Scholes or Monte Carlo model, as described below.
Detail of share-based payments
The Company has granted stock options (option sur actions, “OSA”), warrants (bons de souscription d’actions, “BSA”), founders’ warrants (bons de souscription de parts de créateur d’entreprise, “BSPCE”, including ordinary founders’ warrants, performance founders’ warrants, project performance founders’ warrants and 2017 founders’ warrants) and free shares (attributions gratuites d’actions, “AGA”) to corporate officers, employees and members of the Supervisory Board and consultants. In certain cases, exercise of the options and warrants is subject to performance conditions. The Company has no legal or constructive obligation to pay the options in cash.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The number of options, warrants and free shares outstanding on December 31, 2019, and their main characteristics, are detailed below:
Type of underlying asset | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares |
Number of founders’ warrants granted | | | 1,800,000 | | | 100,000 | | | 55,000 | | | 50,000 | | | 97,200 | | | 71,650 | | | 53,050 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 05/04/12 | | | 05/04/12 | | | 05/04/12 | | | 06/28/13 | | | 06/18/14 | | | 06/18/14 | | | 06/18/14 |
Grant date | | | 05/04/12 | | | 12/18/12 | | | 04/10/13 | | | 08/28/13 | | | 09/16/14 | | | 02/10/15 | | | 06/10/15 |
Contractual expiration date | | | 04/25/19 | | | 12/18/22 | | | 04/10/23 | | | 08/28/23 | | | 09/16/24 | | | 02/10/25 | | | 06/10/25 |
Grant price | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Exercise price | | | €6.00 | | | €6.63 | | | €6.30 | | | €5.92 | | | €18.68 | | | €18.57 | | | €20.28 |
Number of founders’ warrants as of December 31, 2019 | | | — | | | 100,000 | | | — | | | 50,000 | | | 92,100 | | | 70,950 | | | 38,400 |
Number of founders’ warrants exercised | | | 285,452 | | | — | | | 55,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Number of founders’ warrants lapsed or canceled | | | 1,514,548 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 5,100 | | | 700 | | | 14,650 |
Type of underlying asset | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares |
Number of founders’ warrants granted | | | 126,400 | | | 129,250 | | | 117,650 | | | 79,750 | | | 80,000 | | | 12,000 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 06/25/15 | | | 06/25/15 | | | 06/23/16 | | | 06/23/16 | | | 06/23/16 | | | 06/23/16 |
Grant date | | | 02/02/16 | | | 02/02/16 | | | 01/07/17 | | | 01/07/17 | | | 01/07/17 | | | 01/07/17 |
Contractual expiration date | | | 02/02/26 | | | 02/02/26 | | | 01/07/27 | | | 01/07/27 | | | 01/07/27 | | | 01/07/27 |
Grant price | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Exercise price | | | €14.46 | | | €14.46 | | | €15.93 | | | €15.93 | | | €15.93 | | | €15.93 |
Number of founders’ warrants as of December 31, 2019 | | | 109,967 | | | 103,002 | | | 107,166 | | | — | | | 80,000 | | | — |
Number of founders’ warrants exercised | | | 333 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Number of founders’ warrants lapsed or canceled | | | 16,100 | | | 26,248 | | | 10,484 | | | 79,750 | | | — | | | 12,000 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Type of warrants | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares |
Number of warrants granted | | | 52,500 | | | 10,000 | | | 14,000 | | | 22,000 | | | 4,000 | | | 64,000 | | | 6,000 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 05/04/12 | | | 05/04/12 | | | 06/18/14 | | | 06/18/14 | | | 06/18/14 | | | 06/18/14 | | | 06/25/15 |
Grant date | | | 05/04/12 | | | 04/10/13 | | | 09/16/14 | | | 02/10/15 | | | 02/10/15 | | | 06/25/15 | | | 06/25/15 |
Contractual expiration date | | | 05/04/22 | | | 04/10/23 | | | 09/16/24 | | | 02/10/25 | | | 02/10/25 | | | 06/25/25 | | | 06/25/20 |
Grant price | | | €0.60 | | | €2.50 | | | €4.87 | | | €4.87 | | | €4.87 | | | 5.00 | | | €2.80 |
Exercise price | | | €6.00 | | | €6.37 | | | €17.67 | | | €17.67 | | | €17.67 | | | €19.54 | | | €19.54 |
Number of warrants as of December 31, 2019 | | | 30,000 | | | 6,000 | | | 10,000 | | | 17,000 | | | 4,000 | | | 64,000 | | | 6,000 |
Number of warrants exercised | | | 22,500 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Number of warrants lapsed or canceled | | | — | | | — | | | 4,000 | | | 5,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Type of warrants | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares |
Number of warrants granted | | | 18,103 | | | 18,105 | | | 8,000 | | | 18,000 | | | 28,000 | | | 5,820 | | | 18,000 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 06/25/15 | | | 06/25/15 | | | 06/23/16 | | | 06/23/16 | | | 06/14/17 | | | 05/23/18 | | | 05/23/18 |
Grant date | | | 02/02/16 | | | 02/02/16 | | | 11/03/16 | | | 01/07/17 | | | 03/06/18 | | | 07/27/18 | | | 03/29/19 |
Contractual expiration date | | | 02/02/21 | | | 02/02/21 | | | 11/03/21 | | | 01/07/22 | | | 03/06/23 | | | 07/27/28 | | | 03/29/29 |
Grant price | | | €1.67 | | | €1.67 | | | €2.03 | | | €2.03 | | | €1.62 | | | €2.36 | | | €1.15 |
Exercise price | | | €13.74 | | | €13.74 | | | €15.01 | | | €15.76 | | | €13.55 | | | €16.102 | | | €11.66 |
Number of warrants as of December 31, 2019 | | | 18,103 | | | 18,105 | | | 8,000 | | | 18,000 | | | 28,000 | | | 5,820 | | | 18,000 |
Number of warrants exercised | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Number of warrants lapsed or canceled | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Type of underlying asset | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares |
Number of options granted | | | 12,000 | | | 6,400 | | | 4,000 | | | 3,500 | | | 4,350 | | | 62,000 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 06/25/15 | | | 06/25/15 | | | 06/23/16 | | | 06/23/16 | | | 06/23/16 | | | 06/14/17 |
Grant date | | | 02/02/16 | | | 02/02/16 | | | 11/03/16 | | | 01/07/17 | | | 01/07/17 | | | 03/06/18 |
Contractual expiration date | | | 02/02/26 | | | 02/02/26 | | | 11/03/26 | | | 01/07/27 | | | 01/07/27 | | | 03/06/28 |
Grant price | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Exercise price | | | €13.05 | | | €13.05 | | | €14.26 | | | €14.97 | | | €14.97 | | | €12.87 |
Number of options as of December 31, 2019 | | | — | | | 400 | | | 4,000 | | | 500 | | | — | | | 54,000 |
Number of options exercised | | | 4,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Number of options lapsed or canceled | | | 8,000 | | | 6,000 | | | — | | | 3,000 | | | 4,350 | | | 8,000 |
Type of underlying asset | | | New
shares | | | New
shares |
Number of options granted | | | 37,500 | | | 500,000 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 05/23/18 | | | 04/11/19 |
Grant date | | | 03/29/19 | | | 10/24/19 |
Contractual expiration date | | | 03/29/29 | | | 10/24/29 |
Grant price | | | — | | | — |
Exercise price | | | €11.08 | | | €6.41 |
Number of options as of December 31, 2019 | | | 30,250 | | | 500,000 |
Number of options exercised | | | — | | | — |
Number of options lapsed or canceled | | | 7,250 | | | — |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Type of underlying assets | | | New
shares | | | New
shares | | | New
shares |
Number of free shares granted | | | 396,250 | | | 6,000 | | | 438,250 |
Date of shareholders' resolution approving the plan | | | 06/14/17 | | | 05/23/18 | | | 05/23/18 |
Grant date | | | 03/06/18 | | | 07/27/18 | | | 03/29/19 |
Number of free shares as of December 31, 2019 | | | 355,250 | | | 6,000 | | | 385,000 |
Number of free shares exercised | | | — | | | — | | | — |
Number of free shares lapsed or canceled | | | 41,000 | | | — | | | 53,250 |
Total number of shares underlying grants outstanding as of December 31, 2019 | | | 751,585 | | | 251,028 | | | 589,150 | | | 746,250 | | | 2,338,013 |
Total number of shares underlying grants outstanding as of December 31, 2018 | | | 2,505,732 | | | 233,028 | | | 62,900 | | | 375,250 | | | 3,176,910 |
The measurement methods used to estimate the fair value of stock options and warrants are described below:
⯀ | The share price on the grant date is equal to the exercise price taking into account both the average share price on the 20 days preceding the grant date and the expected development perspectives of the Company; |
⯀ | The risk-free rate was determined based on the average life of the instruments; and |
⯀ | Volatility was determined based on a sample of listed companies in the biotechnology sector on the grant date and for a period equal to the life of the warrant or option. |
The performance conditions for all of the plans were assessed as follows:
Performance conditions unrelated to the market were analyzed to determine the likely exercise date of the warrants and options and expense was recorded accordingly based on the probability these conditions would be met; and
Market-related performance conditions were directly included in the calculation of the fair value of the instruments.
Except for the 2012-1 founders’ warrants, the fair value of the warrants and options was measured using the Black-Scholes model.
The fair value of 2012-1 founders’ warrants was determined using the Monte Carlo valuation model to take into account the exercise conditions, which depend on the realized gain compared to the expected stock market listing price.
As of December 31, 2019, the assumptions on the probability the performance conditions would be met for the 2016 BSPCE, BSA and OSA performance plans were updated.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The inputs used for the estimation and measurement of new plans and plans currently vesting are detailed below:
BSPCE
2012-1 | | | 5.26 | | | 6.00 | | | 41% | | | 3.49 | | | 0.20% | | | 0.00% | | | 307 | | | — | | | — |
BSPCE
2012-2 | | | 6.65 | | | 6.63 | | | 44.3% - 47.6% | | | 5 - 7.30 | | | 0.84% - 1.22% | | | 0.00% | | | 288 | | | — | | | — |
BSPCE
04-2013 | | | 6.30 | | | 6.30 | | | 56% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.90% | | | 0.00% | | | 167 | | | — | | | — |
BSPCE
08-2013 | | | 6.30 | | | 6.30 | | | 256% | | | 7.0 | | | 0.90% | | | 0.00% | | | 152 | | | — | | | — |
BSPCE
09-2014 | | | 18.68 | | | 18.68 | | | 58% | | | 5.5/6/6.5 | | | 0.64% | | | 0.00% | | | 932 | | | — | | | 2 |
BSPCE
2015-1 | | | 18.57 | | | 18.57 | | | 58% - 62%
- 61% | | | 5.5/6/6.5 | | | 0.39% | | | 0.00% | | | 50 | | | — | | | 1 |
BSPCE
2015-1 | | | 18.57 | | | 18.57 | | | 58% - 62%
- 61% | | | 5.5/6/6.5 | | | 0.39% | | | 0.00% | | | 650 | | | — | | | 9 |
BSPCE
2015-3 | | | 20.28 | | | 20.28 | | | 61% - 62%
- 61% | | | 5.5/6/6.5 | | | 0.56% | | | 0.00% | | | 483 | | | — | | | 18 |
BSPCE
2016 Ordinary | | | 14.46 | | | 14.46 | | | 59% - 62%
- 60% | | | 5.5/6/6.5 | | | 0.32% | | | 0.00% | | | 1,080 | | | 10 | | | 128 |
BSPCE
2016 Performance | | | 14.46 | | | 14.46 | | | 59% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.19% | | | 0.00% | | | 1,212 | | | 79 | | | (405) |
BSPCE
2017 Ordinary | | | 15.93 | | | 15.93 | | | 58% - 61%
- 59% | | | 5.5/6/6.5 | | | 0.23% | | | 0.00% | | | 1,000 | | | 86 | | | 255 |
BSPCE
2017 Performance | | | 15.93 | | | 15.93 | | | 59% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.11% | | | 0.00% | | | 622 | | | — | | | 0 |
BSPCE
2017 | | | 15.93 | | | 15.93 | | | 59% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.11% | | | 0.00% | | | 627 | | | — | | | — |
BSPCE
2017 Project | | | 15.93 | | | 15.93 | | | 59% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.11% | | | 0.00% | | | 94 | | | — | | | (47) |
Total BSPCE | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | 175 | | | (39) |
BSA 2012 | | | 6.00 | | | 6.00 | | | 49% | | | 10.00 | | | 0.96% | | | 0.00% | | | 183 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2013 | | | 6.30 | | | 6.37 | | | 156% | | | 6.00 | | | 0.90% | | | 0.00% | | | 1 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2014 | | | 18.68 | | | 17.67 | | | 57% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.41% | | | 0.00% | | | — | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2015-1 | | | 17.67 | | | 17.67 | | | 58% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.26% - 0.27% | | | 0.00% | | | 63 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2015-2 | | | 17.67 | | | 19.54 | | | 58%-58%
57%-58% | | | 5/5.1/5.3/5.4 | | | 0.39% | | | 0.00% | | | 16 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2015-3 | | | 19.54 | | | 19.54 | | | 58% - 60% | | | 4.6 – 9.6 | | | 0.25% - 0.91% | | | 0.00% | | | 284 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2016o-1 | | | 13.74 | | | 13.74 | | | 57% | | | 2.40 | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | 37 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2016p-1 | | | 13.74 | | | 13.74 | | | 57% | | | 2.40 | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | 143 | | | (41) | | | (42) |
BSA 2016-2 | | | 15.01 | | | 15.01 | | | 57% | | | 2.40 | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | — | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2017o-1 | | | 15.76 | | | 15.76 | | | 33% | | | 2.40 | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | — | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2018-1 | | | 13.55 | | | 13.55 | | | 38% | | | 4.80 | | | 0.7% - 0.10% | | | 0.00% | | | 2 | | | — | | | 3 |
BSA 2018-2 | | | 16.10 | | | 16.10 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1 | | | — | | | — |
BSA 2019-1 | | | 11.66 | | | 11.66 | | | 37% | | | 9.8/9.9 | | | 0.16% - 0.50% | | | 0.00% | | | 24 | | | 24 | | | — |
Total BSA | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | (16) | | | (39) |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OSA 2016 Ordinary | | | 13.05 | | | 13.05 | | | 59% - 62%
- 60% | | | 5.5 / 6 /6.5 | | | 0.32% | | | 0.00% | | | 117 | | | — | | | (64) |
OSA 2016 Performance | | | 13.05 | | | 13.05 | | | 59% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.19% | | | 0.00% | | | 69 | | | — | | | (55) |
OSA 2016-2 | | | 14.26 | | | 14.26 | | | 58% - 62%
- 59% | | | 5.5 / 6 /6.5 | | | 0.04% | | | 0.00% | | | 27 | | | 3 | | | 7 |
OSA 2017 Ordinary | | | 15.93 | | | 14.97 | | | 58% - 61%
- 59% | | | 5.5 / 6 /6.5 | | | 0.23% | | | 0.00% | | | 31 | | | 1 | | | (14) |
OSA 2017 Performance | | | 15.93 | | | 14.97 | | | 59% | | | 5.00 | | | 0.11% | | | 0.00% | | | 35 | | | — | | | 0 |
OSA 2018 | | | 12.87 | | | 12.87 | | | 35% | | | 5.5 / 6 /6.5 | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | 252 | | | 66 | | | 164 |
OSA 2019-1 | | | 11.08 | | | 11.08 | | | 38.10% /
37.40% | | | 6 /6.5 | | | 0.103% /
0.149% | | | 0.00% | | | 140 | | | 38 | | | n.a. |
OSA 2019-2 | | | 6.41 | | | 6.41 | | | 37% | | | 10.00 | | | 0.40% | | | 0.00% | | | 436 | | | 436 | | | n.a. |
Total Stock options | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | 543 | | | 38 |
AGA 2018-1 | | | 12.87 | | | 0.00 | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | 4,951 | | | 2,052 | | | 1,891 |
AGA 2018-2 | | | 12.87 | | | 0.00 | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | 0.00% | | | 0.00% | | | 75 | | | 37 | | | 16 |
AGA 2019-1 | | | 10.90 | | | 0.00 | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | 0.19% / 0.141% | | | 0.00% | | | 4,776 | | | 1,529 | | | n.a. |
Total | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | n.a. | | | 3,618 | | | 1,907 |
Expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 | | | 175 | | | (16) | | | 543 | | | 3,618 | | | 4,320 |
Expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 | | | (39) | | | (39) | | | 38 | | | 1,907 | | | 1,867 |
Note 18. Net Financial Income (Loss)
Income from cash and cash equivalents | | | 105 | | | 34 |
Foreign exchange gains | | | 599 | | | 1,051 |
Other financial income | | | 133 | | | 87 |
Total financial income | | | 837 | | | 1,172 |
Interest cost(1) | | | (4,434) | | | (847) |
IFRS 16 related interests | | | (359) | | | — |
Foreign exchange losses | | | (176) | | | (602) |
Total financial expenses | | | (4,970) | | | (1,449) |
Net financial income (loss) | | | (4,133) | | | (277) |
(1)
| Including €4.4 million of fixed and variable interests related to the EIB loan in 2019, as compared with €730 thousand in 2018 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Note 19. Income Tax
Accounting policy
The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to income tax in their respective jurisdictions.
Deferred taxes are recognized on a full provision basis using the liability method for all temporary differences between the tax basis and accounting basis of assets and liabilities in the financial statements.
The main temporary differences relate to tax loss carryforwards. The prevailing income tax rates on the reporting date are used to determine deferred taxes. Deferred tax assets, which mainly arise as a result of tax loss carryforwards, are only recognized to the extent that it is probable that sufficient taxable income will be available in the future against which to offset the tax loss carryforwards or the temporary differences. Management uses its best judgment to determine such probability. Given the Company’s current stage of development and its short-term earnings outlook, the Company is unable to make sufficiently reliable forecasts of future earnings and accordingly, deferred tax assets have not been recognized and offset only to the extent of deferred tax liabilities in the same taxable entities.
Detail of income tax
As of December 31, 2019, in accordance with the applicable legislation, the Company has €186.6 million of evergreen tax losses in France, in comparison with €141.6 million of evergreen tax losses in France as of December 31, 2018. For fiscal years ended on or after December 31, 2018, the use of tax loss carryforwards in France is capped at €1.0 million, plus 50% of the portion of profits in excess of that limit.
The cumulative tax loss carryforwards for the U.S. entity of the Company totaled $4.8 million as of December 31, 2019 and $5.2 million in the United States as of December 31, 2018. As tax loss carryforwards were generated before January 1, 2018, they will expire 20 years after they were generated. The tax loss carryforwards in the U.S. comply with the federal and each state’s Net Operating Loss (“NOL”) rules updated by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) of 2017.
The following table reconciles the Company’s theoretical tax expense to its effective tax expense:
Net loss | | | (50,915) | | | (30,345) |
Effective tax expense | | | 3 | | | — |
Recurring loss before tax | | | (50,912) | | | (30,345) |
Theoretical tax rate (statutory rate in France) | | | 31.00% | | | 33.33% |
Theoretical tax (benefit) expense | | | (15,782) | | | (10,115) |
Share-based payment | | | 1,339 | | | 622 |
Other permanent differences | | | (1) | | | (17) |
Other non-taxable items | | | (736) | | | (1,084) |
Unrecognized tax losses | | | 15,177 | | | 10,593 |
Effective tax expense | | | (3) | | | — |
Effective tax rate | | | 0.0% | | | 0.0% |
The net unrecognized deferred tax assets amounted to €51.0 million in 2019, including €49.6 million of 2019 net operating loss carryforwards and €38.4 million in 2018, including €37.8 million of 2018 net operating loss carryforwards.
The deferred tax rate of the Company in 2019 and 2018 is 25.49% based on enacted tax rate reductions in future years.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Note 20. Segment Reporting
In accordance with IFRS 8 – Operating Segments, reporting by operating segment is derived from the internal organization of the Company’s activities; it reflects management’s viewpoint and is established based on internal reporting used by the chief operating decision maker (the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairmen of the Executive Board and of the Supervisory Board) to allocate resources and to assess performance.
The Company operates in a single operating segment: research and development in product candidates that harness principles of physics to transform cancer treatment.
The assets, liabilities and operating loss realized are primarily located in France.
Revenue in 2019 and 2018 was derived mainly from the charging-back of shared external clinical research organization costs, in connection with the development support provided by the Company to PharmaEngine as part of the Company's License and Collaboration Agreement in Asia by Nanobiotix S.A. (see Note 15).
For territorial analysis purposes, management allocates revenue based on the place of delivery of licenses or on the place in which services are provided.
Note 21. Loss Per Share
Accounting policy
Loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss due to shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period.
The diluted loss per share is calculated by dividing the results by the weighted average number of common shares in circulation, increased by all dilutive potential common shares. The dilutive potential common shares include, in particular, the share subscription warrants, stock options and founder subscription warrants as detailed in Note 17.
Dilution is defined as a reduction of earnings per share or an increase of loss per share. When the exercise of outstanding share options and warrants decreases loss per share, they are considered to be anti-dilutive and excluded from the calculation of loss per share.
Detail of loss per share
Net loss for the period (in thousands of euros) | | | (50,915) | | | (30,345) |
Weighted average number of shares | | | 21,631,514 | | | 19,633,373 |
Basic loss per share (in euros) | | | (2.35) | | | (1.55) |
Diluted loss per share (in euros) | | | (2.35) | | | (1.55) |
Instruments providing deferred access to the capital (stock options) are considered to be anti-dilutive because they result in a decrease in the loss per share. Therefore, diluted earnings per share are identical to basic earnings per share as all equity instruments issued, representing 958,289 potential additional ordinary shares, have been considered anti-dilutive.
Note 22. Commitments
22.1 Obligations under the loan agreement with the EIB
In the event the EIB loan is repaid early, or in the event of a change of control after repayment of the loan, the amount of royalties due will be equal to the net present value of the royalties as determined by an independent expert, such amount not to be less than €35.0 million. As the variable rate of any such royalties due will depend not on the performance of the financial markets, but on the Company’s performance, management determined the Company’s exposure to interest rate and market risk is deemed low.
The EIB finance contract contains covenants that impose restrictions on the operation of the Company's business but no financial covenants that the Company is required to comply with.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
22.2 Obligations under the terms of the rental agreements part of the IFRS 16 exemptions
The obligations of the Company related to the leases falling under the practical expedients (leases related to low-value assets and short-term leases) are as follows:
−
| One short term lease for an office by Nanobiotix Corp., of which the annual rent is $140 thousand; and |
−
| Leases related to low-value assets for Nanobiotix SA’s printers, of which the annual rent is approximately €10 thousand. |
22.3 Obligations related to patents
Under the concession agreement signed on October 17, 2008 with the Malaysian biotechnology firm Malaysia Biotech Corp, the Company agreed to the following commitments:
−
| Commitment granted by the Company: the Company committed to maintain the patents mentioned by the concession agreement for 25 years. |
−
| Commitment granted to the Company: Malaysia Biotech Corp committed to use the patents mentioned above in fields outside of oncology. |
22.4 Obligations related to the MD Anderson agreement
In January 2019, the Company and the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, world prominent center of research, education, prevention and care for cancer patients announced a large-scale research collaboration.
The collaboration will initially support nine new Phase I/II clinical trials with Nanobiotix’s first-in-class agent NBTXR3 for use in treating six cancer types – head and neck, pancreatic, thoracic, lung, gastrointestinal and genitourinary cancers – involving around 340 patients.
As part of the funding for this collaboration, Nanobiotix is committed to pay approximately $11 million for those clinical trials during the collaboration, and made an initial $1.0 million payment at the commencement of the collaboration and a second $1.0 million payment on February 3, 2020. Additional payments will be made semi-annually, and expense is recorded in the statement of consolidated operations during the course of the collaboration on the basis of patients enrolled during the relevant period, with the balance payable upon enrollment of the final patient for all studies. Nanobiotix may also be required to pay an additional one-time milestone payment upon (i) grant of the first regulatory approval by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States and (ii) the date on which a specified number of patients have been enrolled in the clinical trials. The milestone payment increases on an annual basis ranging from $2.2 million to $16.4 million.
Note 23. Related Parties
Key management personnel compensation
The compensation presented below, granted to the members of the Executive Board and Supervisory Board was recognized in expenses over the period shown:
Salaries, wages and benefits | | | 1,306 | | | 1,437 |
Share-based payments | | | 2,066 | | | 1,068 |
Supervisory Board’s fees | | | 70 | | | 70 |
Total compensation to related parties | | | 3,442 | | | 2,575 |
The methods used to measure share-based payments are presented in Note 17.
Note 24. Subsequent Events
Accounting policy
The statement of consolidated financial position and the statement of consolidated operations are adjusted to reflect subsequent events that alter amounts related to situations that exist as of the reporting date. Non-adjusting subsequent
TABLE OF CONTENTS
events are disclosed. The adjustments and disclosures are made until the date the consolidated financial statements are approved and authorized for issuance by the Supervisory Board.
Detail of Subsequent Events
Creation of the subsidiary Curadigm Corp. in January 2020
In January 2020, Curadigm SAS created a new wholly-owned subsidiary, Curadigm Corp. in the United States to operate and develop its activities in the United States.
Reimbursement of the 2018 research tax credit
In February 2020, the Company received 100% of its 2018 research tax credit, i.e., €3.3 million.
Assessment performed by the Company in the context of the ongoing pandemic COVID-19
In December 2019, a new strain of coronavirus, SARS-Cov-2, emerged in Wuhan, China. Since then, SARS-Cov-2 has spread to many countries, including countries in which the Company’s clinical trials are planned or ongoing, such as France or the United States.
Developments around the COVID-19 pandemic since its emergence in early 2020 are being closely monitored by the Company and its management. However, given the great uncertainty regarding the evolution of COVID-19 pandemic, global confinement measures and a possible resulting economic downturn, the potential impact of the pandemic on the Company’s activities and future results remains highly uncertain.
The Company’s first priority is the safety of its employees and partners. It is taking all possible measures to protect those working in countries impacted by this epidemic.
As of the date of approbation of these financial statements, the Company chose to adapt in terms of staffing, finance and development by reducing the pace and scope of some non-strategic activities temporarily so as to respond to the uncertainty caused by the pandemic. It will nevertheless continue to regularly assess the impact of COVID-19 on its business and will communicate any significant evolution on the subject to the market. The management performed an assessment of the impact on its assets, focusing on cash and cash equivalents, and its liabilities, focusing on the debt owed to EIB, and no impact was deemed significant based on the financial information available as of the date these financial statements were authorized for issuance.
The management has reviewed the cash budget to consider the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its potential consequences. Given the €35.1 million of cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2019 and the initial approval obtained from each of HSBC and Bpifrance to execute agreements for non-dilutive, state guaranteed loans, the Company believes it has sufficient resources to continue operating for at least the next twelve months following the consolidated financial statements’ approval on June 5, 2020.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ordinary Shares
(Including Ordinary Shares In the Form of American Depositary Shares)
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS
Jefferies
Evercore ISI
UBS Investment Bank
Gilbert Dupont
, 2020
Through and including , 2020 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that effect transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in the offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers’ obligations to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
Item 6. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.
Under French law, provisions of by-laws that limit the liability of members of supervisory or executive boards are prohibited. However, French law allows sociétés anonymes to contract for and maintain liability insurance against civil liabilities incurred by any member of their supervisory or executive boards and officers involved in a third-party action, provided that they acted in good faith and within their capacities as members of supervisory or executive boards or officers of the company. Criminal liability cannot be indemnified under French law, whether directly by the company or through liability insurance.
We expect to maintain customary liability insurance coverage for our supervisory board members and executive board members, including insurance against liability under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
Certain of our supervisory board members may, through their relationships with their employers or partnerships, be insured and/or indemnified against certain liabilities in their capacity as members of our supervisory board.
In any underwriting agreement we enter into in connection with the sale of ordinary shares, including in the form of ADSs, being registered hereby, the underwriters will agree to indemnify, under certain conditions, us, our supervisory board members, our executive board members and persons who control us within the meaning of the Securities Act against certain liabilities.
Item 7. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.
The following sets forth information regarding all unregistered securities sold since January 1, 2017:
⯀ | On April 11, 2017, we issued an aggregate of 1,596,527 ordinary shares in a private placement, at an issue price of €15.75 per share, for a total subscription amount of €25,145,300.25. The offering was made to investors in the United States and Europe, as well as existing shareholders. Jefferies International Limited and Kempen & Co. N.V. acted as joint global coordinators, and together with Gilbert Dupont, as joint bookrunners. |
⯀ | On November 2, 2017, we issued an aggregate of 1,941,789 ordinary shares in a private placement, at an issue price of €14.00 per share, for a total subscription amount of €27,185,046. The offering was made to investors in the United States and Europe, as well as existing shareholders. Jefferies International Limited acted as sole global coordinator, and together with Cowen and Company, LLC and Gilbert Dupont, as joint bookrunners. |
⯀ | On April 9, 2019, we issued an aggregate of 2,566,666 ordinary shares in a private placement, at an issue price of €11.50 per share, for a total subscription amount of €29,516,659. The offering was made to investors in the United States and Europe. Jefferies International Limited acted as sole bookrunner. |
⯀ | On July 30, 2020, we issued an aggregate of 3,300,000 ordinary shares in a private placement, at an issue price of €6.10 per share, for a total subscription amount of €20,130,000. The offering was made to investors in the United States and Europe. Jefferies International Limited acted as sole global coordinator and joint bookrunner, and ODDO BHF SCA and Gilbert Dupont acted as the joint bookrunners. |
⯀ | Since January 1, 2017, we have granted: |
⯀ | 289,400 founders’ warrants at an exercise price of €15.93 per warrant, none of which have been exercised and 108,550 of which have since become void. Therefore, of the founders’ warrants issued since January 1, 2017, 180,850 remain outstanding as of September 30, 2020; |
⯀ | 87,820 warrants, consisting of 18,000 warrants at an exercise price of €15.76 per warrant, 28,000 warrants at an exercise price of €13.55 per warrant, 5,820 warrants at an exercise price of €16.102 per warrant, 18,000 warrants at an exercise price of €11.66 and 18,000 warrants at an exercise price of €6.59 per warrant. None of the warrants have been exercised or have become void. Therefore, all of the warrants issued since January 1, 2017 remain outstanding as of September 30, 2020; |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
⯀ | 1,015,322 stock options, consisting of 7,850 stock options at an exercise price of €14.97, 62,000 stock options at an exercise price of €12.87, 37,500 stock options at an exercise price of €11.08, 500,000 stock options at an exercise price of €6.41 and 407,972 stock options at an exercise price of €6.25. None of the stock options have been exercised and 31,962 have become void. Therefore, of the stock options issued since January 1, 2017, 983,360 remain outstanding as of September 30, 2020; and |
⯀ | 890,500 free shares, of which 316,083 were definitively acquired on March 6, 2020 and 6,000 were definitively acquired on July 27, 2020 and 122,917 have since become void. Therefore, of the free shares granted as of January 1, 2017, 445,500 remain outstanding as of September 30, 2020. |
⯀ | 340,785 founders’ warrants, granted before January 1, 2017, have been exercised, resulting in the issuance of 340,785 ordinary shares for aggregate proceeds to us of €2,064,027; and |
⯀ | 4,000 stock options, granted before January 1, 2017, have been exercised, resulting in the issuance of 4,000 ordinary shares for aggregate proceeds to us of €52,200. |
The offers, sales and issuances of the securities described in the preceding paragraphs were exempt from registration either (a) under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act in that the transactions were between an issuer and sophisticated investors and did not involve any public offering within the meaning of Section 4(a)(2) or (b) under Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act in that offers, sales and issuances were not made to persons in the United States and no directed selling efforts were made in the United States.
Item 8. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXHIBIT INDEX
1.1# | | | Form of Underwriting Agreement |
3.1* | | | By-laws (status) of the registrant (English translation) |
4.1 | | | Form of Deposit Agreement |
4.2 | | | Form of American Depositary Receipt (included in Exhibit 4.1) |
5.1# | | | Opinion of Jones Day |
8.1# | | | Tax Opinion of Jones Day |
10.1†^* | | | Exclusive License and Collaboration Agreement, by and between PharmaEngine, Inc. and Nanobiotix S.A., dated as of August 6, 2012 |
10.2†^* | | | Amendment #1 to the Exclusive License and Collaboration Agreement, by and between PharmaEngine, Inc. and Nanobiotix S.A., dated as of October 7, 2014 |
10.3†^* | | | Finance Contract, by and between the European Investment Bank and Nanobiotix S.A., dated as of July 26, 2018 (the “EIB Finance Contract”) |
10.4 | | | Amendment to the EIB Finance Contract, by and between the European Investment Bank and Nanobiotix S.A., dated as of July 20, 2020 |
10.5†^* | | | Royalty Agreement, by and between the European Investment Bank and Nanobiotix S.A., dated as of July 26, 2018 |
10.6†^* | | | Amended and Restated Strategic Collaboration Agreement, by and between The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and Nanobiotix S.A., dated as of January 23, 2020 |
10.7* | | | Summary of BSA Plans |
10.8* | | | Summary of BSPCE Plans |
10.9 | | | 2016 Stock Option Plan |
10.10 | | | 2016-2 Stock Option Plan |
10.11 | | | 2017 Stock Option Plan |
10.12 | | | 2018 Stock Option Plan |
10.13 | | | 2019 Stock Option Plan |
10.14 | | | LLY 2019 Stock Option Plan |
10.15* | | | Summary of Free Share Plans |
21.1* | | | List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant |
23.1# | | | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |
23.2# | | | Consent of Jones Day (included in Exhibits 5.1 and 8.1) |
24.1# | | | Power of Attorney (included in signature page) |
99.1 | | | Summary of HSBC France Loan, by and between HSBC France and Nanobiotix S.A., dated as of June 22, 2020 |
99.2 | | | Summary of Bpifrance Loan, by and between Bpifrance Financement and Nanobiotix S.A., dated as of July 10, 2020 |
#
| To be filed by amendment. |
†
| Portions of this exhibit have been redacted in compliance with Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(10). The omitted information is not material and would likely cause competitive harm to the registrant if publicly disclosed. |
^
| Certain exhibits and schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The registrant hereby undertakes to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted exhibit or schedule upon request by the SEC. |
(b)
| Financial Statement Schedules. |
All information for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission is either included in the financial statements or is not required under the related instructions or is inapplicable, and therefore has been omitted.
Item 9. Undertakings.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the provisions described in Item 6 hereof, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that:
(1)
| For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective. |
(2)
| For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form F-1 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Paris, France, on , 2020.
| | | NANOBIOTIX S.A. |
| | | | | | |
| | | By: | | | |
| | | | | | Laurent Levy, Ph.D. |
| | | | | | Chief Executive Officer |
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Laurent Levy and Philippe Mauberna, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this registration statement and any and all additional registration statements pursuant to Rule 462(b) of the Securities Act of 1933, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto each said attorney-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or either of them or their or his or her substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| | | | | | | |
| | | Chief Executive Officer and
Executive Board Chairman
(Principal Executive Officer) | | | , 2020 | |
Laurent Levy, Ph.D. | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | Chief Financial Officer and
Executive Board Member
(Principal Financial Officer
and Principal Accounting Officer) | | | , 2020 | |
Philippe Mauberna | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | Supervisory Board Chairman | | | , 2020 | |
Laurent Condomine | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | Supervisory Board Deputy Chairman | | | , 2020 | |
Anne-Marie Graffin | |
| |
| | | Supervisory Board Member | | | , 2020 | |
Alain Herrera, M.D. | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Supervisory Board Member | | | , 2020 | |
Enno Spillner | |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the undersigned, the duly authorized representative in the United States of the registrant has signed this registration statement, on , 2020.
| | | NANOBIOTIX CORPORATION |
| | | | | | | |
| | | By: | | | |
| | | | | | Name: | | | Philippe Mauberna |
| | | | | | Title: | | | Treasurer and Authorized Signatory |
DEPOSIT AGREEMENT
by and among
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
and
CITIBANK, N.A.,
as Depositary,
and
THE HOLDERS AND BENEFICIAL OWNERS OF
AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES
ISSUED HEREUNDER
Dated as of [date], 2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS
|
Section 1.1 |
“ADS Record Date” |
1 |
|
Section 1.2 |
“Affiliate” |
1 |
|
Section 1.3 |
“American Depositary Receipt(s)”, “ADR(s)”
and “Receipt(s)” |
1 |
|
Section 1.4 |
“American Depositary Share(s)” and “ADS(s)” |
2 |
|
Section 1.5 |
[Intentionally Omitted]. |
2 |
|
Section 1.6 |
“Beneficial Owner” |
2 |
|
Section 1.8 |
“Certificated ADS(s)” |
3 |
|
Section 1.10 |
“Commission” |
3 |
|
Section 1.12 |
“Custodian” |
3 |
|
Section 1.13 |
“Deliver” and “Delivery” |
3 |
|
Section 1.14 |
“Deposit Agreement” |
3 |
|
Section 1.15 |
“Depositary” |
3
|
|
Section 1.16 |
“Deposited Property” |
3
|
|
Section 1.17 |
“Deposited Securities” |
4 |
|
Section 1.18 |
“Dollars” and “$” |
4 |
|
Section 1.20 |
“DTC Participant” |
4 |
|
Section 1.21 |
“Euro” and “€” |
4 |
|
Section 1.22 |
“Euroclear” |
4 |
|
Section 1.23 |
“Exchange Act” |
4
|
|
Section 1.24 |
“Foreign Currency” |
4
|
|
Section 1.25 |
“Form F-6” |
4
|
|
Section 1.26 |
“Full Entitlement ADR(s)”, “Full Entitlement ADS(s)” and “Full Entitlement Share(s)” |
4
|
|
Section 1.27 |
“Holder(s)” |
5 |
|
Section 1.28 |
“Partial Entitlement ADR(s)”, “Partial Entitlement ADS(s)” and “Partial Entitlement Share(s)”
|
5
|
|
Section 1.29 |
“Principal Office” |
5 |
|
Section 1.30 |
“Registrar” |
5 |
|
Section 1.31 |
“Restricted Securities” |
5 |
|
Section 1.32 |
“Restricted ADR(s)”, “Restricted ADS(s)” and “Restricted Shares”
|
5
|
|
Section 1.33 |
“Securities Act” |
5
|
|
Section 1.34 |
“Share Registrar” |
6 |
|
Section 1.36 |
“Uncertificated ADS(s)” |
6 |
|
Section 1.37 |
“United States” and “U.S.” |
6 |
|
ARTICLE II APPOINTMENT OF DEPOSITARY; FORM OF RECEIPTS; DEPOSIT OF SHARES; EXECUTION AND DELIVERY,
TRANSFER AND SURRENDER OF RECEIPTS
|
|
|
Section 2.1 |
Appointment of Depositary |
6 |
|
Section 2.2 |
Form and Transferability of ADSs. |
6
|
|
Section 2.3 |
Deposit of Shares |
8 |
|
Section 2.4 |
Registration and Safekeeping of Deposited Securities |
9
|
|
Section 2.5 |
Issuance of ADSs |
10 |
|
Section 2.6 |
Transfer, Combination and Split-up of ADRs. |
10 |
|
Section 2.7 |
Surrender of ADSs and Withdrawal of Deposited Securities |
11 |
|
Section 2.8 |
Limitations on Execution and Delivery, Transfer, etc. of ADSs; Suspension of Delivery, Transfer, etc.
|
12
|
|
Section 2.9 |
Lost ADRs, etc |
13 |
|
Section 2.10 |
Cancellation and Destruction of Surrendered ADRs; Maintenance of Records
|
13 |
|
Section 2.11 |
Escheatment |
13 |
|
Section 2.12 |
Partial Entitlement ADSs |
13 |
|
Section 2.13 |
Certificated/Uncertificated ADSs |
14 |
|
Section 2.14 |
Restricted ADSs |
15 |
| ARTICLE III CERTAIN OBLIGATIONS OF HOLDERS AND BENEFICIAL OWNERS OF ADSS |
|
|
Section 3.1 |
Proofs, Certificates and Other Information |
16 |
|
Section 3.2 |
Liability for Taxes and Other Charges |
16 |
|
Section 3.3 |
Representations and Warranties on Deposit of Shares |
17 |
|
Section 3.4 |
Compliance with Information Requests |
17
|
|
Section 3.5 |
Ownership Restrictions |
17
|
|
Section 3.6 |
Reporting Obligations and Regulatory Approvals |
18
|
| ARTICLE IV THE DEPOSITED SECURITIES |
18
|
|
Section 4.1 |
Cash Distributions |
18
|
|
Section 4.2 |
Distribution in Shares |
19
|
|
Section 4.3 |
Elective Distributions in Cash or Shares |
20 |
|
Section 4.4 |
Distribution of Rights to Purchase Additional ADSs. |
21 |
|
Section 4.5 |
Distributions Other Than Cash, Shares or Rights to Purchase Shares.
|
22 |
|
Section 4.6 |
Distributions with Respect to Deposited Securities in Bearer Form
|
23 |
|
Section 4.7 |
Redemption |
23 |
|
Section 4.8 |
Conversion of Foreign Currency |
24 |
|
Section 4.9 |
Fixing of ADS Record Date |
25 |
|
Section 4.10 |
Voting of Deposited Securities |
25 |
|
Section 4.11 |
Changes Affecting Deposited Securities |
28
|
|
Section 4.12 |
Available Information |
29
|
|
Section 4.14 |
List of Holders |
29
|
| ARTICLE V THE DEPOSITARY, THE CUSTODIAN AND THE COMPANY |
30
|
|
Section 5.1 |
Maintenance of Office and Transfer Books by the Registrar |
30
|
|
Section 5.2 |
Exoneration |
30 |
|
Section 5.3 |
Standard of Care
|
31 |
|
Section 5.4 |
Resignation and Removal of the Depositary; Appointment of Successor Depositary
|
32 |
|
Section 5.5 |
The Custodian |
33 |
|
Section 5.6 |
Notices and Reports |
33 |
|
Section 5.7 |
Issuance of Additional Shares, ADSs etc |
34 |
|
Section 5.8 |
Indemnification |
35 |
|
Section 5.9 |
ADS Fees and Charges |
36
|
|
Section 5.10 |
Restricted Securities Owners |
37
|
| ARTICLE VI AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION |
37
|
|
Section 6.1 |
Amendment/Supplement |
37
|
|
Section 6.2 |
Termination |
38
|
| ARTICLE VII MISCELLANEOUS |
39
|
|
Section 7.1 |
Counterparts |
39
|
|
Section 7.2 |
No Third‑Party Beneficiaries / Acknowledgments |
39
|
|
Section 7.3 |
Severability |
40 |
|
Section 7.4 |
Holders and Beneficial Owners as Parties; Binding Effect
|
40 |
|
Section 7.6 |
Governing Law and Jurisdiction |
41 |
|
Section 7.7 |
Assignment |
43 |
|
Section 7.8 |
Compliance with, and No Disclaimer Under, U.S. Securities Laws
|
43 |
|
Section 7.9 |
French Law References |
43 |
|
Section 7.10 |
Titles and References. |
43 |
DEPOSIT AGREEMENT
DEPOSIT AGREEMENT, dated as of ___________, 2020, by and among (i) NANOBIOTIX S.A., a société anonyme organized and existing under the laws of the Republic of France, and its successors (the “Company”), (ii) CITIBANK, N.A., a national banking association organized under
the laws of the United States of America (“Citibank”) acting in its capacity as depositary, and any successor depositary hereunder (Citibank in such capacity, the “Depositary”),
and (iii) all Holders and Beneficial Owners of American Depositary Shares issued hereunder (all such capitalized terms as hereinafter defined).
W I T N E S S E T H T H A T:
WHEREAS, the Company desires to establish with the Depositary an ADR (as hereinafter defined) facility to provide
for the deposit of the Shares (as hereinafter defined) and the creation of American Depositary Shares (as hereinafter defined) representing the Shares so deposited and for the execution and Delivery (as hereinafter defined) of American Depositary
Receipts (as hereinafter defined) evidencing such American Depositary Shares; and
WHEREAS, the Depositary is willing to act as the Depositary for such ADR facility upon the terms set forth in the
Deposit Agreement (as hereinafter defined); and
WHEREAS, any American Depositary Receipts issued pursuant to the terms of the Deposit Agreement are to be
substantially in the form of Exhibit A attached hereto, with appropriate insertions, modifications and omissions, as hereinafter provided in the Deposit Agreement; and
NOW, THEREFORE, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged,
the parties hereto agree as follows:
ARTICLE I
DEFINITIONS
All capitalized terms used, but not otherwise defined, herein shall have the meanings set forth below, unless otherwise clearly indicated:
Section
1.1 “ADS Record Date” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 4.9.
Section
1.2 “Affiliate” shall have the meaning assigned to such term by the Commission (as hereinafter defined) under Regulation C
promulgated under the Securities Act (as hereinafter defined), or under any successor regulation thereto.
Section
1.3 “American Depositary Receipt(s)”, “ADR(s)” and “Receipt(s)” shall mean the certificate(s) issued by the Depositary to evidence the American Depositary Shares issued under the terms of the Deposit Agreement
in the form of Certificated ADS(s) (as hereinafter defined), as such ADRs may be amended from time to time in accordance with the provisions of the Deposit Agreement. An ADR may evidence any number of ADSs and may, in the case of ADSs held through
a central depository such as DTC, be in the form of a “Balance Certificate.”
Section
1.4 “American Depositary Share(s)” and “ADS(s)” shall mean the rights and interests in the Deposited Property (as hereinafter defined) granted to the Holders and Beneficial Owners pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement
and, if issued as Certificated ADS(s), the ADR(s) issued to evidence such ADSs. ADS(s) may be issued under the terms of the Deposit Agreement in the form of (a) Certificated ADS(s), in which case the ADS(s) are evidenced by ADR(s), or (b)
Uncertificated ADS(s) (as hereinafter defined), in which case the ADS(s) are not evidenced by ADR(s) but are reflected on the direct registration system maintained by the Depositary for such purposes under the terms of Section 2.13. Unless
otherwise specified in the Deposit Agreement or in any ADR, or unless the context otherwise requires, any reference to ADS(s) shall include Certificated ADS(s) and Uncertificated ADS(s), individually or collectively, as the context may require.
Each ADS shall represent the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial ownership interests in, the number of Shares specified in the form of ADR attached hereto as Exhibit A (as amended from time to time) that are on deposit with the
Depositary and/or the Custodian, subject, in each case, to the terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement and the applicable ADR (if issued as a Certificated ADS), until there shall occur a distribution upon Deposited Securities referred to in
Section 4.2 or a change in Deposited Securities referred to in Section 4.11 with respect to which additional ADSs are not issued, and thereafter each ADS shall represent the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial ownership interests in,
the applicable Deposited Property on deposit with the Depositary and the Custodian determined in accordance with the terms of such Sections, subject, in each case, to the terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement and the applicable ADR (if
issued as a Certificated ADS). In addition, the ADS(s)-to-Share(s) ratio is subject to amendment as provided in Articles IV and VI of the Deposit Agreement (which may give rise to Depositary fees).
Section
1.5 [Intentionally Omitted].
Section 1.6 “Beneficial Owner” shall mean, as to any ADS, any person or entity having a beneficial interest deriving from
the ownership of such ADS. Notwithstanding anything else contained in the Deposit Agreement, any ADR(s) or any other instruments or agreements relating to the ADSs and the corresponding Deposited Property, the Depositary, the Custodian and their
respective nominees are intended to be, and shall at all times during the term of the Deposit Agreement be, the record holders only of the Deposited Property represented by the ADSs for the benefit of the Holders and Beneficial Owners of the
corresponding ADSs. The Depositary, on its own behalf and on behalf of the Custodian and their respective nominees, disclaims any beneficial ownership interest in the Deposited Property held on behalf of the Holders and Beneficial Owners of ADSs.
The beneficial ownership interests in the Deposited Property are intended to be, and shall at all times during the term of the Deposit Agreement continue to be, vested in the Beneficial Owners of the ADSs representing the Deposited Property. The
beneficial ownership interests in the Deposited Property shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Depositary, be exercisable by the Beneficial Owners of the ADSs only through the Holders of such ADSs, by the Holders of the ADSs (on behalf of the
applicable Beneficial Owners) only through the Depositary, and by the Depositary (on behalf of the Holders and Beneficial Owners of the corresponding ADSs) directly, or indirectly through the Custodian or their respective nominees, in each case
upon the terms of the Deposit Agreement and, if applicable, the terms of the ADR(s) evidencing the ADSs. A Beneficial Owner of ADSs may or may not be the Holder of such ADSs. A Beneficial Owner shall be able to exercise any right or receive any
benefit hereunder solely through the person who is the Holder of the ADSs owned by such Beneficial Owner. Unless otherwise identified to the Depositary, a Holder shall be deemed to be the Beneficial Owner of all the ADSs registered in his/her/its
name. The manner in which a Beneficial Owner holds ADSs (e.g., in a brokerage account vs. as registered holder) may affect the rights and obligations of, the manner in which, and the extent to which, services are made available to, Beneficial
Owners pursuant to the terms of the Deposit Agreement.
Section
1.7 “By-Laws” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 1.31.
Section
1.8 “Certificated ADS(s)” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 2.13.
Section
1.9 “Citibank” shall have the meaning given to it in the preamble to the Deposit Agreement.
Section
1.10 “Commission” shall mean the Securities and Exchange Commission of the United States or any successor governmental agency
thereto in the United States.
Section
1.11 “Company” shall have the meaning given to it in the preamble to the Deposit Agreement.
Section
1.12 “Custodian” shall mean (i) as of the date hereof, Citibank Europe plc, having its principal office at 1 North Wall Quay,
Dublin 1 Ireland, as the custodian of Deposited Property for the purposes of the Deposit Agreement, (ii) Citibank, N.A., acting as custodian of Deposited Property pursuant to the Deposit Agreement, and (iii) any other entity that may be appointed
by the Depositary pursuant to the terms of Section 5.5 as successor, substitute or additional custodian hereunder. The term “Custodian” shall mean any Custodian individually or all Custodians collectively, as the context requires.
Section
1.13 “Deliver” and “Delivery” shall mean (x) when used in respect of Shares and other Deposited Securities, either (i) the physical delivery of the certificate(s) representing such Shares and Deposited Securities, as applicable, or (ii) evidence
of the registration of such Shares and other Deposited Securities in the name of the person to whom such Shares or Deposited Securities are delivered (or such person’s nominee), in the register of shareholders maintained by the Share Registrar (as
hereinafter defined), whether maintained in book-entry form or in any applicable book-entry settlement system, if available, including, without limitation, Euroclear (as hereinafter defined), and (y) when used in respect of ADSs, either (i) the
physical delivery of ADR(s) evidencing the ADSs, or (ii) the book-entry transfer and recordation of ADSs on the books of the Depositary or any book-entry settlement system in which the ADSs are settlement-eligible.
Section
1.14 “Deposit Agreement” shall mean this Deposit Agreement and all exhibits hereto, as the same may be amended and supplemented
from time to time in accordance with the terms of the Deposit Agreement.
Section
1.15 “Depositary” shall have the meaning given to it in the preamble to the Deposit Agreement.
Section
1.16 “Deposited Property” shall mean the Deposited Securities and any cash and other property held on deposit by the Depositary
and the Custodian in respect of the ADSs under the terms of the Deposit Agreement, subject, in the case of cash, to the provisions of Section 4.8. All Deposited Property shall be held by the Custodian, the Depositary and their respective nominees
for the benefit of the Holders and Beneficial Owners of the ADSs representing the Deposited Property. The Deposited Property is not intended to, and shall not, constitute proprietary assets of the Depositary, the Custodian or their nominees.
Beneficial ownership in the Deposited Property is intended to be, and shall at all times during the term of the Deposit Agreement continue to be, vested in the Beneficial Owners of the ADSs representing the Deposited Property.
Section
1.17 “Deposited Securities” shall mean the Shares and any other securities held on deposit by the Custodian from time to time
in respect of the ADSs under the Deposit Agreement.
Section
1.18 “Dollars” and “$” shall refer to
the lawful currency of the United States.
Section
1.19 “DTC” shall mean The Depository Trust Company, a national clearinghouse and the central book-entry settlement system for
securities traded in the United States and, as such, the custodian for the securities of DTC Participants (as hereinafter defined) maintained in DTC, and any successor thereto.
Section
1.20 “DTC Participant” shall mean any financial institution (or any nominee of such institution) having one or more participant
accounts with DTC for receiving, holding and delivering the securities and cash held in DTC. A DTC Participant may or may not be a Beneficial Owner. If a DTC Participant is not the Beneficial Owner of the ADSs credited to its account at DTC, or
of the ADSs in respect of which the DTC Participant is otherwise acting, such DTC Participant shall be deemed, for all purposes hereunder, to have all requisite authority to act on behalf of the Beneficial Owner(s) of the ADSs credited to its
account at DTC or in respect of which the DTC Participant is so acting. A DTC Participant, by accepting any ADSs (or any interest therein) issued in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement into any of its DTC accounts,
shall (notwithstanding any explicit or implicit disclosure that it may be acting on behalf of another party) be deemed by the Depositary for all purposes to be a party to, and bound by, the terms of the Deposit Agreement and the applicable ADR(s)
to the same extent as, and as if the DTC Participant were, the Holder of such ADSs.
Section 1.21 “Euro” and “€” shall refer to the lawful currency of the
European Union.
Section
1.22 “Euroclear” shall mean Euroclear France, the entity that provides the book-entry settlement system for equity securities
in the Republic of France, or any successor entity thereto.
Section
1.23 “Exchange Act” shall mean the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended from time to time.
Section
1.24 “Foreign Currency” shall mean any currency other than Dollars.
Section
1.25 “Form F-6” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 2.8(c).
Section
1.26 “Full Entitlement ADR(s)”, “Full Entitlement
ADS(s)” and “Full Entitlement Share(s)” shall have the respective meanings set forth in Section 2.12.
Section
1.27 “Holder(s)” shall mean the person(s) in whose name the ADSs are registered on the books of the Depositary (or the
Registrar, if any) maintained for such purpose. A Holder may or may not be a Beneficial Owner. If a Holder is not the Beneficial Owner of the ADS(s) registered in its name, such person shall be deemed, for all purposes hereunder, to have all
requisite authority to act on behalf of the Beneficial Owners of the ADSs registered in its name. The manner in which a Holder holds ADSs (e.g., in certificated vs. uncertificated form) may affect the rights and obligations of, and the manner in
which, and the extent to which, the services are made available to, Holders pursuant to the terms of the Deposit Agreement.
Section
1.28 “Partial Entitlement ADR(s)”, “Partial Entitlement ADS(s)” and “Partial Entitlement Share(s)” shall have the respective meanings set forth in Section 2.12.
Section
1.29 “Principal Office” shall mean, when used with respect to the Depositary, the principal office of the Depositary at which
at any particular time its depositary receipts business shall be administered, which, at the date of the Deposit Agreement, is located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013, U.S.A.
Section
1.30 “Registrar” shall mean the Depositary or any bank or trust company having an office in the Borough of Manhattan, The City
of New York, which shall be appointed by the Depositary to register issuances, transfers and cancellations of ADSs as herein provided, and shall include any co-registrar appointed by the Depositary for such purposes. Registrars (other than the
Depositary) may be removed and substitutes appointed by the Depositary in accordance with the terms of the Deposit Agreement. Each Registrar (other than the Depositary) appointed pursuant to the Deposit Agreement shall be required to give notice
in writing to the Depositary accepting such appointment and agreeing to be bound by the applicable terms of the Deposit Agreement.
Section
1.31 “Restricted Securities” shall mean Shares, Deposited Securities or ADSs which (i) have been acquired directly or
indirectly from the Company or any of its Affiliates in a transaction or chain of transactions not involving any public offering and are subject to resale limitations under the Securities Act or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, or
(ii) are held by an executive officer or director (or persons performing similar functions) or other Affiliate of the Company, or (iii) are subject to other restrictions on sale or deposit under the laws of the United States, the Republic of
France, or under a shareholder agreement or the by-laws (statuts) of the Company (the “By-Laws”) or under the regulations of an applicable securities exchange
unless, in each case, such Shares, Deposited Securities or ADSs are being transferred or sold to persons other than an Affiliate of the Company in a transaction (a) covered by an effective resale registration statement, or (b) exempt from the
registration requirements of the Securities Act, and the Shares, Deposited Securities or ADSs are not, when held by such person(s), Restricted Securities.
Section
1.32 “Restricted ADR(s)”, “Restricted ADS(s)” and “Restricted Shares” shall have the respective meanings set forth in Section 2.14.
Section
1.33 “Securities Act” shall mean the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended from time to time.
Section 1.34 “Share Registrar” shall mean CM-CIC Securities or any other institution organized under the laws of the Republic of France appointed by the Company from time to time to carry out the duties of registrar for
the Shares, and any successor thereto as the Company appoints from time to time.
Section 1.35 “Shares” shall mean the Company’s ordinary shares, €0.03 nominal value per share, validly issued and outstanding and fully paid, and may, if the Depositary so agrees after consultation with the Company,
include evidence of the right to receive Shares; provided that in no event shall Shares include evidence of the right to receive Shares with respect to which the full purchase price has not been paid or Shares as to which preemptive rights have
theretofore not been validly waived or exercised; provided further, however, that, if there shall occur any change in nominal value, split‑up, consolidation, reclassification, exchange, conversion or any other event described in Section 4.11 in
respect of the Shares of the Company, the term “Shares” shall thereafter, to the maximum extent permitted by law, represent the successor securities resulting from giving effect to such event.
Section 1.36 “Uncertificated ADS(s)” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 2.13.
Section 1.37 “United States” and “U.S.” shall have the meaning assigned to it in Regulation S as promulgated by the Commission under the Securities Act.
ARTICLE II
APPOINTMENT OF DEPOSITARY; FORM OF RECEIPTS;
DEPOSIT OF SHARES; EXECUTION AND
DELIVERY, TRANSFER AND SURRENDER OF RECEIPTS
Section 2.1 Appointment
of Depositary(a). The Company hereby appoints the Depositary as depositary for the Deposited Property and hereby authorizes and directs the Depositary to act in accordance with the terms and
conditions set forth in the Deposit Agreement and any applicable ADRs. Each Holder and each Beneficial Owner, upon acceptance of any ADSs (or any interest therein) issued in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement shall
be deemed for all purposes to (a) be a party to and bound by the terms of the Deposit Agreement and any applicable ADR(s), and (b) appoint the Depositary as its attorney-in-fact, with full power to delegate, to act on its behalf and to take any and
all actions contemplated in the Deposit Agreement and any applicable ADR(s), to adopt any and all procedures necessary to comply with applicable law and to take such action as the Depositary in its sole discretion may deem necessary or appropriate
to carry out the purposes of the Deposit Agreement and any applicable ADR(s), the taking of such actions to be the conclusive determinant of the necessity and appropriateness thereof.
Section 2.2 Form
and Transferability of ADSs.
(a) Form.
Certificated ADSs shall be evidenced by definitive ADRs which shall be engraved, printed, lithographed or produced in such other manner as may be agreed upon by the Company and the Depositary. ADRs may be issued under the Deposit Agreement in
denominations of any whole number of ADSs. The ADRs shall be substantially in the form set forth in Exhibit A to the Deposit Agreement, with any appropriate insertions, modifications and omissions, in each case as otherwise contemplated in
the Deposit Agreement or required by law. ADRs shall be (i) dated, (ii) signed by the manual or facsimile signature of a duly authorized signatory of the Depositary, (iii) countersigned by the manual or facsimile signature of a duly authorized
signatory of the Registrar, and (iv) registered in the books maintained by the Registrar for the registration of issuances and transfers of ADSs. No ADR and no Certificated ADS evidenced thereby shall be entitled to any benefits under the Deposit
Agreement or be valid or enforceable for any purpose against the Depositary or the Company, unless such ADR shall have been so dated, signed, countersigned and registered. ADRs bearing the facsimile
signature of a duly-authorized signatory of the Depositary or the Registrar, who at the time of such signature was a duly-authorized signatory of the Depositary or the Registrar, as the case may be, shall bind the Depositary, notwithstanding the
fact that such signatory has ceased to be so authorized prior to the Delivery of such ADR by the Depositary. The ADRs shall bear a CUSIP number that is different from any CUSIP number that was, is or may be assigned to any depositary receipts
previously or subsequently issued pursuant to any other arrangement between the Depositary (or any other depositary) and the Company and which are not ADRs outstanding hereunder.
(b) Legends.
The ADRs may be endorsed with, or have incorporated in the text thereof, such legends or recitals not inconsistent with the provisions of the Deposit Agreement as may be (i) necessary to enable the Depositary and the Company to perform their
respective obligations hereunder, (ii) required to comply with any applicable laws or regulations, or with the rules and regulations of any securities exchange or market upon which ADSs may be traded, listed or quoted, or to conform with any usage
with respect thereto, (iii) necessary to indicate any special limitations or restrictions to which any particular ADRs or ADSs are subject by reason of the date of issuance of the Deposited Securities or otherwise, or (iv) required by any
book-entry system in which the ADSs are held. In the case of Uncertificated ADSs, such legends described in the preceding sentence may be included in statements issued from time to time to Holders of such Uncertificated ADSs. Holders and
Beneficial Owners shall be deemed, for all purposes, to have notice of, and to be bound by, (i) in the case of Certificated ADSs, the terms and conditions of the legends set forth, in the case of Holders, on the ADR registered in the name of the
applicable Holders or, in the case of Beneficial Owners, on the ADR representing the ADSs owned by such Beneficial Owners and (ii) in the case of Uncertificated ADSs, the terms and conditions of the legends set forth in the statements issued from
time to time to Holders of such Uncertificated ADSs at all times following the provision of such statements as provided for in the Deposit Agreement.
(c) Title.
Subject to the limitations contained herein and in the ADR, title to an ADR (and to each Certificated ADS evidenced thereby) shall be transferable upon the same terms as a certificated security under the laws of the State of New York, provided
that, in the case of Certificated ADSs, such ADR has been properly endorsed or is accompanied by proper instruments of transfer. Subject to the limitations contained herein, Uncertificated ADSs not evidenced by ADRs shall be transferrable as
uncertificated registered securities under the laws of the State of New York. Notwithstanding any notice to the contrary, the Depositary and the Company may deem and treat the Holder of an ADS (that is, the person in whose name an ADS is
registered on the books of the Depositary) as the absolute owner thereof for all purposes. Neither the Depositary nor the Company shall have any obligation nor be subject to any liability under the Deposit Agreement or any ADR to any holder or any
Beneficial Owner unless, in the case of a holder of ADSs, such holder is the Holder registered on the books of the Depositary or, in the case of a Beneficial Owner, such Beneficial Owner, or the Beneficial Owner’s representative, is the Holder
registered on the books of the Depositary.
(d) Book‑Entry
Systems. The Depositary shall make arrangements for the acceptance of the ADSs into DTC. All ADSs held through DTC will be registered in the name of the nominee for DTC (currently “Cede & Co.”). As such, the nominee for DTC
will be the only “Holder” of all ADSs held through DTC. Unless issued by the Depositary as Uncertificated ADSs, the ADSs registered in the name of Cede & Co. will be evidenced by one or more ADR(s) in the form of a “Balance Certificate,” which
will provide that it represents the aggregate number of ADSs from time to time indicated in the records of the Depositary as being issued hereunder and that the aggregate number of ADSs represented thereby may from time to time be increased or
decreased by making adjustments on such records of the Depositary and of DTC or its nominee as hereinafter provided. Citibank, N.A. (or such other entity as is appointed by DTC or its nominee) may hold the “Balance Certificate” as custodian for
DTC. Each Beneficial Owner of ADSs held through DTC must rely upon the procedures of DTC and the DTC Participants to exercise or be entitled to any rights attributable to such ADSs. The DTC Participants shall for all purposes be deemed to have
all requisite power and authority to act on behalf of the Beneficial Owners of the ADSs held in the DTC Participants’ respective accounts in DTC and the Depositary shall for all purposes be authorized to rely upon any instructions and information
given to it by DTC Participants. So long as ADSs are held through DTC or unless otherwise required by law, ownership of beneficial interests in the ADSs registered in the name of the nominee for DTC will be shown on, and transfers of such
ownership will be effected only through, records maintained by (i) DTC or its nominee (with respect to the interests of DTC Participants), or (ii) DTC Participants or their nominees (with respect to the interests of clients of DTC Participants).
Any distributions made, and any notices given, by the Depositary to DTC under the terms of the Deposit Agreement shall (unless otherwise specified by the Depositary) satisfy the Depositary’s obligations under the Deposit Agreement to make such
distributions, and give such notices, in respect of the ADSs held in DTC (including, for avoidance of doubt, to the DTC Participants holding the ADSs in their DTC accounts and to the Beneficial Owners of such ADSs).
Section 2.3 Deposit of Shares. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement and applicable law, Shares or evidence of rights to receive Shares (other than Restricted Securities) may be deposited by
any person (including the Depositary in its individual capacity but subject, however, in the case of the Company or any Affiliate of the Company, to Section 5.7) at any time by Delivery of the Shares to the Depositary, Custodian or other nominee of
either. Every deposit of Shares shall be accompanied by (A) evidence that the Shares have been transferred in the name of the Depositary, the Custodian or any nominee of the Depositary or the Custodian and have been registered in the name of the
Depositary, the Custodian or any nominee of the Depositary or the Custodian, in an applicable book-entry settlement system (or in the register of shareholders of the Company maintained by the Share Registrar), in each case, reasonably satisfactory
to the Depositary or the Custodian, as applicable, (B) such certifications and payments (including, without limitation, the Depositary’s fees and related charges) and evidence of such payments (including, without limitation, stamping or otherwise
marking such Shares by way of receipt) as may be reasonably required by the Depositary or the Custodian in accordance with the provisions of the Deposit Agreement and applicable law, (C) if the Depositary so requires, a written order directing the
Depositary to issue and deliver to, or upon the written order of, the person(s) stated in such order the number of ADSs representing the Shares so deposited, (D) evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary (which may be an opinion of
counsel) that all necessary approvals have been granted by, or there has been compliance with the rules and regulations of, any applicable governmental agency in the Republic of France, and (E) if the Depositary so requires, an agreement,
assignment or instrument reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary or the Custodian which provides for the prompt transfer by any person in whose name the Shares are or have been recorded to the Custodian of any distribution, or right to subscribe
for additional Shares or to receive other property in respect of any such deposited Shares or, in lieu thereof, such indemnity or other agreement as shall be reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary or the Custodian.
Without limiting any other provision of the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary shall instruct the Custodian not to, and the Depositary shall not knowingly,
accept for deposit (a) any Restricted Securities (except as permitted by Section 2.14) nor (b) any fractional Shares or fractional Deposited Securities nor (c) a number of Shares or Deposited Securities which upon application of the ADS to Shares
ratio would give rise to fractional ADSs. No Shares shall be accepted for deposit unless accompanied by evidence, if any is required by the Depositary, that is reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary or the Custodian that all conditions to such
deposit have been satisfied by the person depositing such Shares under the laws and regulations of the Republic of France and any necessary approval has been granted by any applicable governmental body in the Republic of France, if any. The
Depositary may issue ADSs against evidence of rights to receive Shares from the Company, any agent of the Company or any custodian, registrar, transfer agent, clearing agency or other entity involved in ownership or transaction records in respect of
the Shares. Such evidence of rights shall consist of written blanket or specific guarantees of ownership of Shares furnished by the Company or any such custodian, registrar, transfer agent, clearing agency or other entity involved in ownership or
transaction records in respect of the Shares.
Without limitation of the foregoing, the Depositary shall not knowingly accept for deposit under the Deposit Agreement (A) any Shares or other securities
required to be registered under the provisions of the Securities Act, unless (i) a registration statement is in effect as to such Shares or other securities or (ii) the deposit is made upon terms permitted in Section 2.14, or (B) any Shares or other
securities the deposit of which would violate any provisions of the By-Laws unless the Company has furnished the Depositary with a written opinion of French counsel reasonably acceptable to the Depositary stating that such deposit does not violate
the By-Laws. For purposes of determining knowledge of the Depositary in the foregoing sentence, the Depositary shall be entitled to rely upon representations and warranties made or deemed made pursuant to the Deposit Agreement and shall not be
required to make any further investigation. The Depositary will comply with written instructions of the Company (received by the Depositary reasonably in advance) not to accept for deposit hereunder any Shares identified in such instructions at such
times and under such circumstances as may reasonably be specified in such instructions in order to facilitate the Company’s compliance with the securities laws of the United States.
Section 2.4 Registration and Safekeeping of Deposited Securities. The Depositary shall instruct the Custodian upon each Delivery of Shares being deposited hereunder with the Custodian (or other Deposited Securities
pursuant to Article IV hereof), together with the other documents above specified, to present such Shares, together with the appropriate instrument(s) of transfer or endorsement, duly stamped (if applicable), to the Share Registrar for transfer and
registration of the Shares (as soon as transfer and registration can be accomplished and at the expense of the person for whom the deposit is made) in the name of the Depositary, the Custodian or a nominee of either. Deposited Securities shall be
held by the Depositary, or by a Custodian for the account and to the order of the Depositary or a nominee of the Depositary, in each case, on behalf of the Holders and Beneficial Owners, at such place(s) as the Depositary or the Custodian shall
determine. Notwithstanding anything else contained in the Deposit Agreement, any ADR(s), or any other instruments or agreements relating to the ADSs and the corresponding Deposited Property, the registration of the Deposited Securities in the name
of the Depositary, the Custodian or any of their respective nominees, shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, vest in the Depositary, the Custodian or the applicable nominee the record ownership in the applicable Deposited
Securities with the beneficial ownership rights and interests in such Deposited Securities being at all times vested with the Beneficial Owners of the ADSs representing the Deposited Securities. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Depositary, the
Custodian and the applicable nominee shall at all times be entitled to exercise the beneficial ownership rights in all Deposited Property, in each case only on behalf of the Holders and Beneficial Owners of the ADSs representing the Deposited
Property, upon the terms set forth in the Deposit Agreement and, if applicable, the ADR(s) representing the ADSs. The Depositary, the Custodian and their respective nominees shall for all purposes be deemed to have all requisite power and
authority to act in respect of Deposited Property on behalf of the Holders and Beneficial Owners of ADSs representing the Deposited Property, and upon making payments to, or acting upon instructions from, or information provided by, the Depositary,
the Custodian or their respective nominees all persons shall be authorized to rely upon such power and authority.
Section 2.5 Issuance of ADSs. The Depositary has made arrangements with the Custodian for the Custodian to confirm to the Depositary upon receipt of a deposit of Shares (i) that a deposit of Shares has been
made pursuant to Section 2.3, (ii) that such Deposited Securities have been recorded in the name of the Depositary, the Custodian or a nominee of either on the shareholders’ register maintained by or on behalf of the Company by the Share Registrar
on the books of Euroclear, if available, (iii) that all required documents have been received, and (iv) the person(s) to whom or upon whose order ADSs are deliverable in respect thereof and the number of ADSs to be so Delivered. Such notification
may be made by letter, cable, telex, SWIFT message or, at the risk and expense of the person making the deposit, by facsimile or other means of electronic transmission. Upon receiving such notice from the Custodian, the Depositary, subject to the
terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement and applicable law, shall issue the ADSs representing the Shares so deposited to or upon the order of the person(s) named in the notice delivered to the Depositary and, if applicable, shall execute and
Deliver at its Principal Office Receipt(s) registered in the name(s) requested by such person(s) and evidencing the aggregate number of ADSs to which such person(s) are entitled, but, in each case, only upon payment to the Depositary of the charges
of the Depositary for accepting a deposit of Shares and issuing ADSs (as set forth in Section 5.9 and Exhibit B hereto) and all taxes and governmental charges and fees payable in connection with such deposit and the transfer of the Shares
and the issuance of the ADS(s). The Depositary shall only issue ADSs in whole numbers and Deliver, if applicable, ADR(s) evidencing whole numbers of ADSs.
Section 2.6 Transfer,
Combination and Split-up of ADRs.
(a) Transfer.
The Registrar shall as promptly as commercially practicable register the transfer of ADRs (and of the ADSs represented thereby) on the books maintained for such purpose and the Depositary shall as promptly as commercially practicable (x) cancel
such ADRs and execute new ADRs evidencing the same aggregate number of ADSs as those evidenced by the ADRs canceled by the Depositary, (y) cause the Registrar to countersign such new ADRs and (z) Deliver such new ADRs to or upon the order of the
person entitled thereto, if each of the following conditions has been satisfied: (i) the ADRs have been duly Delivered by the Holder (or by a duly authorized attorney of the Holder) to the Depositary at its Principal Office for the purpose of
effecting a transfer thereof, (ii) the surrendered ADRs have been properly endorsed or are accompanied by proper instruments of transfer (including signature guarantees in accordance with standard securities industry practice), (iii) the
surrendered ADRs have been duly stamped (if required by the laws of the State of New York or of the United States), and (iv) all applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and all applicable taxes and governmental
charges (as are set forth in Section 5.9 and Exhibit B hereto) have been paid, subject, however, in each case, to the terms and conditions of any applicable ADRs, of the Deposit Agreement and of
applicable law, in each case as in effect at the time thereof.
(b) Combination
& Split-Up. The Registrar shall as promptly as commercially practicable register the split-up or combination of ADRs (and of the ADSs represented thereby) on the books maintained for such purpose and the Depositary shall as
promptly as commercially practicable (x) cancel such ADRs and execute new ADRs for the number of ADSs requested, but in the aggregate not exceeding the number of ADSs evidenced by the ADRs canceled by the Depositary, (y) cause the Registrar to
countersign such new ADRs and (z) Deliver such new ADRs to or upon the order of the Holder thereof, if each of the following conditions has been satisfied: (i) the ADRs have been duly Delivered by the Holder (or by a duly authorized attorney of
the Holder) to the Depositary at its Principal Office for the purpose of effecting a split-up or combination thereof, and (ii) all applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and all applicable taxes and governmental
charges (as are set forth in Section 5.9 and Exhibit B hereto) have been paid, subject, however, in each case, to the terms and conditions of any applicable ADRs, of the Deposit Agreement and of
applicable law, in each case as in effect at the time thereof.
(c) Co-Registrars.
The Depositary may appoint one or more co-registrars for the purpose of effecting transfers, combinations and split-ups of ADRs at designated transfer offices on behalf of the Depositary and the Depositary shall as promptly as practicable notify
the Company in writing upon any such appointment. In carrying out its functions, a co-registrar may require evidence of authority and compliance with applicable laws and other requirements by Holders or persons entitled to such ADRs and will be
entitled to protection and indemnity to the same extent as the Depositary. Such co-registrars may be removed and substitutes appointed by the Depositary and the Depositary shall as promptly as practicable notify the Company in writing upon any
such removal or substitution. Each co-registrar appointed under this Section 2.6 (other than the Depositary) shall give notice in writing to the Depositary accepting such appointment and agreeing to be bound by the applicable terms of the Deposit
Agreement.
Section 2.7 Surrender of ADSs and Withdrawal of Deposited Securities. The Holder of ADSs shall be entitled to Delivery (at the Custodian’s designated office, or, at the request, risk and expense of the Holder, at
such other place as the Holder requests) of the Deposited Securities at the time represented by the ADSs upon satisfaction of each of the following conditions: (i) the Holder (or a duly-authorized attorney of the Holder) has duly Delivered ADSs to
the Depositary at its Principal Office (and if applicable, the ADRs evidencing such ADSs) for the purpose of withdrawal of the Deposited Securities represented thereby, (ii) if applicable and so required by
the Depositary, the ADRs Delivered to the Depositary for such purpose have been properly endorsed in blank or are accompanied by proper instruments of transfer in blank (including signature guarantees in accordance with standard securities industry
practice), (iii) if so required by the Depositary, the Holder of the ADSs has executed and delivered to the Depositary a written order directing the Depositary to cause the Deposited Securities being withdrawn to be Delivered to or upon the written
order of the person(s) designated in such order, and (iv) all applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and all applicable taxes and governmental charges (as are set forth in Section 5.9 and Exhibit B) have
been paid, subject, however, in each case, to the terms and conditions of the ADRs evidencing the surrendered ADSs, of the Deposit Agreement, of the By-Laws and of any applicable laws and the rules of
Euroclear, if available, and to any provisions of or governing the Deposited Securities, in each case as in effect at the time thereof.
Upon satisfaction of each of the conditions specified above, the Depositary as promptly as commercially practicable (i) shall cancel the ADSs Delivered to
it (and, if applicable, the ADR(s) evidencing the ADSs so Delivered), (ii) shall direct the Registrar to record the cancellation of the ADSs so Delivered on the books maintained for such purpose, and (iii) shall direct the Custodian to Deliver, or
cause the Delivery of, in each case, without unreasonable delay, the Deposited Securities represented by the ADSs so canceled together with any certificate or other document of title for the Deposited Securities, or evidence of the electronic
transfer thereof (if available), as the case may be, to or upon the written order of the person(s) designated in the order delivered to the Depositary for such purpose, subject however, in each case, to the
terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement, of the ADRs evidencing the ADSs so canceled, of the By-Laws, of any applicable laws and of the rules of Euroclear, if available, and to the terms and conditions of or governing the Deposited Securities,
in each case as in effect at the time thereof.
The Depositary shall not accept for surrender ADSs representing less than one (1) Share. In the case of Delivery to it of ADSs representing a number other
than a whole number of Shares, the Depositary shall cause ownership of the appropriate whole number of Shares to be Delivered in accordance with the terms hereof, and shall, at the discretion of the Depositary, either (i) return to the person
surrendering such ADSs the number of ADSs representing any remaining fractional Share, or (ii) sell or cause to be sold the fractional Share represented by the ADSs so surrendered and remit the proceeds of such sale (net of (a) applicable fees and
charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and (b) applicable taxes withheld as a result of such sale) to the person surrendering the ADSs.
Notwithstanding anything else contained in any ADR or the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary may make delivery at the Principal Office of the Depositary of
Deposited Property consisting of (i) any cash dividends or cash distributions, or (ii) any proceeds from the sale of any non-cash distributions, which are at the time held by the Depositary in respect of the Deposited Securities represented by the
ADSs surrendered for cancellation and withdrawal. At the request, risk and expense of any Holder so surrendering ADSs, and for the account of such Holder, the Depositary shall direct the Custodian to forward (to the extent permitted by law) any
Deposited Property (other than Deposited Securities) held by the Custodian in respect of such ADSs to the Depositary for delivery at the Principal Office of the Depositary. Such direction shall be given by letter or, at the request, risk and expense
of such Holder, by cable, telex or facsimile transmission.
Section 2.8 Limitations
on Execution and Delivery, Transfer, etc. of ADSs; Suspension of Delivery, Transfer, etc.
(a) Additional
Requirements. As a condition precedent to the execution and Delivery, the registration of issuance, transfer, split-up, combination or surrender, of any ADS, the delivery of any distribution thereon, or the withdrawal of any
Deposited Property, the Depositary or the Custodian may require (i) payment from the depositor of Shares or presenter of ADSs or of an ADR of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any applicable tax or other governmental charge and any stock
transfer or registration fee with respect thereto (including any such tax or charge and fee with respect to Shares being deposited or withdrawn) and payment of any applicable fees and charges of the Depositary as provided in Section 5.9 and Exhibit
B, (ii) the production of proof reasonably satisfactory to it as to the identity and genuineness of any signature or any other matter contemplated by Section 3.1, and (iii) compliance with (A) any laws or governmental regulations relating to
the execution and Delivery of ADRs or ADSs or to the withdrawal of Deposited Securities and (B) such reasonable regulations as the Depositary and the Company may establish consistent with the provisions of the representative ADR, if applicable, the
Deposit Agreement and applicable law.
(b) Additional
Limitations. The issuance of ADSs against deposits of Shares generally or against deposits of particular Shares may be suspended, or the deposit of particular Shares may be refused, or the registration of transfer of ADSs in
particular instances may be refused, or the registration of transfers of ADSs generally may be suspended, during any period when the transfer books of the Company, the Depositary, a Registrar or the Share Registrar are closed or if any such action
is deemed necessary or advisable by the Depositary (whereupon the Depositary shall use commercially reasonable efforts to notify the Company promptly following such closure or determination) or the Company, in good faith, at any time or from time
to time because of any requirement of law or regulation, any government or governmental body or commission or any securities exchange on which the ADSs or Shares are listed, or under any provision of the Deposit Agreement or the representative
ADR(s), if applicable, or under any provision of, or governing, the Deposited Securities, or because of a meeting of shareholders of the Company or for any other reason, subject, in all cases, to Section 7.8(a).
(c) Regulatory
Restrictions. Notwithstanding any provision of the Deposit Agreement or any ADR(s) to the contrary, Holders are entitled to surrender outstanding ADSs to withdraw the Deposited Securities associated herewith at any time subject only
to (i) temporary delays caused by closing the transfer books of the Depositary or the Company or the deposit of Shares in connection with voting at a shareholders’ meeting or the payment of dividends, (ii) the payment of fees, taxes and similar
charges, (iii) compliance with any U.S. or foreign laws or governmental regulations relating to the ADSs or to the withdrawal of the Deposited Securities, and (iv) other circumstances specifically contemplated by Instruction I.A.(l) of the General
Instructions, as may be amended from time to time, to Registration Statement on Form F-6 under the Securities Act (“Form F-6”).
Section
2.9 Lost ADRs, etc. In case any ADR shall be mutilated, destroyed, lost, or stolen, the Depositary shall execute and Deliver a
new ADR of like tenor at the expense of the Holder (a) in the case of a mutilated ADR, in exchange of and substitution for such mutilated ADR upon cancellation thereof, or (b) in the case of a destroyed, lost or stolen ADR, in lieu of and in substitution for such destroyed, lost, or stolen ADR, after the Holder thereof (i) has submitted to the Depositary a written request for such exchange and
substitution before the Depositary has notice that the ADR has been acquired by a bona fide purchaser, (ii) has provided such security or indemnity (including an indemnity bond) as may be required by the Depositary to save it and any of its agents
harmless, and (iii) has satisfied any other reasonable requirements imposed by the Depositary, including, without limitation, evidence satisfactory to the Depositary of such destruction, loss or theft of such ADR, the authenticity thereof and the
Holder’s ownership thereof.
Section
2.10 Cancellation and Destruction of Surrendered ADRs; Maintenance of Records. All ADRs surrendered to the Depositary shall be
canceled by the Depositary. Canceled ADRs shall not be entitled to any benefits under the Deposit Agreement or be valid or enforceable against the Depositary or the Company for any purpose. The Depositary is authorized to destroy ADRs so
canceled, provided the Depositary maintains a record of all destroyed ADRs. Any ADSs held in book-entry form (e.g., through accounts at DTC) shall be deemed canceled when the Depositary causes the number of
ADSs evidenced by the Balance Certificate to be reduced by the number of ADSs surrendered (without the need to physically destroy the Balance Certificate).
Section
2.11 Escheatment. In the event any unclaimed property relating to the ADSs, for any reason, is in the possession of the
Depositary and has not been claimed by the Holder thereof or cannot be delivered to the Holder thereof through usual channels, the Depositary shall, upon expiration of any applicable statutory period relating to abandoned property laws, escheat
such unclaimed property to the relevant authorities in accordance with the laws of each of the relevant States of the United States.
Section
2.12 Partial Entitlement ADSs. In the event any Shares are deposited which (i) entitle the holders thereof to receive a
per-share distribution or other entitlement in an amount different from the Shares then on deposit or (ii) are not fully fungible (including, without limitation, as to settlement or trading) with the Shares then on deposit (the Shares then on
deposit collectively, “Full Entitlement Shares” and the Shares with different entitlement, “Partial Entitlement Shares”), the Depositary shall (i) cause
the Custodian to hold Partial Entitlement Shares separate and distinct from Full Entitlement Shares, and (ii) subject to the terms of the Deposit Agreement, issue ADSs representing Partial Entitlement Shares which are separate and distinct from the
ADSs representing Full Entitlement Shares, by means of separate CUSIP numbering and legending (if necessary) and, if applicable, by issuing ADRs evidencing such ADSs with applicable notations thereon (“Partial
Entitlement ADSs/ADRs” and “Full Entitlement ADSs/ADRs”, respectively). If and when Partial Entitlement Shares become Full Entitlement Shares, the Depositary shall (a) give notice
thereof to Holders of Partial Entitlement ADSs and give Holders of Partial Entitlement ADRs the opportunity to exchange such Partial Entitlement ADRs for Full Entitlement ADRs, (b) cause the Custodian to transfer the Partial Entitlement Shares into
the account of the Full Entitlement Shares, and (c) take such actions as are necessary to remove the distinctions between (i) the Partial Entitlement ADRs and ADSs, on the one hand, and (ii) the Full Entitlement ADRs and ADSs on the other hand.
Holders and Beneficial Owners of Partial Entitlement ADSs shall only be entitled to the entitlements of Partial Entitlement Shares. Holders and Beneficial Owners of Full Entitlement ADSs shall be entitled only to the entitlements of Full
Entitlement Shares. All provisions and conditions of the Deposit Agreement shall apply to Partial Entitlement ADRs and ADSs to the same extent as Full Entitlement ADRs and ADSs, except as contemplated by this Section 2.12. The Depositary is
authorized to take any and all other actions as may be necessary (including, without limitation, making the necessary notations on ADRs) to give effect to the terms of this Section 2.12. The Company agrees to give timely written notice to the
Depositary if any Shares issued or to be issued are Partial Entitlement Shares and shall assist the Depositary with the establishment of procedures enabling the identification of Partial Entitlement Shares upon Delivery to the Custodian.
Section
2.13 Certificated/Uncertificated ADSs. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary may, at
any time and from time to time, issue ADSs that are not evidenced by ADRs (such ADSs, the “Uncertificated ADS(s)” and the ADS(s) evidenced by ADR(s), the “Certificated
ADS(s)”). When issuing and maintaining Uncertificated ADS(s) under the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary shall at all times be subject to (i) the standards applicable to registrars and transfer agents maintaining direct registration
systems for equity securities in New York and issuing uncertificated securities under New York law, and (ii) the terms of New York law applicable to uncertificated equity securities. Uncertificated ADSs shall not be represented by any instruments
but shall be evidenced by registration in the books of the Depositary maintained for such purpose. Holders of Uncertificated ADSs, that are not subject to any registered pledges, liens, restrictions or adverse claims of which the Depositary has
notice at such time, shall at all times have the right to exchange the Uncertificated ADS(s) for Certificated ADS(s) of the same type and class, subject in each case to (x) applicable laws and any rules and regulations the Depositary may have
established in respect of the Uncertificated ADSs, and (y) the continued availability of Certificated ADSs in the U.S. Holders of Certificated ADSs shall, if the Depositary maintains a direct registration system for the ADSs, have the right to
exchange the Certificated ADSs for Uncertificated ADSs upon (i) the due surrender of the Certificated ADS(s) to the Depositary for such purpose and (ii) the presentation of a written request to that effect to the Depositary, subject in each case to
(a) all liens and restrictions noted on the ADR evidencing the Certificated ADS(s) and all adverse claims of which the Depositary then has notice, (b) the terms of the Deposit Agreement and the rules and regulations that the Depositary may
establish for such purposes hereunder, (c) applicable law, and (d) payment of the Depositary fees and expenses applicable to such exchange of Certificated ADS(s) for Uncertificated ADS(s). Uncertificated ADSs shall in all material respects be
identical to Certificated ADS(s) of the same type and class, except that (i) no ADR(s) shall be, or shall need to be, issued to evidence Uncertificated ADS(s), (ii) Uncertificated ADS(s) shall, subject to the terms of the Deposit Agreement, be
transferable upon the same terms and conditions as uncertificated securities under New York law, (iii) the ownership of Uncertificated ADS(s) shall be recorded on the books of the Depositary maintained for such purpose and evidence of such
ownership shall be reflected in periodic statements provided by the Depositary to the Holder(s) in accordance with applicable New York law, (iv) the Depositary may from time to time, upon notice to the Holders of Uncertificated ADSs affected
thereby, establish rules and regulations, and amend or supplement existing rules and regulations, as may be deemed reasonably necessary to maintain Uncertificated ADS(s) on behalf of Holders, provided that (a) such rules and regulations do not
conflict with the terms of the Deposit Agreement and applicable law, and (b) the terms of such rules and regulations are readily available to Holders upon request, (v) the Uncertificated ADS(s) shall not be entitled to any benefits under the
Deposit Agreement or be valid or enforceable for any purpose against the Depositary or the Company unless such Uncertificated ADS(s) is/are registered on the books of the Depositary maintained for such purpose, (vi) the Depositary may, in
connection with any deposit of Shares resulting in the issuance of Uncertificated ADSs and with any transfer, pledge, release and cancellation of Uncertificated ADSs, require the prior receipt of such documentation as the Depositary may deem
reasonably appropriate, and (vii) upon termination of the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary shall not require Holders of Uncertificated ADSs to affirmatively instruct the Depositary before remitting proceeds from the sale of the Deposited Property
represented by such Holders’ Uncertificated ADSs under the terms of Section 6.2. When issuing ADSs under the terms of the Deposit Agreement, including, without limitation, issuances pursuant to Sections 2.5, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.11, the Depositary may in its discretion determine to issue Uncertificated ADSs rather than Certificated ADSs, unless otherwise specifically instructed by the applicable Holder to issue Certificated ADSs. All
provisions and conditions of the Deposit Agreement shall apply to Uncertificated ADSs to the same extent as to Certificated ADSs, except as contemplated by this Section 2.13. The Depositary is authorized and directed to take any and all actions
and establish any and all procedures deemed reasonably necessary to give effect to the terms of this Section 2.13. Any references in the Deposit Agreement or any ADR(s) to the terms “American Depositary Share(s)” or “ADS(s)” shall, unless the
context otherwise requires, include Certificated ADS(s) and Uncertificated ADS(s). Except as set forth in this Section 2.13 and except as required by applicable law, the Uncertificated ADSs shall be treated as ADSs issued and outstanding under the
terms of the Deposit Agreement. In the event that, in determining the rights and obligations of parties hereto with respect to any Uncertificated ADSs, any conflict arises between (a) the terms of the Deposit Agreement (other than this Section
2.13) and (b) the terms of this Section 2.13, the terms and conditions set forth in this Section 2.13 shall be controlling and shall govern the rights and obligations of the parties to the Deposit Agreement pertaining to the Uncertificated ADSs.
Section 2.14 Restricted ADSs. The Depositary shall, at the request and expense of the Company, establish procedures enabling the deposit hereunder of Shares that are Restricted Securities in order to enable the holder
of such Shares to hold its ownership interests in such Restricted Securities in the form of ADSs issued under the terms hereof (such Shares, “Restricted Shares”).
Upon receipt of a written request from the Company to accept Restricted Shares for deposit hereunder, the Depositary agrees to establish procedures permitting the deposit of such Restricted Shares and the issuance of ADSs representing the right to
receive, subject to the terms of the Deposit Agreement and the applicable ADR (if issued as a Certificated ADS), such deposited Restricted Shares (such ADSs, the “Restricted ADSs,” and the ADRs
evidencing such Restricted ADSs, the “Restricted ADRs”). Notwithstanding anything contained in this Section 2.14, the Depositary and the Company may, to the extent not prohibited by law, agree to
issue the Restricted ADSs in uncertificated form (“Uncertificated Restricted ADSs”) upon such terms and conditions as the Company and the Depositary may deem necessary and appropriate. The Company
shall assist the Depositary in the establishment of such procedures and agrees that it shall take all steps necessary and reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary to ensure that the establishment of such procedures does not violate the provisions
of the Securities Act or any other applicable laws. The depositors of such Restricted Shares and the Holders of the Restricted ADSs may be required prior to the deposit of such Restricted Shares, the transfer of the Restricted ADRs and Restricted
ADSs or the withdrawal of the Restricted Shares represented by Restricted ADSs to provide such written certifications or agreements as the Depositary or the Company may require. The Company shall provide to the Depositary in writing the legend(s)
to be affixed to the Restricted ADRs (if the Restricted ADSs are to be issued as Certificated ADSs), or to be included in the statements issued from time to time to Holders of Uncertificated ADSs (if issued
as Uncertificated Restricted ADSs), which legends shall (i) be in a form reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary and (ii) contain the specific circumstances under which the Restricted ADSs, and, if applicable, the Restricted ADRs evidencing the
Restricted ADSs, may be transferred or the Restricted Shares withdrawn. The Restricted ADSs issued upon the deposit of Restricted Shares shall be separately identified on the books of the Depositary and the Restricted Shares so deposited shall, to
the extent required by law, be held separate and distinct from the other Deposited Securities held hereunder. The Restricted ADSs shall not be eligible for inclusion in any book-entry settlement system, including, without limitation, DTC, except
to the extent permitted by such book-entry settlement system, and shall not in any way be fungible with the ADSs issued under the terms hereof that are not Restricted ADSs. The Restricted ADSs, and, if applicable, the Restricted ADRs evidencing
the Restricted ADSs, shall be transferable only by the Holder thereof upon delivery to the Depositary of (i) all documentation otherwise contemplated by the Deposit Agreement and (ii) an opinion of counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary
setting forth, inter alia, the conditions upon which the Restricted ADSs presented, and, if applicable, the Restricted ADRs evidencing the Restricted ADSs, are transferable by the Holder thereof under
applicable securities laws and the transfer restrictions contained in the legend applicable to the Restricted ADSs presented for transfer. Except as set forth in this Section 2.14 and except as required by applicable law, the Restricted ADSs and
the Restricted ADRs evidencing Restricted ADSs shall be treated as ADSs and ADRs issued and outstanding under the terms of the Deposit Agreement. In the event that, in determining the rights and obligations of parties hereto with respect to any
Restricted ADSs, any conflict arises between (a) the terms of the Deposit Agreement (other than this Section 2.14) and (b) the terms of (i) this Section 2.14 or (ii) the applicable Restricted ADR, the terms and conditions set forth in this Section
2.14 and of the Restricted ADR shall be controlling and shall govern the rights and obligations of the parties to the Deposit Agreement pertaining to the deposited Restricted Shares, the Restricted ADSs and Restricted ADRs.
If the Restricted ADRs, the Restricted ADSs and the Restricted Shares cease to be Restricted Securities, the Depositary, upon receipt of (x) an opinion of
counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary setting forth, inter alia, that the Restricted ADRs, the Restricted ADSs and the Restricted Shares are not as of such time Restricted Securities, and (y)
instructions from the Company to remove the restrictions applicable to the Restricted ADRs, the Restricted ADSs and the Restricted Shares, shall (i) eliminate the distinctions and separations that may have been established between the applicable
Restricted Shares held on deposit under this Section 2.14 and the other Shares held on deposit under the terms of the Deposit Agreement that are not Restricted Shares, (ii) treat the newly unrestricted ADRs and ADSs on the same terms as, and fully
fungible with, the other ADRs and ADSs issued and outstanding under the terms of the Deposit Agreement that are not Restricted ADRs or Restricted ADSs, and (iii) take all actions necessary to remove any distinctions, limitations and restrictions
previously existing under this Section 2.14 between the applicable Restricted ADRs and Restricted ADSs, respectively, on the one hand, and the other ADRs and ADSs that are not Restricted ADRs or Restricted ADSs, respectively, on the other hand,
including, without limitation, by making the newly-unrestricted ADSs eligible for inclusion in the applicable book-entry settlement systems.
ARTICLE III
CERTAIN OBLIGATIONS OF HOLDERS
AND BENEFICIAL OWNERS OF ADSS
Section 3.1 Proofs, Certificates and Other Information. Any person presenting Shares for deposit, any Holder and any Beneficial Owner may be required, and every Holder and Beneficial Owner agrees, from time to time
to provide to the Depositary and the Custodian such proof of citizenship or residence, taxpayer status, payment of all applicable taxes or other governmental charges, exchange control approval, legal or beneficial ownership of ADSs and Deposited
Property, compliance with applicable laws, the terms of the Deposit Agreement or the ADR(s) evidencing the ADSs and the provisions of, or governing, the Deposited Property, to execute such certifications and to make such representations and
warranties, and to provide such other information and documentation as the Depositary or the Custodian may deem necessary or proper or as the Company may reasonably require by written request to the Depositary consistent with its obligations under
the Deposit Agreement and the applicable ADR(s). The Depositary and the Registrar, as applicable, may, and at the reasonable request of the Company, shall, to the extent practicable, withhold the execution or delivery or registration of transfer
of any ADR or ADS or the distribution or sale of any dividend or distribution of rights or of the proceeds thereof or, to the extent not limited by the terms of Section 7.8(a), the delivery of any Deposited Property until such proof or other
information is filed or such certifications are executed, or such representations and warranties are made, or such other documentation or information provided, in each case to the Depositary’s, the Registrar’s and the Company’s satisfaction. The
Depositary shall provide the Company, in a timely manner, with copies or originals if necessary and appropriate of (i) any such proofs of citizenship or residence, taxpayer status, or exchange control approval or copies of written representations
and warranties which it receives from Holders and Beneficial Owners, and (ii) any other information or documents which the Company may reasonably request and which the Depositary shall request and receive from any Holder or Beneficial Owner or any
person presenting Shares for deposit or ADSs for cancellation, transfer or withdrawal. Nothing herein shall obligate the Depositary to (i) obtain any information for the Company if not provided by the Holders or Beneficial Owners, or (ii) verify
or vouch for the accuracy of the information so provided by the Holders or Beneficial Owners.
Section 3.2 Liability for Taxes and Other Charges. Any tax or other governmental charge payable by the Custodian or by the Depositary with respect to any Deposited Property, ADSs or ADRs shall be payable by the
Holders and Beneficial Owners to the Depositary. The Company, the Custodian and/or the Depositary may withhold or deduct from any distributions made in respect of Deposited Property and may sell for the account of a Holder and/or Beneficial Owner
any or all of such Deposited Property and apply such distributions and sale proceeds in payment of, any taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) or charges that are or become payable by Holders or Beneficial Owners in respect of the
ADSs, Deposited Property and ADRs, the Holder and the Beneficial Owner remaining liable for any deficiency. The Custodian may refuse the deposit of Shares and the Depositary may refuse to issue ADSs, to Deliver ADRs, register the transfer of ADSs,
register the split‑up or combination of ADRs and (subject to Section 7.8(a)) the withdrawal of Deposited Property until payment in full of such tax, charge, penalty or interest is received. Every Holder and Beneficial Owner agrees to indemnify the
Depositary, the Company, the Custodian, and any of their respective agents, officers, employees and Affiliates for, and to hold each of them harmless from, any claims with respect to taxes (including applicable interest and penalties thereon)
arising from any tax benefit obtained for such Holder and/or Beneficial Owner. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Deposit Agreement or any ADR, the obligations of Holders and Beneficial Owners under this Section 3.2 shall
survive any transfer of ADSs, any cancellation of ADSs and withdrawal of Deposited Securities, and the termination of the Deposit Agreement.
Section 3.3 Representations and Warranties on Deposit of Shares. Each person depositing Shares under the Deposit Agreement shall be deemed thereby to represent and warrant that (i) such Shares and, if applicable, the
certificates therefor are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid, non‑assessable and legally obtained by such person, (ii) all preemptive (and similar) rights, if any, with respect to such Shares have been validly waived or exercised, (iii)
the person making such deposit is duly authorized so to do, (iv) the Shares presented for deposit are free and clear of any lien, encumbrance, security interest, charge, mortgage or adverse claim, (v) the Shares presented for deposit are not, and
the ADSs issuable upon such deposit will not be, Restricted Securities (except as contemplated in Section 2.14), and (vi) the Shares presented for deposit have not been stripped of any rights or entitlements. Such representations and warranties
shall survive the deposit and withdrawal of Shares, the issuance and cancellation of ADSs in respect thereof and the transfer of such ADSs. If any such representations or warranties are false in any way, the Company and the Depositary shall be
authorized, at the cost and expense of the person depositing Shares, to take any and all actions necessary to correct the consequences thereof.
Section 3.4 Compliance with Information Requests. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Deposit Agreement or any ADR(s), each Holder and Beneficial Owner agrees to comply with requests from the Company pursuant
to applicable law, the rules and requirements of any stock exchange on which the Shares or ADSs are, or will be, registered, traded or listed or the By-Laws, which are made to provide information, inter alia,
as to the capacity in which such Holder or Beneficial Owner owns ADSs (and Shares as the case may be) and regarding the identity of any other person(s) interested in such ADSs and the nature of such interest and various other matters, whether or
not they are Holders and/or Beneficial Owners at the time of such request. The Depositary agrees to use its reasonable efforts to forward, upon the request of the Company and at the Company’s expense, any such request from the Company to the
Holders and to forward to the Company, as promptly as practicable, any such responses to such requests received by the Depositary.
Section 3.5 Ownership Restrictions. Notwithstanding any other provision in the Deposit Agreement or any ADR, the Company may restrict transfers of the Shares where such transfer might result in ownership of Shares
exceeding limits imposed by applicable law or the By-Laws. The Company may also restrict, in such manner as it deems appropriate, transfers of the ADSs where such transfer may result in the total number of Shares represented by the ADSs owned by a
single Holder or Beneficial Owner to exceed any such limits. The Company may, in its sole discretion but subject to applicable law, instruct the Depositary to take action with respect to the ownership interest of any Holder or Beneficial Owner in
excess of the limits set forth in the preceding sentence, including, but not limited to, the imposition of restrictions on the transfer of ADSs, the removal or limitation of voting rights or mandatory sale or disposition on behalf of a Holder or
Beneficial Owner of the Shares represented by the ADSs held by such Holder or Beneficial Owner in excess of such limitations, if and to the extent such disposition is permitted by applicable law and the By-Laws. Nothing herein shall be interpreted
as obligating the Depositary or the Company to ensure compliance with the ownership restrictions described in this Section 3.5.
Section 3.6 Reporting Obligations and Regulatory Approvals. Applicable laws and regulations may require holders and beneficial owners of Shares, including the Holders and Beneficial Owners of ADSs, to satisfy
reporting requirements and obtain regulatory approvals in certain circumstances. Holders and Beneficial Owners of ADSs are solely responsible for determining and complying with such reporting requirements and obtaining such approvals. Each Holder
and each Beneficial Owner hereby agrees to make such determination, file such reports, and obtain such approvals to the extent and in the form required by applicable laws and regulations as in effect from time to time. Neither the Depositary, the
Custodian, the Company or any of their respective agents or affiliates shall be required to take any actions whatsoever on behalf of Holders or Beneficial Owners to determine or satisfy such reporting requirements or obtain such regulatory
approvals under applicable laws and regulations.
ARTICLE IV
THE DEPOSITED SECURITIES
Section 4.1 Cash Distributions. Whenever the Company intends to make a distribution of a cash dividend or other cash distribution in respect of any Deposited Securities, the Company shall give notice thereof to the
Depositary at least twenty (20) calendar days prior to the proposed distribution specifying, inter alia, the record date applicable for determining the holders of Deposited Securities entitled to receive
such distribution. Upon the timely receipt of such notice, the Depositary shall establish the ADS Record Date upon the terms described in Section 4.9. Upon receipt of confirmation from the Custodian of the receipt of any cash dividend or other
cash distribution on any Deposited Securities, or upon receipt of proceeds from the sale of any Deposited Property held in respect of the ADSs under the terms hereof, the Depositary will (i) if at the time of receipt thereof any amounts received in
a Foreign Currency can, in the judgment of the Depositary (pursuant to Section 4.8), be converted on a practicable basis into Dollars transferable to the United States, promptly convert or cause to be converted such cash dividend, distribution or
proceeds into Dollars (on the terms described in Section 4.8), (ii) if applicable and unless previously established, establish the ADS Record Date upon the terms described in Section 4.9, and (iii) distribute promptly the amount thus received (net
of (a) the applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and (b) applicable taxes withheld as a result of the distribution) to the Holders entitled thereto as of the ADS Record Date in proportion to the number of ADSs
held as of the ADS Record Date. The Depositary shall distribute only such amount, however, as can be distributed without attributing to any Holder a fraction of one cent, and any balance not so distributed shall be held by the Depositary (without
liability for interest thereon) and shall be added to and become part of the next sum received by the Depositary for distribution to Holders of ADSs outstanding at the time of the next distribution. If the Company, the Custodian or the Depositary
is required to withhold and does withhold from any cash dividend or other cash distribution in respect of any Deposited Securities, or from any cash proceeds from the sales of Deposited Property, an amount on account of taxes, duties or other
governmental charges, the amount distributed to Holders on the ADSs shall be reduced accordingly. Such withheld amounts shall be forwarded by the Company, the Custodian or the Depositary to the relevant governmental authority. Evidence of payment
thereof by the Company shall be forwarded by the Company to the Depositary upon request. The Depositary will hold any cash amounts it is unable to distribute in a non-interest bearing account for the benefit of the applicable Holders and
Beneficial Owners of ADSs until the distribution can be effected or the funds that the Depositary holds must be escheated as unclaimed property in accordance with the laws of the relevant states of the United States. Notwithstanding anything
contained in the Deposit Agreement to the contrary, in the event the Company fails to give the Depositary timely notice of the proposed distribution provided for in this Section 4.1, the Depositary agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to
perform the actions contemplated in this Section 4.1, and the Company, the Holders and the Beneficial Owners acknowledge that the Depositary shall have no liability for the Depositary’s failure to perform the actions contemplated in this Section
4.1 where such notice has not been so timely given, other than its failure to use commercially reasonable efforts, as provided herein.
Section 4.2 Distribution in Shares. Whenever the Company intends to make a distribution that consists of a dividend in, or free distribution of, Shares, the Company shall give notice thereof to the Depositary at
least twenty (20) calendar days prior to the proposed distribution, specifying, inter alia, the record date applicable to holders of Deposited Securities entitled to receive such distribution. Upon the
timely receipt of such notice from the Company, the Depositary shall establish the ADS Record Date upon the terms described in Section 4.9. Upon receipt of confirmation from the Custodian of the receipt of the Shares so distributed by the Company,
the Depositary shall either (i) subject to Section 5.9, distribute to the Holders as of the ADS Record Date in proportion to the number of ADSs held as of the ADS Record Date, additional ADSs, which represent in the aggregate the number of Shares
received as such dividend, or free distribution, subject to the other terms of the Deposit Agreement (including, without limitation, payment of (a) the applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and (b) applicable
taxes), or (ii) if additional ADSs are not so distributed, take all actions necessary so that each ADS issued and outstanding after the ADS Record Date shall, to the extent permissible by law, thenceforth also represent rights and interests in the
additional integral number of Shares distributed upon the Deposited Securities represented thereby (net of (a) the applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and (b) applicable taxes withheld as a result of the
distribution). In lieu of Delivering fractional ADSs, the Depositary shall sell the number of Shares or ADSs, as the case may be, represented by the aggregate of such fractions and distribute the net proceeds upon the terms described in Section
4.1. In the event that the Depositary determines that any distribution in property (including Shares) is subject to any tax or other governmental charges which the Depositary is obligated to withhold, or, if the Company in the fulfillment of its
obligation under Section 5.7, has furnished an opinion of U.S. counsel determining that Shares must be registered under the Securities Act or other laws in order to be distributed to Holders (and no such registration statement has been declared
effective), the Depositary may dispose of all or a portion of such property (including Shares and rights to subscribe therefor) in such amounts and in such manner, including by public or private sale, as the Depositary deems necessary and
practicable, and the Depositary shall distribute the net proceeds of any such sale (after deduction of (a) applicable taxes paid or withheld and (b) fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary) to Holders entitled thereto upon the
terms described in Section 4.1. The Depositary shall hold and/or distribute any unsold balance of such property in accordance with the provisions of the Deposit Agreement. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Deposit Agreement to the
contrary, in the event the Company fails to give the Depositary timely notice of the proposed distribution provided for in this Section 4.2, the Depositary agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to perform the actions contemplated in this
Section 4.2, and the Company, the Holders and the Beneficial Owners acknowledge that the Depositary shall have no liability for the Depositary’s failure to perform the actions contemplated in this Section 4.2 where such notice has not been so
timely given, other than its failure to use commercially reasonable efforts, as provided herein.
Section 4.3 Elective Distributions in Cash or Shares. Whenever the Company intends to make a distribution payable at the election of the holders of Deposited Securities in cash or in additional Shares, the Company
shall give notice thereof to the Depositary at least forty-five (45) calendar days prior to the proposed distribution specifying, inter alia, the record date
applicable to holders of Deposited Securities entitled to receive such elective distribution and whether or not it wishes such elective distribution to be made available to Holders of ADSs. Upon the timely receipt of a notice indicating that the
Company wishes such elective distribution to be made available to Holders of ADSs, the Depositary shall consult with the Company to determine, and the Company shall assist the Depositary in its determination, whether it is lawful and reasonably
practicable to make such elective distribution available to the Holders of ADSs. The Depositary shall make such elective distribution available to Holders only if (i) the Company shall have timely requested that the elective distribution be made
available to Holders, (ii) the Depositary shall have determined that such distribution is reasonably practicable and (iii) the Depositary shall have received satisfactory documentation within the terms of Section 5.7. If the above conditions are
not satisfied or if the Company requests such elective distribution not to be made available to Holders of ADSs, the Depositary shall establish the ADS Record Date on the terms described in Section 4.9 and, to the extent permitted by law,
distribute to the Holders, on the basis of the same determination as is made in the Republic of France in respect of the Shares for which no election is made, either (X) cash upon the terms described in Section 4.1 or (Y) additional ADSs
representing such additional Shares upon the terms described in Section 4.2. If the above conditions are satisfied, the Depositary shall establish an ADS Record Date on the terms described in Section 4.9 and establish procedures to enable Holders
to elect the receipt of the proposed distribution in cash or in additional ADSs. The Company shall assist the Depositary in establishing such procedures to the extent necessary. If a Holder elects to receive the proposed distribution (X) in cash,
the distribution shall be made upon the terms described in Section 4.1, or (Y) in ADSs, the distribution shall be made upon the terms described in Section 4.2. Nothing herein shall obligate the Depositary to make available to Holders a method to
receive the elective distribution in Shares (rather than ADSs). There can be no assurance that Holders generally, or any Holder in particular, will be given the opportunity to receive elective distributions on the same terms and conditions as the
holders of Shares. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Deposit Agreement to the contrary, in the event the Company fails to give the Depositary timely notice of the proposed distribution provided for in this Section 4.3, the Depositary
agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to perform the actions contemplated in this Section 4.3, and the Company, the Holders and the Beneficial Owners acknowledge that the Depositary shall have no liability for the Depositary’s failure to
perform the actions contemplated in this Section 4.3 where such notice has not been so timely given, other than its failure to use commercially reasonable efforts, as provided herein.
Section 4.4 Distribution
of Rights to Purchase Additional ADSs.
(a) Distribution
to ADS Holders. Whenever the Company intends to distribute to the holders of the Deposited Securities rights to subscribe for additional Shares (including through the allocation of share subscription warrants (bons de souscription d’actions), the Company shall give notice thereof to the Depositary at least sixty (60) calendar days prior to the proposed distribution specifying, inter
alia, the record date applicable to holders of Deposited Securities entitled to receive such distribution and whether or not it wishes such rights to be made available to Holders of ADSs. Upon the timely receipt of a notice indicating
that the Company wishes such rights to be made available to Holders of ADSs, the Depositary shall consult with the Company to determine, and the Company shall assist the Depositary in its determination, whether it is lawful and reasonably
practicable to make such rights available to the Holders. The Depositary shall make such rights available to Holders only if (i) the Company shall have timely requested that such rights be made available to Holders, (ii) the Depositary shall have
received satisfactory documentation within the terms of Section 5.7, and (iii) the Depositary shall have determined that such distribution of rights is reasonably practicable. In the event any of the conditions set forth above are not satisfied or
if the Company requests that the rights not be made available to Holders of ADSs, the Depositary shall proceed with the sale of the rights as contemplated in Section 4.4(b) below. In the event all conditions set forth above are satisfied, the
Depositary shall establish the ADS Record Date (upon the terms described in Section 4.9) and establish procedures to (x) distribute rights to purchase additional ADSs (by means of warrants or otherwise), (y) enable the Holders to exercise such
rights (upon payment of the subscription price and of the applicable (a) fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and (b) taxes), and (z) deliver ADSs upon the valid exercise of such rights. The Company shall assist the
Depositary to the extent necessary in establishing such procedures. Nothing herein shall obligate the Depositary to make available to the Holders a method to exercise rights to subscribe for Shares (rather than ADSs).
(b) Sale of
Rights. If (i) the Company does not timely request the Depositary to make the rights available to Holders or requests that the rights not be made available to Holders, (ii) the Depositary fails to receive satisfactory documentation
within the terms of Section 5.7, or determines it is not reasonably practicable to make the rights available to Holders, or (iii) any rights made available are not exercised and appear to be about to lapse, the Depositary shall determine whether it
is lawful and reasonably practicable to sell such rights, in a riskless principal capacity, at such place and upon such terms (including public or private sale) as it may deem practicable. The Company shall assist the Depositary to the extent
necessary to determine such legality and practicability. The Depositary shall, upon such sale, convert and distribute proceeds of such sale (net of applicable (a) fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and (b) taxes withheld
as a result of the sale) upon the terms set forth in Section 4.1.
(c) Lapse of
Rights. If the Depositary is unable to make any rights available to Holders upon the terms described in Section 4.4(a) or to arrange for the sale of the rights upon the terms described in Section 4.4(b), the Depositary shall allow
such rights to lapse.
The Depositary shall not be liable for (i) any failure to accurately determine whether it may be lawful or practicable to make such rights available to
Holders in general or any Holders in particular, (ii) any foreign exchange exposure or loss incurred in connection with such sale, or exercise, or (iii) the content of any materials forwarded to the Holders on behalf of the Company in connection with
the rights distribution.
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 4.4, if registration (under the Securities Act or any other applicable law) of the rights or the
securities to which any rights relate may be required in order for the Company to offer such rights or such securities to Holders and to sell the securities represented by such rights, the Depositary will not distribute such rights to the Holders (i)
unless and until a registration statement under the Securities Act (or other applicable law) covering such offering is in effect or (ii) unless the Company furnishes the Depositary opinion(s) of counsel for the Company in the United States and
counsel to the Company in any other applicable country in which rights would be distributed, in each case reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary, to the effect that the offering and sale of such securities to Holders and Beneficial Owners are
exempt from, or do not require registration under, the provisions of the Securities Act or any other applicable laws.
In the event that the Company, the Depositary or the Custodian shall be required to withhold and does withhold from any distribution of Deposited Property
(including rights) an amount on account of taxes or other governmental charges, the amount distributed to the Holders of ADSs shall be reduced accordingly. In the event that the Depositary reasonably determines that any distribution of Deposited
Property (including Shares and rights to subscribe therefor) is subject to any tax or other governmental charges which the Depositary is obligated to withhold, the Depositary may dispose of all or a portion of such Deposited Property (including
Shares and rights to subscribe therefor) in such amounts and in such manner, including by public or private sale, as the Depositary deems necessary and practicable to pay any such taxes or charges.
There can be no assurance that Holders generally, or any Holder in particular, will be given the opportunity to receive or exercise rights on the same
terms and conditions as the holders of Shares or be able to exercise such rights. Nothing herein shall obligate the Company to file any registration statement in respect of any rights or Shares or other securities to be acquired upon the exercise of
such rights.
Section 4.5 Distributions
Other Than Cash, Shares or Rights to Purchase Shares.
(a) Whenever the Company intends to distribute
to the holders of Deposited Securities property other than cash, Shares or rights to purchase additional Shares, the Company shall give timely notice thereof to the Depositary and shall indicate whether or not it wishes such distribution to be made
to Holders of ADSs. Upon receipt of a notice indicating that the Company wishes such distribution to be made to Holders of ADSs, the Depositary shall consult with the Company, and the Company shall assist the Depositary, to determine whether such
distribution to Holders is lawful and reasonably practicable. The Depositary shall not make such distribution unless (i) the Company shall have requested the Depositary to make such distribution to Holders, (ii) the Depositary shall have received
satisfactory documentation within the terms of Section 5.7, and (iii) the Depositary shall have determined that such distribution is reasonably practicable.
(b) Upon receipt of satisfactory documentation
and the request of the Company to distribute property to Holders of ADSs and after making the requisite determinations set forth in (a) above, the Depositary shall distribute the property so received to the Holders of record, as of the ADS Record
Date, in proportion to the number of ADSs held by them respectively and in such manner as the Depositary may deem practicable for accomplishing such distribution (i) upon receipt of payment or net of the applicable fees and charges of, and expenses
incurred by, the Depositary, and (ii) net of any taxes withheld as a result of the distribution. The Depositary may dispose of all or a portion of the property so distributed and deposited, in such amounts and in such manner (including public or
private sale) as the Depositary may deem practicable or necessary to satisfy any taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) or other governmental charges applicable to the distribution.
(c) If (i) the Company does not request the
Depositary to make such distribution to Holders or requests not to make such distribution to Holders, (ii) the Depositary does not receive satisfactory documentation within the terms of Section 5.7, or (iii) the Depositary determines that all or a
portion of such distribution is not reasonably practicable, the Depositary shall sell or cause such property to be sold in a public or private sale, at such place or places and upon such terms as it may deem practicable and shall (i) cause the
proceeds of such sale, if any, to be converted into Dollars and (ii) distribute the proceeds of such conversion received by the Depositary (net of applicable (a) fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and (b) taxes withheld
as a result of the sale) to the Holders as of the ADS Record Date upon the terms of Section 4.1. If the Depositary is unable to sell such property, the Depositary may dispose of such property for the account of the Holders in any way it deems
reasonably practicable under the circumstances.
(d) Neither the Depositary nor the Company shall
be liable for (i) any failure to accurately determine whether it is lawful or practicable to make the property described in this Section 4.5 available to Holders in general or any Holders in particular, nor (ii) any loss incurred in connection with
the sale or disposal of such property.
Section
4.6 Distributions with Respect to Deposited Securities in Bearer Form. Subject to the terms of this Article IV, distributions
in respect of Deposited Securities that are held by the Depositary in bearer form shall be made to the Depositary for the account of the respective Holders of ADS(s) with respect to which any such distribution is made upon due presentation by the
Depositary or the Custodian to the Company of any relevant coupons, talons, or certificates. The Company shall promptly notify the Depositary of such distributions. The Depositary or the Custodian shall promptly present such coupons, talons or
certificates, as the case may be, in connection with any such distribution.
Section
4.7 Redemption. If the Company intends to exercise any right of redemption in respect of any of the Deposited Securities, the
Company shall give notice thereof to the Depositary at least thirty (30) calendar days prior to the intended date of redemption which notice shall set forth the particulars of the proposed redemption. Upon
timely receipt of (i) such notice and (ii) satisfactory documentation given by the Company to the Depositary within the terms of Section 5.7, and only if, after consultation between the Depositary and the Company, the Depositary shall have
determined that such proposed redemption is practicable, the Depositary shall provide to each Holder a notice setting forth the intended exercise by the Company of the redemption rights and any other particulars set forth in the Company’s notice to
the Depositary. The Depositary shall instruct the Custodian to present to the Company the Deposited Securities in respect of which redemption rights are being exercised against payment of the applicable redemption price. Upon receipt of
confirmation from the Custodian that the redemption has taken place and that funds representing the redemption price have been received, the Depositary shall convert, transfer, and distribute the proceeds (net of applicable (a) fees and charges of,
and the expenses incurred by, the Depositary, and (b) taxes), retire ADSs and cancel ADR, if applicable, upon delivery of such ADSs by Holders thereof and the terms set forth in Sections 4.1 and 6.2. If less than all outstanding Deposited
Securities are redeemed, the ADSs to be retired will be selected by lot or on a pro rata basis, as may be determined by the Depositary after consultation with the Company. The redemption price per ADS shall be the dollar equivalent of the per
share amount received by the Depositary (adjusted to reflect the ADS(s)-to-Share(s) ratio) upon the redemption of the Deposited Securities represented by ADSs (subject to the terms of Section 4.8 and the applicable fees and charges of, and expenses
incurred by, the Depositary, and applicable taxes) multiplied by the number of Deposited Securities represented by each ADS redeemed. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Deposit Agreement to the contrary, in the event the Company fails to
give the Depositary timely notice of the proposed redemption provided for in this Section 4.7, the Depositary agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to perform the actions contemplated in this Section 4.7, and the Company, the Holders and
the Beneficial Owners acknowledge that the Depositary shall have no liability for the Depositary’s failure to perform the actions contemplated in this Section 4.7 where such notice has not been so timely given, other than its failure to use
commercially reasonable efforts, as provided herein.
Section
4.8 Conversion of Foreign Currency. Whenever the Depositary or the Custodian shall receive Foreign Currency, by way of
dividends or other distributions or the net proceeds from the sale of Deposited Property, which in the judgment of the Depositary can at such time be converted on a practicable basis, by sale or in any other manner that it may determine in
accordance with applicable law, into Dollars transferable to the United States and distributable to the Holders entitled thereto, the Depositary shall convert or cause to be converted, by sale or in any other manner that it may reasonably
determine, such Foreign Currency into Dollars, and shall distribute such Dollars (net of the fees and charges set forth in the Fee Schedule attached hereto as Exhibit B, and applicable taxes withheld) in accordance with the terms of the applicable
sections of the Deposit Agreement. The Depositary and/or its agent (which may be a division, branch or Affiliate of the Depositary) may act as principal for any conversion of Foreign Currency. If the Depositary shall have distributed warrants or
other instruments that entitle the holders thereof to such Dollars, the Depositary shall distribute such Dollars to the holders of such warrants and/or instruments upon surrender thereof for cancellation, in either case without liability for
interest thereon. Such distribution may be made upon an averaged or other practicable basis without regard to any distinctions among Holders on account of any application of exchange restrictions or otherwise.
If such conversion or distribution generally or with regard to a particular Holder can be effected only with the approval or license of any government or
agency thereof, the Depositary shall have authority to file such application for approval or license, if any, as it may deem desirable. In no event, however, shall the Depositary be obligated to make such a filing.
If at any time the Depositary shall determine that in its judgment the conversion of any Foreign Currency and the transfer and distribution of proceeds of
such conversion received by the Depositary is not practicable or lawful, or if any approval or license of any governmental authority or agency thereof that is required for such conversion, transfer and distribution is denied or, in the opinion of the
Depositary, not obtainable at a reasonable cost or within a reasonable period, the Depositary may, in its reasonable discretion, (i) make such conversion and distribution in Dollars to the Holders for whom such conversion, transfer and distribution
is lawful and practicable, (ii) distribute the Foreign Currency (or an appropriate document evidencing the right to receive such Foreign Currency) to Holders for whom this is lawful and practicable, or (iii) hold (or cause the Custodian to hold) such
Foreign Currency (without liability for interest thereon) for the respective accounts of the Holders entitled to receive the same.
Section
4.9 Fixing of ADS Record Date. Whenever (a) the Depositary shall receive notice of the fixing of a record date by the Company
for the determination of holders of Deposited Securities entitled to receive any distribution (whether in cash, Shares, rights, or other distribution), (b) for any reason the Depositary causes a change in the number of Shares that are represented
by each ADS, (c) the Depositary shall receive notice of any meeting of, or solicitation of consents or proxies of, holders of Shares or other Deposited Securities, or (d) the Depositary shall find it necessary or convenient in connection with the
giving of any notice, solicitation of any consent or any other matter, the Depositary shall fix the record date (the “ADS Record Date”) for the determination of the Holders of ADS(s) who shall be
entitled to receive such distribution, to give instructions for the exercise of voting rights at any such meeting, to give or withhold such consent, to receive such notice or solicitation or to otherwise take action, or to exercise the rights of
Holders with respect to such changed number of Shares represented by each ADS. The Depositary shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to establish the ADS Record Date as closely as reasonably possible to the applicable record date for the
Deposited Securities (if any) set by the Company in the Republic of France and shall not announce the establishment of any ADS Record Date prior to the relevant corporate action having been made public by the Company (if such corporate action
affects the Deposited Securities). Subject to applicable law and the provisions of Section 4.1 through 4.8 and to the other terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement, only the Holders of ADSs at the close of business in New York on such ADS
Record Date shall be entitled to receive such distribution, to give such voting instructions, to receive such notice or solicitation, or otherwise take action.
Section
4.10 Voting of Deposited Securities. As soon as practicable after receipt of notice
of any meeting at which the holders of Deposited Securities are entitled to vote, or of solicitation of consents or proxies from holders of Deposited Securities, the Depositary shall fix the ADS Record Date in respect of such meeting or
solicitation of consent or proxy in accordance with Section 4.9. The Depositary shall, if requested by the Company in writing in a timely manner (the Depositary having no obligation to take any further action if the request shall not have been
received by the Depositary at least thirty (30) calendar days prior to the date of such vote or meeting, except where under French law the notice period for such meeting is less than thirty (30) calendar days, in which case the Depositary shall
upon receipt of the request use all commercially reasonable efforts to distribute to Holders the material in (a), (b), and (c) of this paragraph and carry out the further actions set forth in this Section 4.10) at the Company’s expense and provided
no U.S. legal prohibitions exist, distribute as soon as practicable after receipt thereof to Holders as of the ADS Record Date: (a) such notice of meeting or solicitation of consent or proxy, (b) a statement that the Holders at the close of
business on the ADS Record Date who continue to be Holders on the Share Record Date (as defined below) will be entitled, subject to any applicable law, the provisions of the Deposit Agreement, the By-Laws and the provisions of or governing the
Deposited Securities (which provisions, if any, shall be summarized in pertinent part by the Company), to instruct the Depositary as to the exercise of the voting rights, if any, pertaining to the Deposited Securities represented by such Holder’s
ADSs, and (c) a brief statement as to the manner in which such voting instructions may be given to the Depositary or in which voting instructions may be deemed to have been given in accordance with this Section 4.10 if no such voting instructions
have been given to the Depositary prior to the deadline set forth for such purpose.
Notwithstanding anything contained in the Deposit Agreement or any ADR, with the Company’s prior written consent, the Depositary may, to the extent not
prohibited by law or regulations, the By-Laws, or by the requirements of any stock exchange on which the ADSs may be listed, in lieu of distribution of the materials provided to the Depositary in connection with any meeting of, or solicitation of
consents or proxies from, holders of Deposited Securities, distribute to the Holders a notice that provides Holders with, or otherwise publicizes to Holders, instructions on how to retrieve such materials or receive such materials upon request (i.e., by reference to a website containing the materials for retrieval or a contact for requesting copies of the materials).
The Company has informed the Depositary that, as of the date of the Deposit Agreement, under French company law and the By-Laws, (i) the record date for
holders of Shares to vote at a shareholders meeting is at least three (3) calendar days (“jours francs”) prior to the shareholders’ meeting (such date as may be established from time to time, the “Share Record Date”), (ii) in order to exercise voting rights holders of Shares in registered form must have their Shares registered in their own name, or where applicable in the name of a registered
financial intermediary (intermédiaire inscrit), in a share account maintained by or on behalf of the Company as of the Share Record Date, (iii) in order to exercise voting rights holders of Shares in bearer
form are required to have their Shares registered in their own name, or where applicable, in the name of a registered financial intermediary (intermédiaire inscrit) and obtain from an accredited financial
intermediary (intermédiaire habilité), and provide to the Company, an attendance certificate (attestation de participation) attesting to the registration of such Shares
in the financial intermediary’s account as of the Share Record Date, and (iv) the voting form must be delivered to the Company at least three (3) calendar days (“jours francs”) prior to the date of the
shareholders’ meeting (voting forms sent by electronic form can be received by the Company up to the day immediately preceding the meeting date at 3:00 p.m., Paris time).
In accordance with the foregoing, a Holder as of the ADS Record Date who desires to exercise its voting rights with respect to ADSs representing Shares in
registered or bearer form is required to: (a) be a Holder of the ADSs as of the Share Record Date, and (b) deliver voting instructions to the Depositary, in a form acceptable to the Company and the Depositary, by the date established by the
Depositary for such purpose (the “Receipt Date”). The delivery of voting instructions shall be deemed instructions to the Depositary to (i) request that the Custodian deliver a voting form (formulaire de vote à distance) to the Company prior to the deadline established by the Company and (ii) request that the Custodian deposit the requisite attendance certificate (attestation
de participation) with the Company.
Voting instructions may be given only in respect of a number of ADSs representing an integral number of Deposited Securities. Upon receipt by the
Depositary of (i) the voting instructions, in a form acceptable to the Company and the Depositary, on or before the Receipt Date, and (ii) confirmation reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary that the applicable conditions of the preceding
paragraph have been satisfied, the Depositary shall endeavor, insofar as practicable and permitted under any applicable provisions of French law and the By-Laws, to cause to be voted the Shares represented by such ADSs in accordance with any
non-discretionary instructions set forth in such voting instructions. If the Depositary receives from a Holder (who has otherwise satisfied all conditions to voting contemplated herein) voting instructions which fail to specify the manner in which
the Depositary is to vote the Deposited Securities represented by such Holder’s ADSs, the Depositary will deem such Holder (unless otherwise specified in the notice distributed to Holders) to have instructed the Depositary to vote in favor of all
resolutions endorsed by the Company’s supervisory board. With respect to Deposited Securities represented by ADSs for which no timely voting instructions are received by the Depositary from the Holder, the Depositary shall (unless otherwise
specified in the notice distributed to Holders) deem such Holder, to have instructed the Depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by the Company to vote the Deposited Securities; provided, however, that no such discretionary
proxy shall be given by the Depositary with respect to any matter to be voted upon as to which the Company informs the Depositary that (i) the Company does not wish such proxy to be given, (ii) substantial opposition exists, or (iii) the rights of
holders of Deposited Securities may be materially adversely affected. By way of example and not limitation, it is agreed that routine matters, such as appointing auditors and supervisory board members (except where a competing supervisory board
member or slate of supervisory board members is proposed), or the approval of a public offering or private placement of securities, would not materially affect the rights of Holders.
The Depositary will not knowingly take any action to impair its ability to carry out the voting instructions of Beneficial Owners of ADSs delivered to it
by DTC, any DTC Participants or any of their agents. In the case of voting instructions received in respect of any Beneficial Owner of ADSs as of the ADS Record Date who is not the Holder of the ADSs on the books of the Depositary, the Depositary
will not cause to be voted the number of Shares represented by such ADSs unless the Depositary has received confirmation (reasonably satisfactory to it and to the Company) from DTC or the applicable securities intermediaries for the Beneficial Owner
(and/or their agents) that such number of ADSs continue to be held by such Beneficial Owner as of the Share Record Date. Except as provided above, the Depositary will not cause to be voted Shares represented by ADSs in respect of which the voting
instructions are improperly completed or in respect of which (and to the extent) the voting instructions are illegible or unclear. The Depositary will not charge any fees in connection with the foregoing transactions to enable any Holder to exercise
its voting rights under the Deposit Agreement.
Neither the Depositary nor the Custodian shall under any circumstances exercise any discretion as to voting and neither the Depositary nor the Custodian
shall vote, attempt to exercise the right to vote, or in any way make use of the Deposited Securities represented by ADSs, except pursuant to and in accordance with the voting instructions timely received from Holders or as otherwise contemplated
herein. Except as provided above in this Section 4.10, Deposited Securities represented by ADSs for which no timely voting instructions are received by the Depositary from the Holder shall not be voted. Notwithstanding anything else contained
herein, the Depositary shall, if so requested in writing by the Company, represent all Deposited Securities (whether or not voting instructions have been received in respect of such Deposited Securities from Holders as of the deadline specified
herein) for the sole purpose of establishing a quorum at a meeting of shareholders.
Subject to applicable laws or rules of any securities exchange on which the Deposited Securities are listed or traded, at least three (3) calendar days (“jours francs”) prior to the date of a shareholders’ meeting, the Company shall receive from the Depositary, unless the Company has agreed to a later date, a voting form, reflecting the tabulation of the voting
instructions received from the Holders of ADSs, if any, and the Depositary shall vote, or cause to be voted, the Deposited Securities represented by such Holders’ ADSs in accordance with such instructions.
Notwithstanding anything else contained in the Deposit Agreement or any ADR, and to the extent not prohibited by law or regulation, the Depositary and the
Company may, by agreement between them, with notice to the Holders, modify, amend or adopt additional voting procedures from time to time as they determine may be necessary or appropriate (subject, in each case, to the terms of Sections 6.1 and 7.8
hereof).
The Company has informed the Depositary that, under French company law in effect as of the date of the Deposit Agreement, shareholders holding a certain
percentage of the Company’s Shares, the workers’ council or the Company’s supervisory board may submit a new resolution and the Company’s supervisory board may also modify the resolutions proposed in the preliminary notice of meeting (avis de réunion), which notice must be published at least 35 days prior to the meeting date. In such case, Holders who have given prior instructions to vote on such resolutions shall be deemed to have voted in
favor of the new or modified resolutions if approved by the members of the Company’s supervisory board and against if not approved by the members of the Company’s supervisory board.
The Company has informed the Depositary that the Company may require voting instructions to be delivered in writing. In such circumstances, Holders of
ADSs may be required to deliver signed voting instruction cards to the Depositary.
As long as, pursuant to French law, a double voting right is attached to each Share which is held in registered form in the name of the same shareholder
for at least two years, Deposited Shares will not be entitled to double voting rights as the Depositary will hold the Deposited Shares in bearer form only. Therefore, Holders and Beneficial Owners who wish to obtain double voting rights will need to
surrender their ADSs, withdraw the Deposited Shares and take the necessary steps with the Share Registrar to have those Shares held in registered form in their own name.
Notwithstanding anything else contained in the Deposit Agreement or any ADR, the Depositary shall not have any obligation to take any action with respect
to any meeting, or solicitation of consents or proxies, of holders of Deposited Securities if the taking of such action would violate U.S. or French laws. The Company agrees to take any and all actions reasonably necessary and permitted by U.S. and
French law to enable Holders and Beneficial Owners to exercise the voting rights accruing to the Deposited Securities and to deliver to the Depositary an opinion of counsel addressing any actions requested to be taken if so reasonably requested by
the Depositary.
There can be no assurance that Holders generally or any Holder in particular will receive the notice described above with sufficient time to enable the
Holder to return voting instructions to the Depositary in a timely manner or at all.
Section
4.11 Changes Affecting Deposited Securities. Upon any change in nominal or par value, split‑up, cancellation, consolidation or
any other reclassification of Deposited Securities, or upon any recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets affecting the Company or to which it is a party, any property which shall be received by the Depositary or the
Custodian in exchange for, or in conversion of, or replacement of, or otherwise in respect of, such Deposited Securities shall, to the extent permitted by law, be treated as new Deposited Property under the Deposit Agreement, and the ADSs shall,
subject to the provisions of the Deposit Agreement, any ADR(s) evidencing such ADSs and applicable law, represent the right to receive such additional or replacement Deposited Property. In giving effect to such change, split-up, cancellation,
consolidation or other reclassification of Deposited Securities, recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets, the Depositary may, with the Company’s approval, and shall, if the Company shall so request, subject to the
terms of the Deposit Agreement (including, without limitation, (a) provisions relating to the payment of applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary, and (b) applicable taxes) and receipt of an opinion of counsel to the
Company reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary that such actions are not in violation of any applicable laws or regulations, (i) issue and deliver additional ADSs as in the case of a stock dividend on the Shares, (ii) amend the Deposit Agreement
and the applicable ADRs, (iii) amend the applicable Form F-6 as filed with the Commission in respect of the ADSs, (iv) call for the surrender of outstanding ADRs to be exchanged for new ADRs, and (v) take such other actions as are appropriate to
reflect the transaction with respect to the ADSs. The Company agrees to, jointly with the Depositary, amend the Form F-6 as filed with the Commission to permit the issuance of such new form of ADRs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event
that any Deposited Property so received may not be lawfully distributed to some or all Holders, the Depositary may, with the Company’s approval, and shall, if the Company requests, subject to receipt of an opinion of counsel reasonably satisfactory
to the Depositary that such action is not in violation of any applicable laws or regulations, sell such Deposited Property at public or private sale, at such place or places and upon such terms as it may deem proper and may allocate the net
proceeds of such sales (net of (a) fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and (b) applicable taxes) for the account of the Holders otherwise entitled to such Deposited Property upon an averaged or other practicable basis
without regard to any distinctions among such Holders and distribute the net proceeds so allocated to the extent practicable as in the case of a distribution received in cash pursuant to Section 4.1. The Depositary shall not be responsible for (i)
any failure to determine that it may be lawful or practicable to make such Deposited Property available to Holders in general or to any Holder in particular, (ii) any foreign exchange exposure or loss incurred in connection with such sale, or (iii)
any liability to the purchaser of such Deposited Property.
Section
4.12 Available Information. As of the initial issue date of the ADSs, the Company will be subject to the periodic reporting
requirements of the Exchange Act and, accordingly, will be required to file or furnish certain reports with the Commission. These reports can be retrieved from the Commission’s website (www.sec.gov) and can be inspected and copied at the
public reference facilities maintained by the Commission located (as of the date of the Deposit Agreement) at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington D.C. 20549.
\ Section
4.13 Reports. The Depositary shall, as promptly as practicable, make available for inspection by Holders at its Principal
Office this Deposit Agreement, the provisions of or governing the Deposited Securities and any reports and communications, including any proxy soliciting materials, received from the Company which are both (a) received by the Depositary, the
Custodian, or the nominee of either of them as the holder of the Deposited Property and (b) made generally available to the holders of such Deposited Property by the Company. The Depositary shall also provide or make available to Holders copies of
such reports when furnished by the Company pursuant to Section 5.6.
Section
4.14 List of Holders. Promptly upon written request by the Company, the Depositary shall furnish to the Company a list, as of
a recent date, of the names, addresses and holdings of ADSs of all Holders.
Section
4.15 Taxation. The Depositary will, and will instruct the Custodian to, forward to the Company or its agents such information
from its records as the Company may reasonably request to enable the Company or its agents to file any necessary tax filings or other reports with governmental authorities or agencies. The Depositary, the Custodian or the Company and its agents
may file such reports as are necessary to reduce or eliminate applicable taxes on dividends and on other distributions in respect of Deposited Property under applicable tax treaties or laws for the Holders and Beneficial Owners. In accordance with
instructions from the Company and to the extent practicable, the Depositary or the Custodian will take reasonable administrative actions to obtain tax refunds, reduced withholding of tax at source on dividends and other benefits under applicable
tax treaties or laws with respect to dividends and other distributions on the Deposited Property. As a condition to receiving such benefits, Holders and Beneficial Owners of ADSs may be required from time to time, and in a timely manner, to file
such proof of taxpayer status, residence and beneficial ownership (as applicable), to execute such certificates and to make such representations and warranties, or to provide any other information or documents, as the Depositary or the Custodian
may deem necessary or proper to fulfill the Depositary’s or the Custodian’s obligations under applicable law. The Depositary and the Company shall have no obligation or liability to any person if any Holder or Beneficial Owner fails to provide
such information, fails to provide such information in a timely manner or if such information does not reach the relevant tax authorities in time for any Holder or Beneficial Owner to obtain the benefits of any tax treatment. The Holders and
Beneficial Owners shall indemnify the Depositary, the Company, the Custodian and any of their respective directors, employees, agents and Affiliates against, and hold each of them harmless from, any claims by any governmental authority with respect
to taxes, additions to tax, penalties or interest arising out of any refund of taxes, reduced rate of withholding at source or other tax benefit obtained.
If the Company (or any of its agents) withholds from any distribution any amount on account of taxes or governmental charges, or pays any other tax in
respect of such distribution (e.g., stamp duty tax, capital gains or other similar tax), the Company shall (and shall cause such agent to) remit promptly to the Depositary information about such taxes or
governmental charges withheld or paid, and, if so requested, the tax receipt (or other proof of payment to the applicable governmental authority) therefor, in each case, in a form reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary. The Depositary shall, to
the extent required by applicable law, report to Holders any taxes withheld by it or the Custodian, and, if such information is provided to it by the Company, any taxes withheld or paid by the Company. The Depositary and the Custodian shall not be
required to provide the Holders with any evidence of the remittance by the Company (or its agents) of any taxes withheld, or of the payment of taxes by the Company, except to the extent the evidence is provided by the Company to the Depositary or the
Custodian, as applicable. None of the Company, the Depositary and the Custodian shall be liable for the failure by any Holder or Beneficial Owner to obtain the benefits of credits on the basis of non‑U.S. tax paid against such Holder’s or Beneficial
Owner’s income tax liability.
The Depositary is under no obligation to provide the Holders and Beneficial Owners with any information about the tax status of the Company, except to the
extent that the Company provides such information to the Depositary for distribution to the Holders and Beneficial Owners. Neither the Company nor the Depositary shall incur any liability for any tax consequences that may be incurred by Holders and
Beneficial Owners on account of their ownership of the ADSs, including without limitation, tax consequences resulting from the Company (or any of its subsidiaries) being treated as a “Passive Foreign Investment Company” (in each case as defined in
the U.S. Internal Revenue Code and the regulations issued thereunder) or otherwise.
ARTICLE V
THE DEPOSITARY, THE CUSTODIAN AND THE COMPANY
Section
5.1 Maintenance of Office and Transfer Books by the Registrar. Until termination of the Deposit Agreement in accordance with
its terms, the Registrar shall maintain in the Borough of Manhattan, the City of New York, an office and facilities for the issuance and delivery of ADSs, the acceptance for surrender of ADS(s) for the purpose of withdrawal of Deposited Securities,
the registration of issuances, cancellations, transfers, combinations and split‑ups of ADS(s) and, if applicable, to countersign ADRs evidencing the ADSs so issued, transferred, combined or split-up, in each case in accordance with the provisions
of the Deposit Agreement.
The Registrar shall keep books for the registration of ADSs which at all reasonable times shall be open for inspection by the Company and by the Holders of
such ADSs, provided that such inspection shall not be, to the Registrar’s knowledge, for the purpose of communicating with Holders of such ADSs in the interest of a business or object other than the business of the Company or other than a matter
related to the Deposit Agreement or the ADSs.
The Registrar may close the transfer books with respect to the ADSs, at any time or from time to time, when deemed necessary or advisable by it in good
faith in connection with the performance of its duties hereunder, or at the reasonable written request of the Company subject, in all cases, to Section 7.8(a).
If any ADSs are listed on one or more stock exchanges or automated quotation systems in the United States, the Depositary shall act as Registrar or appoint
a Registrar or one or more co-registrars for registration of issuances, cancellations, transfers, combinations and split-ups of ADSs and, if applicable, to countersign ADRs evidencing the ADSs so issued, transferred, combined or split-up, in
accordance with any requirements of such exchanges or systems. Such Registrar or co-registrars may be removed and a substitute or substitutes appointed by the Depositary. As promptly as practicable, the Depositary shall notify the Company of any
such removal or appointment.
Section
5.2 Exoneration. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Deposit Agreement or any ADR, neither the Depositary nor the
Company shall be obligated to do or perform any act which is inconsistent with the provisions of the Deposit Agreement or incur any liability (to the extent not limited by Section 7.8(b)) (i) if the Depositary, the Custodian or the Company shall be
prevented or forbidden from, or delayed in, doing or performing any act or thing required or contemplated by the terms of the Deposit Agreement, by reason of any provision of any present or future law or regulation of the United States, the
Republic of France or any other country, or of any other governmental authority or regulatory authority or stock exchange, or on account of potential criminal or civil penalties or restraint, or by reason of any provision, present or future, of the
By-Laws or any provision of or governing any Deposited Securities, or by reason of any act of God or war or other circumstances beyond its control (including, without limitation, nationalization, expropriation, currency restrictions, work stoppage,
strikes, civil unrest, acts of terrorism, revolutions, rebellions, explosions and computer failure), (ii) by reason of any exercise of, or failure to exercise, any discretion provided for in the Deposit Agreement or in the By-Laws or provisions of
or governing Deposited Securities, (iii) for any action or inaction in reliance upon the advice of or information from legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting Shares for deposit, any Holder, any Beneficial Owner or authorized
representative thereof, or any other person believed by it in good faith to be competent to give such advice or information, (iv) for the inability by a Holder or Beneficial Owner to benefit from any distribution, offering, right or other benefit
which is made available to holders of Deposited Securities but is not, under the terms of the Deposit Agreement, made available to Holders of ADSs, (v) for any action or inaction of any clearing or settlement system (and any participant thereof)
for the Deposited Property or the ADSs, or (vi) for any consequential or punitive damages (including lost profits) for any breach of the terms of the Deposit Agreement.
The Depositary, its controlling persons, its agents, any Custodian and the Company, its controlling persons and its agents may rely and shall be protected
in acting upon any written notice, request or other document reasonably believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party or parties.
Section
5.3 Standard of Care. The Company and the Depositary assume no obligation and shall not be subject to any liability under the
Deposit Agreement or any ADRs to any Holder(s) or Beneficial Owner(s), except that the Company and the Depositary agree to perform their respective obligations specifically set forth in the Deposit Agreement or the applicable ADRs without
negligence or bad faith.
Without limitation of the foregoing, neither the Depositary, nor the Company, nor any of their respective controlling persons, or agents, shall be under
any obligation to appear in, prosecute or defend any action, suit or other proceeding in respect of any Deposited Property or in respect of the ADSs, which in its reasonable opinion may involve it in expense or liability, unless indemnity
satisfactory to it against all expense (including fees and disbursements of counsel) and liability be furnished (and no Custodian shall be under any obligation whatsoever with respect to such proceedings, the responsibility of the Custodian being
solely to the Depositary).
The Depositary and its agents shall not be liable for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote any of the Deposited Securities, or for the manner
in which any vote is cast or the effect of any vote, provided that any such action or omission is in good faith and without negligence and in accordance with the terms of the Deposit Agreement. The Depositary shall not incur any liability for any
failure to accurately determine that any distribution or action may be lawful or reasonably practicable, for the content of any information submitted to it by the Company for distribution to the Holders or for any inaccuracy of any translation
thereof, for any investment risk associated with acquiring an interest in the Deposited Property, for the validity or worth of the Deposited Property, for the market value of any Deposited Property or any distribution thereon, for any interest on
Deposited Property (other than interest thereon actually received by the Depositary from the Company) or for any tax consequences that may result from the ownership of ADSs, Shares or other Deposited Property, for the credit‑worthiness of any third
party, for allowing any rights to lapse upon the terms of the Deposit Agreement, for the failure or timeliness of any notice from the Company, or for any action of or failure to act by, or any information provided or not provided by, DTC or any DTC
Participant.
The Depositary shall not be liable for any acts or omissions made by a successor depositary (other than a successor depositary that, at the time of such
act or omission, was an Affiliate controlled by the Depositary) whether in connection with a previous act or omission of the Depositary or in connection with any matter arising wholly after the removal or resignation of the Depositary, provided that
in connection with the issue out of which such potential liability arises the Depositary performed its obligations without negligence or bad faith while it acted as Depositary.
The Depositary shall not be liable for any acts or omissions made by a predecessor depositary (other than a predecessor depositary that, at the time of
such act or omission, was an Affiliate controlled by the Depositary) whether in connection with an act or omission of the Depositary or in connection with any matter arising wholly prior to the appointment of the Depositary or after the removal or
resignation of the Depositary, provided that in connection with the issue out of which such potential liability arises the Depositary performed its obligations without negligence or bad faith while it acted as Depositary.
Section
5.4 Resignation and Removal of the Depositary; Appointment of Successor Depositary. The Depositary may at any time resign as
Depositary hereunder by written notice of resignation delivered to the Company, such resignation to be effective on the earlier of (i) the 90th day after delivery thereof to the Company (whereupon the Depositary shall be entitled to take the
actions contemplated in Section 6.2), or (ii) the appointment by the Company of a successor depositary and its acceptance of such appointment as hereinafter provided.
The Depositary may at any time be removed by the Company by written notice of such removal, which removal shall be effective on the later of (i) the 90th
day after delivery thereof to the Depositary (whereupon the Depositary shall be entitled to take the actions contemplated in Section 6.2), or (ii) upon the appointment by the Company of a successor depositary and its acceptance of such appointment as
hereinafter provided.
In case at any time the Depositary acting hereunder shall resign or be removed, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to appoint a
successor depositary, which shall be a bank or trust company having an office in the Borough of Manhattan, the City of New York. Every successor depositary shall be required by the Company to execute and deliver to its predecessor and to the Company
an instrument in writing accepting its appointment hereunder, and thereupon such successor depositary, without any further act or deed (except as required by applicable law), shall become fully vested with all the rights, powers, duties and
obligations of its predecessor (other than as contemplated in Sections 5.8 and 5.9). The predecessor depositary, upon payment of all sums due it and on the written request of the Company, shall, (i) execute and deliver an instrument transferring to
such successor all rights and powers of such predecessor hereunder (other than as contemplated in Sections 5.8 and 5.9), (ii) duly assign, transfer and deliver all of the Depositary’s right, title and interest to the Deposited Property to such
successor, and (iii) deliver to such successor a list of the Holders of all outstanding ADSs and such other information relating to ADSs and Holders thereof as the successor may reasonably request. Any such successor depositary shall promptly
provide notice of its appointment to such Holders.
Any entity into or with which the Depositary may be merged or consolidated shall be the successor of the Depositary without the execution or filing of any
document or any further act.
Section
5.5 The Custodian. The Depositary has initially appointed Citibank Europe plc as Custodian for the purpose of the Deposit
Agreement. The Custodian or its successors in acting hereunder shall be authorized to act as custodian and shall be subject at all times and in all respects to the direction of the Depositary for the Deposited Property for which the Custodian acts
as custodian and shall be responsible solely to it. If any Custodian resigns or is discharged from its duties hereunder with respect to any Deposited Property and no other Custodian has previously been appointed hereunder, the Depositary shall
promptly appoint a substitute custodian. The Depositary shall require such resigning or discharged Custodian to Deliver, or cause the Delivery of, the Deposited Property held by it, together with all such records maintained by it as Custodian with
respect to such Deposited Property as the Depositary may request, to the Custodian designated by the Depositary. Whenever the Depositary determines, in its discretion, that it is appropriate to do so, it may appoint an additional custodian with
respect to any Deposited Property, or discharge the Custodian with respect to any Deposited Property and appoint a substitute custodian, which shall thereafter be Custodian hereunder with respect to the Deposited Property. Immediately upon any
such change, the Depositary shall give notice thereof in writing to all Holders of ADSs, each other Custodian and the Company.
Citibank, N.A. may at any time act as Custodian of the Deposited Property pursuant to the Deposit Agreement, in which case any reference to Custodian shall
mean Citibank, N.A. solely in its capacity as Custodian pursuant to the Deposit Agreement, and the Depositary shall promptly give notice thereof to the Company. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Deposit Agreement or any ADR, the Depositary
shall not be obligated to give notice to any Holders of ADSs or any other Custodian of its acting as Custodian pursuant to the Deposit Agreement.
Upon the appointment of any successor depositary, any Custodian then acting hereunder shall, unless otherwise instructed by the Depositary, continue to be
the Custodian of the Deposited Property without any further act or writing, and shall be subject to the direction of the successor depositary. The successor depositary so appointed shall, nevertheless, on the written request of any Custodian,
execute and deliver to such Custodian all such instruments as may be proper to give to such Custodian full and complete power and authority to act on the direction of such successor depositary.
Section
5.6 Notices and Reports. On or before the first date on which the Company gives notice, by publication or otherwise, of any
meeting of holders of Shares or other Deposited Securities, or of any adjourned meeting of such holders, or of the taking of any action by such holders other than at a meeting, or of the taking of any action in respect of any cash or other
distributions or the offering of any rights in respect of Deposited Securities, the Company shall transmit to the Depositary and the Custodian a copy of the notice thereof in the English language but otherwise in the form given or to be given to
holders of Shares or other Deposited Securities. The Company shall also furnish to the Custodian and the Depositary a summary, in English, of any applicable provisions or proposed provisions of the By-Laws that may be relevant or pertain to such
notice of meeting or be the subject of a vote thereat.
The Depositary shall arrange, at the request of the Company and at the Company’s expense, to provide copies thereof to all Holders or make such notices,
reports and other communications available to all Holders on a basis similar to that for holders of Shares or other Deposited Securities or on such other basis as the Company may advise the Depositary or as may be required by any applicable law,
regulation or stock exchange requirement. The Company has made available to the Depositary and the Custodian a copy of the By-Laws along with the provisions of or governing the Shares and any other Deposited Securities issued by the Company in
connection with such Shares, and promptly upon any amendment thereto or change therein, the Company shall make available to the Depositary and the Custodian a copy of such amendment thereto or change therein to the extent such amendment or change is
not available on the Company’s website or is not otherwise publicly available. The Depositary may rely upon such copy for all purposes of the Deposit Agreement.
The Depositary will, at the expense of the Company, make available a copy of any such notices, reports or communications issued by the Company and
delivered to the Depositary for inspection by the Holders of the ADSs at the Depositary’s Principal Office, at the office of the Custodian and at any other designated transfer office.
Section
5.7 Issuance of Additional Shares, ADSs etc. The Company agrees that in the event it or any of its Affiliates proposes (i) an
issuance, sale or distribution of additional Shares, (ii) an offering of rights to subscribe for Shares or other Deposited Securities, (iii) an issuance or assumption of securities convertible into or exchangeable for Shares, (iv) an issuance of
rights to subscribe for securities convertible into or exchangeable for Shares, (v) an elective dividend of cash or Shares, (vi) a redemption of Deposited Securities, (vii) a meeting of holders of Deposited Securities, or solicitation of consents
or proxies, relating to any reclassification of securities, merger or consolidation or transfer of assets, (viii) any assumption, reclassification, recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets which affects the
Deposited Securities, or (ix) a distribution of securities other than Shares, it will obtain U.S. legal advice and take all steps necessary to ensure that the proposed transaction does not violate the registration provisions of the Securities Act,
or any other applicable laws (including, without limitation, the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Exchange Act and the securities laws of the states of the U.S.). In support of the foregoing, the Company will furnish to the
Depositary (a) a written opinion of U.S. counsel (reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary) stating whether such transaction (1) requires a registration statement under the Securities Act to be in effect or (2) is exempt from the registration
requirements of the Securities Act and (b) an opinion of French counsel (reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary) stating that (1) making the transaction available to Holders and Beneficial Owners does not violate the laws or regulations of the
Republic of France and (2) all requisite regulatory consents and approvals, if any, have been obtained in the Republic of France, provided, however, that such
opinion shall not be required in the event of an issuance of Shares as a bonus or compensation, share split or otherwise similar events. If the filing of a registration statement is required, the Depositary shall not have any obligation to proceed
with the transaction unless it shall have received evidence reasonably satisfactory to it that such registration statement has been declared effective. If, being advised by counsel, the Company determines that a transaction is required to be
registered under the Securities Act, the Company will either (i) register such transaction to the extent necessary, (ii) alter the terms of the transaction to avoid the registration requirements of the Securities Act or (iii) direct the Depositary
to take specific measures, in each case as contemplated in the Deposit Agreement, to prevent such transaction from violating the registration requirements of the Securities Act. The Company agrees with the Depositary that neither the Company nor
any of its Affiliates will at any time (i) deposit any Shares or other Deposited Securities, either upon original issuance or upon a sale of Shares or other Deposited Securities previously issued and reacquired by the Company or by any such
Affiliate, or (ii) issue additional Shares, rights to subscribe for such Shares, securities convertible into or exchangeable for Shares or rights to subscribe for such securities or distribute securities other than Shares, unless such transaction
and the securities issuable in such transaction do not violate the registration provisions of the Securities Act, or any other applicable laws (including, without limitation, the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Exchange Act and any
applicable securities laws of the states of the U.S.).
Notwithstanding anything else contained in the Deposit Agreement, nothing in the Deposit Agreement shall be deemed to obligate the Company to file any
registration statement in respect of any proposed transaction.
Section
5.8 Indemnification. The Depositary agrees to indemnify the Company and its supervisory board members, executive board
members, employees, agents and Affiliates against, and hold each of them harmless from, any direct loss, liability, tax, charge or expense of any kind whatsoever (including, but not limited to, the reasonable fees and expenses of counsel) which may
arise out of acts performed or omitted by the Depositary and the Custodian (for so long as the Custodian is a branch of Citibank, N.A.) under the terms hereof due to the negligence or bad faith of the Depositary or the Custodian, as applicable.
The Company agrees to indemnify the Depositary, the Custodian and any of their respective directors, officers, employees, agents and Affiliates against,
and hold each of them harmless from, any direct loss, liability, tax, charge or expense of any kind whatsoever (including, but not limited to, the reasonable fees and expenses of counsel) that may arise (a) out of, or in connection with, any offer,
issuance, sale, resale, transfer, deposit or withdrawal of ADRs, ADSs, the Shares, or other Deposited Securities, as the case may be, (b) out of, or as a result of, any offering documents in respect thereof or (c) out of acts performed or omitted,
including, but not limited to, any delivery by the Depositary on behalf of the Company of information regarding the Company, in connection with the Deposit Agreement, the ADRs, the ADSs, the Shares, or any Deposited Property, in any such case (i) by
the Depositary, the Custodian or any of their respective directors, officers, employees, agents and Affiliates, except to the extent such loss, liability, tax, charge or expense is due to the negligence or bad faith of any of them, or (ii) by the
Company or any of its supervisory board members, executive board members, employees, agents and Affiliates, provided, however, that the Company shall not be liable
for any fees, charges or expenses payable by Holders or Beneficial Owners (other than the Company) under this Deposit Agreement. The Company shall not indemnify the Depositary, the Custodian or any of their respective directors, officers, employees,
agents and Affiliates against any liability or expense arising out of information relating to the Depositary or such Custodian, as the case may be, furnished in a writing to the Company, by the Depositary or such Custodian expressly for use in any
registration statement, prospectus or preliminary prospectus relating to any Deposited Securities represented by the ADSs.
The obligations set forth in this Section shall survive the termination of the Deposit Agreement and the succession or substitution of any party hereto.
Any person seeking indemnification hereunder (an “indemnified person”) shall notify the person from whom it
is seeking indemnification (the “indemnifying person”) of the commencement of any indemnifiable action or claim promptly after such indemnified person becomes aware of such commencement (provided that
the failure to make such notification shall not affect such indemnified person’s rights to seek indemnification except to the extent the indemnifying person is materially prejudiced by such failure) and shall consult in good faith with the
indemnifying person as to the conduct of the defense of such action or claim that may give rise to an indemnity hereunder, which defense shall be reasonable in the circumstances. No indemnified person shall compromise or settle any action or claim
that may give rise to an indemnity hereunder without the consent of the indemnifying person, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld.
Section
5.9 ADS Fees and Charges. The Company, the Holders, the Beneficial Owners, persons depositing Shares or withdrawing Deposited
Securities in connection with the issuance and cancellation of ADSs, and persons receiving ADSs upon issuance or whose ADSs are being cancelled shall be required to pay the Depositary’s fees and related charges identified as payable by them
respectively in the Fee Schedule attached hereto as Exhibit B. All ADS fees and charges so payable may be deducted from distributions or must be remitted to the Depositary, or its designee, may, at any time and from time to time, be
changed by agreement between the Depositary and the Company, but, in the case of ADS fees and charges payable by Holders and Beneficial Owners, only in the manner contemplated in Section 6.1. The Depositary shall provide, without charge, a copy of
its latest ADS fee schedule to anyone upon request.
ADS fees and charges for (i) the issuance of ADSs and (ii) the cancellation of ADSs will be payable by the person for whom the ADSs are so issued by the
Depositary (in the case of ADS issuances) and by the person for whom ADSs are being cancelled (in the case of ADS cancellations). In the case of ADSs issued by the Depositary into DTC or presented to the Depositary via DTC, the ADS issuance and
cancellation fees and charges will be payable by the DTC Participant(s) receiving the ADSs from the Depositary or the DTC Participant(s) holding the ADSs being cancelled, as the case may be, on behalf of the Beneficial Owner(s) and will be charged by
the DTC Participant(s) to the account(s) of the applicable Beneficial Owner(s) in accordance with the procedures and practices of the DTC Participant(s) as in effect at the time. ADS fees and charges in respect of distributions and the ADS service
fee are payable by Holders as of the applicable ADS Record Date established by the Depositary. In the case of distributions of cash, the amount of the applicable ADS fees and charges is deducted from the funds being distributed. In the case of (i)
distributions other than cash and (ii) the ADS service fee, the applicable Holders as of the ADS Record Date established by the Depositary will be invoiced for the amount of the ADS fees and charges and such ADS fees may be deducted from
distributions made to Holders. For ADSs held through DTC, the ADS fees and charges for distributions other than cash and the ADS service fee may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC Participants in
accordance with the procedures and practices prescribed by DTC from time to time and the DTC Participants in turn charge the amount of such ADS fees and charges to the Beneficial Owners for whom they hold ADSs. In the case of (i) registration of ADS
transfers, the ADS transfer fee will be payable by the ADS Holder whose ADSs are being transferred or by the person to whom the ADSs are transferred, and (ii) conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series, the ADS conversion fee will be
payable by the Holder whose ADSs are converted or by the person to whom the converted ADSs are delivered.
The Depositary may reimburse the Company for certain expenses incurred by the Company in respect of the ADR program established pursuant to the Deposit
Agreement, by making available a portion of the ADS fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions as the Company and the Depositary agree from time to time. The Company shall pay to the Depositary such fees
and charges, and reimburse the Depositary for such out-of-pocket expenses, as the Depositary and the Company may agree from time to time. Responsibility for payment of such fees, charges and reimbursements may from time to time be changed by
agreement between the Company and the Depositary. Unless otherwise agreed, the Depositary shall present its statement for such fees, charges and reimbursements to the Company once every three months. The charges and expenses of the Custodian are
for the sole account of the Depositary.
The obligations of Holders and Beneficial Owners to pay ADS fees and charges shall survive the termination of the Deposit Agreement. As to any Depositary, upon the
resignation or removal of such Depositary as described in Section 5.4, the right to collect ADS fees and charges shall extend for those ADS fees and charges incurred prior to the effectiveness of such resignation or removal.
Section
5.10 Restricted Securities Owners. The Company agrees to advise in writing each of the persons or entities who, to the
knowledge of the Company, holds Restricted Securities that such Restricted Securities are ineligible for deposit hereunder (except under the circumstances contemplated in Section 2.14) and, to the extent practicable, shall require each of such
persons to represent in writing that such person will not deposit Restricted Securities hereunder (except under the circumstances contemplated in Section 2.14).
ARTICLE VI
AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION
Section
6.1 Amendment/Supplement. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Section 6.1 and applicable law, the ADRs outstanding at
any time, the provisions of the Deposit Agreement and the form of ADR attached hereto and to be issued under the terms hereof may at any time and from time to time be amended or supplemented by written agreement between the Company and the
Depositary in any respect which they may deem necessary or desirable without the prior written consent of the Holders or Beneficial Owners. Any amendment or supplement which shall impose or increase any fees or charges (other than charges in
connection with foreign exchange control regulations, and taxes and other governmental charges, delivery and other such expenses), or which shall otherwise materially prejudice any substantial existing right of Holders or Beneficial Owners, shall
not, however, become effective as to outstanding ADSs until the expiration of thirty (30) calendar days after notice of such amendment or supplement shall have been given to the Holders of outstanding ADSs. Notice of any amendment to the Deposit
Agreement or any ADR shall not need to describe in detail the specific amendments effectuated thereby, and failure to describe the specific amendments in any such notice shall not render such notice invalid, provided, however, that,
in each such case, the notice given to the Holders identifies a means for Holders and Beneficial Owners to retrieve or receive the text of such amendment (e.g., upon retrieval from the Commission’s, the
Depositary’s or the Company’s website or upon request from the Depositary). The parties hereto agree that any amendments or supplements which (i) are reasonably necessary (as agreed by the Company and the Depositary) in order for (a) the ADSs to
be registered on Form F-6 or (b) the ADSs to be settled solely in electronic book‑entry form and (ii) do not in either such case impose or increase any fees or charges to be borne by Holders, shall be deemed not to materially prejudice any
substantial rights of Holders or Beneficial Owners. Every Holder and Beneficial Owner at the time any amendment or supplement so becomes effective shall be deemed, by continuing to hold such ADSs, to consent and agree to such amendment or
supplement and to be bound by the Deposit Agreement and the ADR, if applicable, as amended or supplemented thereby. In no event shall any amendment or supplement impair the right of the Holder to surrender such ADS and receive therefor the
Deposited Securities represented thereby, except in order to comply with mandatory provisions of applicable law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any governmental body should adopt new laws, rules or regulations which would require an amendment
of, or supplement to, the Deposit Agreement to ensure compliance therewith, the Company and the Depositary may amend or supplement the Deposit Agreement and any ADRs at any time in accordance with such changed laws, rules or regulations. Such
amendment or supplement to the Deposit Agreement and any ADRs in such circumstances may become effective before a notice of such amendment or supplement is given to Holders or within any other period of time as required for compliance with such
laws, rules or regulations.
Section
6.2 Termination. The Depositary shall, at any time at the written direction of the Company, terminate the Deposit Agreement by
distributing notice of such termination to the Holders of all ADSs then outstanding at least thirty (30) calendar days prior to the date fixed in such notice for such termination. If (i) ninety (90) calendar days shall have expired after the
Depositary shall have delivered to the Company a written notice of its election to resign, or (ii) ninety (90) calendar days shall have expired after the Company shall have delivered to the Depositary a written notice of the removal of the
Depositary, and, in either case, a successor depositary shall not have been appointed and accepted its appointment as provided in Section 5.4 of the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary may terminate the Deposit Agreement by distributing notice of
such termination to the Holders of all ADSs then outstanding at least thirty (30) calendar days prior to the date fixed in such notice for such termination. The date so fixed for termination of the Deposit Agreement in any termination notice so
distributed by the Depositary to the Holders of ADSs is referred to as the “Termination Date”. Until the Termination Date, the Depositary shall continue to perform all of its obligations under the
Deposit Agreement, and the Holders and Beneficial Owners will be entitled to all of their rights under the Deposit Agreement.
If any ADSs shall remain outstanding after the Termination Date, the Registrar and the Depositary shall not, after the Termination Date, have any
obligation to perform any further acts under the Deposit Agreement, except that the Depositary shall, subject, in each case, to the terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement, continue to (i) collect dividends and other distributions pertaining to
Deposited Securities, (ii) sell Deposited Property received in respect of Deposited Securities, (iii) deliver Deposited Securities, together with any dividends or other distributions received with respect thereto and the net proceeds of the sale of
any other Deposited Property, in exchange for ADSs surrendered to the Depositary (after deducting, or charging, as the case may be, in each case, the fees and charges of, and expenses incurred in connection therewith by, the Depositary, and all
applicable taxes or governmental charges for the account of Holders and Beneficial Owners, in each case upon the terms set forth in Section 5.9 of the Deposit Agreement), and (iv) take such actions as may be required under applicable law in
connection with its role as Depositary under the Deposit Agreement.
At any time after the Termination Date, the Depositary may sell the Deposited Property then held under the Deposit Agreement and shall after such sale hold
un-invested the net proceeds of such sale, together with any other cash then held by it under the Deposit Agreement, in an un-segregated account and without liability for interest, for the pro rata benefit of the Holders whose ADSs have not
theretofore been surrendered. After making such sale, the Depositary shall be discharged from all obligations under the Deposit Agreement except (i) to account for such net proceeds and other cash (after deducting, or charging, as the case may be,
in each case, the fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary, and all applicable taxes or governmental charges for the account of the Holders and Beneficial Owners, in each case upon the terms set forth in Section 5.9 of the
Deposit Agreement), and (ii) as may be required at law in connection with the termination of the Deposit Agreement. After the Termination Date, the Company shall be discharged from all obligations under the Deposit Agreement, except for its
obligations to the Depositary under Sections 5.8, 5.9 and 7.6 of the Deposit Agreement. The obligations under the terms of the Deposit Agreement of Holders and Beneficial Owners of ADSs outstanding as of the Termination Date shall survive the
Termination Date and shall be discharged only when the applicable ADSs are presented by their Holders to the Depositary for cancellation under the terms of the Deposit Agreement.
ARTICLE VII
MISCELLANEOUS
Section
7.1 Counterparts. The Deposit Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of
which shall be deemed an original and all of such counterparts together shall constitute one and the same agreement. Copies of the Deposit Agreement shall be maintained with the Depositary and shall be open to inspection by any Holder during
business hours.
Section
7.2 No Third‑Party Beneficiaries / Acknowledgments. The Deposit Agreement is for the exclusive benefit of the parties hereto
(and their successors) and shall not be deemed to give any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim whatsoever to any other person, except to the extent specifically set forth in the Deposit Agreement. Nothing in the Deposit Agreement shall be
deemed to give rise to a partnership or joint venture among the parties nor establish a fiduciary or similar relationship among the parties. The parties hereto acknowledge and agree that (i) Citibank and its Affiliates may at any time have
multiple banking relationships with the Company, the Holders, the Beneficial Owners, and their respective Affiliates, (ii) Citibank and its Affiliates may own and deal in any class of securities of the Company and its Affiliates and in ADSs, and
may be engaged at any time in transactions in which parties adverse to the Company, the Holders, the Beneficial Owners or their respective Affiliates may have interests, (iii) subject to their respective agreement to comply with all applicable
securities laws, the Depositary and its Affiliates may from time to time have in their possession non-public information about the Company, the Holders, the Beneficial Owners, and their respective Affiliates, (iv) nothing contained in the Deposit
Agreement shall (a) preclude Citibank or any of its Affiliates from engaging in such transactions or establishing or maintaining such relationships, or (b) obligate Citibank or any of its Affiliates to disclose such information, transactions or
relationships, or to account for any profit made or payment received in such transactions or relationships, except, in each case, as required by applicable law, (v) the Depositary shall not be deemed to have knowledge of any information any other
division of Citibank or any of its Affiliates may have about the Company, the Holders, the Beneficial Owners, or any of their respective Affiliates, and (vi) the Company, the Depositary, the Custodian and their respective agents and controlling
persons may be subject to the laws and regulations of jurisdictions other than the U.S. and France, and the authority of courts and regulatory authorities of such other jurisdictions, and, consequently, the requirements and the limitations of such
other laws and regulations, and the decisions and orders of such other courts and regulatory authorities, may affect the rights and obligations of the parties to the Deposit Agreement.
Section
7.3 Severability. In case any one or more of the provisions contained in the Deposit Agreement or in the ADRs should be or
become invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein or therein shall in no way be affected, prejudiced or disturbed thereby.
Section
7.4 Holders and Beneficial Owners as Parties; Binding Effect. The Holders and Beneficial Owners from time to time of ADSs
issued hereunder shall be parties to the Deposit Agreement and shall be bound by all of the terms and conditions hereof and of any ADR evidencing their ADSs by acceptance thereof or any beneficial interest therein.
Section
7.5 Notices. Any and all notices to be given to the Company shall be deemed to have been duly given if personally delivered or
sent by mail, air courier or cable, telex or facsimile transmission, confirmed by letter personally delivered or sent by mail or air courier, addressed to 60 rue de Wattignies 75012 Paris, France, Attention: Investor Relations Department,
or to any other address which the Company may specify in writing to the Depositary.
Any and all notices to be given to the Depositary shall be deemed to have been duly given if personally delivered or sent by mail, air courier or cable,
telex or facsimile transmission, confirmed by letter personally delivered or sent by mail or air courier, addressed to Citibank, N.A., 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013, U.S.A., Attention: Depositary Receipts Department, or to
any other address which the Depositary may specify in writing to the Company.
Any and all notices to be given to any Holder shall be deemed to have been duly given (a) if personally delivered
or sent by mail or cable, telex or facsimile transmission, confirmed by letter, addressed to such Holder at the address of such Holder as it appears on the books of the Depositary or, if such Holder shall have filed with the Depositary a request that
notices intended for such Holder be mailed to some other address, at the address specified in such request, or (b) if a Holder shall have designated such means of notification as an acceptable means of
notification under the terms of the Deposit Agreement, by means of electronic messaging addressed for delivery to the e-mail address designated by the Holder for such purpose. Notice to Holders shall be deemed to be notice to Beneficial Owners for
all purposes of the Deposit Agreement. Failure to notify a Holder or any defect in the notification to a Holder shall not affect the sufficiency of notification to other Holders or to the Beneficial Owners of ADSs held by such other Holders. Any
notices given to DTC under the terms of the Deposit Agreement shall (unless otherwise specified by the Depositary) constitute notice to the DTC Participants who hold the ADSs in their DTC accounts and to the Beneficial Owners of such ADSs.
Delivery of a notice sent by mail, air courier or cable, telex or facsimile transmission shall be deemed to be effective at the time when a duly addressed
letter containing the same (or a confirmation thereof in the case of a cable, telex or facsimile transmission) is deposited, postage prepaid, in a post-office letter box or delivered to an air courier service, without regard for the actual receipt or
time of actual receipt thereof by a Holder. The Depositary or the Company may, however, act upon any cable, telex or facsimile transmission received by it from any Holder, the Custodian, the Depositary, or the Company, notwithstanding that such
cable, telex or facsimile transmission shall not be subsequently confirmed by letter.
Delivery of a notice by means of electronic messaging shall be deemed to be effective at the time of the initiation of the transmission by the sender (as
shown on the sender’s records), notwithstanding that the intended recipient retrieves the message at a later date, fails to retrieve such message, or fails to receive such notice on account of its failure to maintain the designated e-mail address,
its failure to designate a substitute e-mail address or for any other reason.
Section
7.6 Governing Law and Jurisdiction. The Deposit Agreement, the ADRs and the ADSs shall be interpreted in accordance with, and
all rights hereunder and thereunder and provisions hereof and thereof shall be governed by, the laws of the State of New York applicable to contracts made and to be wholly performed in that State. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Deposit
Agreement, any ADR or any present or future provisions of the laws of the State of New York, the rights of holders of Shares and of any other Deposited Securities and the obligations and duties of the Company in respect of the holders of Shares and
other Deposited Securities, as such, shall be governed by the laws of the Republic of France (or, if applicable, such other laws as may govern the Deposited Securities).
Except as set forth in the following paragraph of this Section 7.6, the Company and the Depositary agree that the federal or state courts in the City of
New York shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine any suit, action or proceeding and to settle any dispute between them that may arise out of or in connection with the Deposit Agreement and, for such purposes, each irrevocably submits to the
non-exclusive jurisdiction of such courts. The Company hereby irrevocably designates, appoints and empowers CT Corporation (the “Agent”) now at 28 Liberty Street, 42nd Floor, New York, New York 10005 as
its authorized agent to receive and accept for and on its behalf, and on behalf of its properties, assets and revenues, service by mail of any and all legal process, summons, notices and documents that may be served in any suit, action or proceeding
brought against the Company in any federal or state court as described in the preceding sentence or in the next paragraph of this Section 7.6. If for any reason the Agent shall cease to be available to act as such, the Company agrees to designate a
new agent in New York on the terms and for the purposes of this Section 7.6 reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary. The Company further hereby irrevocably consents and agrees to the service of any and all legal process, summons, notices and
documents in any suit, action or proceeding against the Company, by service by mail of a copy thereof upon the Agent (whether or not the appointment of such Agent shall for any reason prove to be ineffective or such Agent shall fail to accept or
acknowledge such service), with a copy mailed to the Company by registered or certified air mail, postage prepaid, to its address provided in Section 7.5. The Company agrees that the failure of the Agent to give any notice of such service to it
shall not impair or affect in any way the validity of such service or any judgment rendered in any action or proceeding based thereon.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Depositary and the Company unconditionally agree that in the event that a Holder or Beneficial Owner brings a suit,
action or proceeding against (a) the Company, (b) the Depositary in its capacity as Depositary under the Deposit Agreement or (c) against both the Company and the Depositary, in any such case, in any state or federal court of the United States, and
the Depositary or the Company have any claim, for indemnification or otherwise, against each other arising out of the subject matter of such suit, action or proceeding, then the Company and the Depositary may pursue such claim against each other in
the state or federal court in the United States in which such suit, action, or proceeding is pending and, for such purposes, the Company and the Depositary irrevocably submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of such courts. The Company agrees that
service of process upon the Agent in the manner set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be effective service upon it for any suit, action or proceeding brought against it as described in this paragraph.
The Company irrevocably and unconditionally waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any objection that it may now or hereafter have to the laying
of venue of any actions, suits or proceedings brought in any court as provided in this Section 7.6, and hereby further irrevocably and unconditionally waives and agrees not to plead or claim in any such court that any such action, suit or proceeding
brought in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum.
The Company irrevocably and unconditionally waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and agrees not to plead or claim, any right of immunity from
legal action, suit or proceeding, from setoff or counterclaim, from the jurisdiction of any court, from service of process, from attachment upon or prior to judgment, from attachment in aid of execution or judgment, from execution of judgment, or
from any other legal process or proceeding for the giving of any relief or for the enforcement of any judgment, and consents to such relief and enforcement against it, its assets and its revenues in any jurisdiction, in each case with respect to any
matter arising out of, or in connection with, the Deposit Agreement, any ADR or the Deposited Property.
EACH OF THE PARTIES TO THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, EACH HOLDER AND BENEFICIAL OWNER) IRREVOCABLY
WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING AGAINST THE COMPANY AND/OR THE DEPOSITARY ARISING OUT OF, OR RELATING TO, THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT, ANY ADR AND ANY TRANSACTIONS
CONTEMPLATED THEREIN (WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, COMMON LAW OR OTHERWISE).
The provisions of this Section 7.6 shall survive any termination of the Deposit Agreement, in whole or in part.
Section
7.7 Assignment. Subject to the provisions of Section 5.4, the Deposit Agreement may not be
assigned by either the Company or the Depositary.
Section
7.8 Compliance with, and No Disclaimer Under, U.S. Securities Laws.
(a) Notwithstanding anything in the Deposit
Agreement, the withdrawal or Delivery of Deposited Securities will not be suspended by the Company or the Depositary except as would be permitted by Instruction I.A.(1) of the General Instructions, as amended from time to time, to Form F-6.
(b) Each of the parties to the Deposit Agreement
(including, without limitation, each Holder and Beneficial Owner) acknowledges and agrees that no provision of the Deposit Agreement or any ADR shall, or shall be deemed to, disclaim any liability under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, in
each case to the extent established under applicable U.S. laws.
Section
7.9 French Law References. Any summary of French laws and regulations and of the terms of the
By-Laws set forth in the Deposit Agreement have been provided by the Company solely for the convenience of Holders, Beneficial Owners and the Depositary. While such summaries are believed by the Company to be accurate as of the date of the Deposit
Agreement, (i) they are summaries and as such may not include all aspects of the materials summarized applicable to a Holder or Beneficial Owner, and (ii) these laws and regulations and the By-laws may change after the date of the Deposit
Agreement. Neither the Depositary nor the Company has any obligation under the terms of the Deposit Agreement to update any such summaries.
Section 7.10 Titles and References.
(a) Deposit
Agreement. All references in the Deposit Agreement to exhibits, articles, sections, subsections, and other subdivisions refer to the exhibits, articles, sections, subsections and other subdivisions of the Deposit Agreement unless
expressly provided otherwise. The words “the Deposit Agreement”, “herein”, “hereof”, “hereby”, “hereunder”, and words of similar import refer to the Deposit Agreement as a whole as in effect at the relevant time between the Company, the Depositary
and the Holders and Beneficial Owners of ADSs and not to any particular subdivision unless expressly so limited. Pronouns in masculine, feminine and neuter gender shall be construed to include any other gender, and words in the singular form shall
be construed to include the plural and vice versa unless the context otherwise requires. Titles to sections of the Deposit Agreement are included for convenience only and shall be disregarded in construing
the language contained in the Deposit Agreement. References to “applicable laws and regulations” shall refer to laws and regulations applicable to ADRs, ADSs or Deposited Property as in effect at the relevant time of determination, unless
otherwise required by law or regulation.
(b) ADRs.
All references in any ADR(s) to paragraphs, exhibits, articles, sections, subsections, and other subdivisions refer to the paragraphs, exhibits, articles, sections, subsections and other subdivisions of the ADR(s) in question unless expressly
provided otherwise. The words “the Receipt”, “the ADR”, “herein”, “hereof”, “hereby”, “hereunder”, and words of similar import used in any ADR refer to the ADR as a whole and as in effect at the relevant time, and not to any particular subdivision
unless expressly so limited. Pronouns in masculine, feminine and neuter gender in any ADR shall be construed to include any other gender, and words in the singular form shall be construed to include the plural and vice versa unless the context otherwise requires. Titles to paragraphs of any ADR are included for convenience only and shall be disregarded in construing the language contained in the ADR. References to “applicable laws and
regulations” shall refer to laws and regulations applicable to the Company, the Depositary, the Custodian, their respective agents and controlling persons, the ADRs, the ADSs and the Deposited Property as in effect at the relevant time of
determination, unless otherwise required by law or regulation.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, NANOBIOTIX S.A. and CITIBANK, N.A. have duly executed the Deposit Agreement as of the day and year first above set forth and all
Holders and Beneficial Owners shall become parties hereto upon acceptance by them of ADSs issued in accordance with the terms hereof, or upon acquisition of any beneficial interest therein.
|
|
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
By:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Name:
|
|
|
|
|
Title:
|
|
|
|
CITIBANK, N.A.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
By:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Name:
|
|
|
|
|
Title:
|
|
EXHIBIT A
[FORM OF ADR]
American Depositary Shares
(each American Depositary Share
representing the right to receive [•]
fully paid ordinary shares)
AMERICAN DEPOSITARY RECEIPT
for
AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES
representing
DEPOSITED ORDINARY SHARES
of
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
(Incorporated under the laws of the Republic of France)
CITIBANK, N.A., a national banking association organized and existing under the laws of the United States of America, as depositary (the “Depositary”), hereby certifies that _____________is the
owner of ______________ American Depositary Shares (hereinafter “ADS”) representing deposited shares, including evidence of rights to receive such ordinary shares (the “Shares”), of Nanobiotix S.A., a société
anonyme organized under the laws of the Republic of France (the “Company”). As of the date of issuance of this ADR, each ADS represents the right to receive [•] Shares deposited under the Deposit Agreement (as hereinafter defined) with
the Custodian, which at the date of issuance of this ADR is Citibank Europe plc (the “Custodian”). The ADS(s)-to-Share(s) ratio is subject to amendment as provided in Articles IV and VI of the Deposit Agreement. The Depositary’s Principal Office
is located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013, U.S.A.
(1) The Deposit Agreement. This American Depositary Receipt
is one of an issue of American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), all issued and to be issued upon the terms and conditions set forth in the Deposit Agreement, dated as of [•] (as amended and supplemented from
time to time, the “Deposit Agreement”), by and among the Company, the Depositary, and all Holders and Beneficial Owners from time to time of ADSs issued thereunder. The Deposit Agreement sets forth the rights and obligations of Holders and
Beneficial Owners of ADSs and the rights and duties of the Depositary in respect of the Shares deposited thereunder and any and all other Deposited Property (as defined in the Deposit Agreement) from time to time received and held on deposit in
respect of the ADSs. Copies of the Deposit Agreement are on file at the Principal Office of the Depositary and with the Custodian. Each Holder and each Beneficial Owner, upon acceptance of any ADSs (or any interest therein) issued in accordance
with the terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement, shall be deemed for all purposes to (a) be a party to and bound by the terms of the Deposit Agreement and the applicable ADR(s), and (b) appoint the Depositary its attorney‑in‑fact, with full
power to delegate, to act on its behalf and to take any and all actions contemplated in the Deposit Agreement and the applicable ADR(s), to adopt any and all procedures necessary to comply with applicable law and to take such action as the
Depositary in its sole discretion may deem necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of the Deposit Agreement and the applicable ADR(s), the taking of such actions to be the conclusive determinant of the necessity and appropriateness
thereof. The manner in which a Beneficial Owner holds ADSs (e.g., in a brokerage account vs. as registered holder) may affect the rights and obligations of, the manner in which, and the extent to which, services are made available to, Beneficial
Owners pursuant to the terms of the Deposit Agreement.
The statements made on the face and reverse of this ADR are summaries of certain provisions of the Deposit Agreement and the By-laws of the Company (as in effect on the date of the signing of the
Deposit Agreement) and are qualified by and subject to the detailed provisions of the Deposit Agreement and the By-laws, to which reference is hereby made.
All capitalized terms not defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed thereto in the Deposit Agreement.
The Depositary makes no representation or warranty as to the validity or worth of the Deposited Property. The Depositary has made arrangements for the acceptance of the ADSs into DTC. Each
Beneficial Owner of ADSs held through DTC must rely on the procedures of DTC and the DTC Participants to exercise and be entitled to any rights attributable to such ADSs. The Depositary may issue Uncertificated ADSs subject, however, to the terms
and conditions of Section 2.13 of the Deposit Agreement.
(2) Surrender of ADSs and Withdrawal of Deposited Securities.The
Holder of this ADR (and of the ADSs evidenced hereby) shall be entitled to Delivery (at the Custodian’s designated office, or, at the request, risk and expense of the Holder, at such other place as the Holder requests) of the Deposited Securities
at the time represented by the ADSs evidenced hereby upon satisfaction of each of the following conditions: (i) the Holder (or a duly-authorized attorney of the Holder) has duly Delivered ADSs to the Depositary at its Principal Office the ADSs
evidenced hereby (and, if applicable, this ADR evidencing such ADSs) for the purpose of withdrawal of the Deposited Securities represented thereby, (ii) if applicable and so required by the Depositary, this ADR Delivered to the Depositary for such
purpose has been properly endorsed in blank or is accompanied by proper instruments of transfer in blank (including signature guarantees in accordance with standard securities industry practice), (iii) if so required by the Depositary, the Holder
of the ADSs has executed and delivered to the Depositary a written order directing the Depositary to cause the Deposited Securities being withdrawn to be Delivered to or upon the written order of the person(s) designated in such order, and (iv) all
applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and all applicable taxes and governmental charges (as are set forth in Section 5.9 of, and Exhibit B to, the Deposit Agreement) have been paid, subject, however, in each case, to the terms and conditions of this ADR evidencing the surrendered ADSs, of the Deposit Agreement, of the Company’s By-laws and of any
applicable laws and the rules of Euroclear, if available, and to any terms and conditions of or governing the Deposited Securities, in each case as in effect at the time thereof.
Upon satisfaction of each of the conditions specified above, the Depositary, as promptly as commercially practicable, (i) shall cancel the ADSs Delivered to it (and, if applicable, this ADR(s)
evidencing the ADSs so Delivered), (ii) shall direct the Registrar to record the cancellation of the ADSs so Delivered on the books maintained for such purpose, and (iii) shall direct the Custodian to Deliver, or cause the Delivery of, in each
case, without unreasonable delay, the Deposited Securities represented by the ADSs so canceled together with any certificate or other document of title for the Deposited Securities, or evidence of the electronic transfer thereof (if available), as
the case may be, to or upon the written order of the person(s) designated in the order delivered to the Depositary for such purpose, subject however, in each case, to the terms and conditions of the Deposit
Agreement, of this ADR evidencing the ADS so canceled, of the By-laws of the Company, of any applicable laws and of the rules of Euroclear, if available, and to the terms and conditions of or governing the Deposited Securities, in each case as in
effect at the time thereof.
The Depositary shall not accept for surrender ADSs representing less than one (1) Share. In the case of Delivery to it of ADSs representing a number other than a whole number of Shares, the
Depositary shall cause ownership of the appropriate whole number of Shares to be Delivered in accordance with the terms hereof, and shall, at the discretion of the Depositary, either (i) return to the person surrendering such ADSs the number of
ADSs representing any remaining fractional Share, or (ii) sell or cause to be sold the fractional Share represented by the ADSs so surrendered and remit the proceeds of such sale (net of (a) applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by,
the Depositary and (b) applicable taxes withheld as a result of such sale) to the person surrendering the ADSs.
Notwithstanding anything else contained in this ADR or the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary may make delivery at the Principal Office of the Depositary of Deposited Property consisting of (i) any
cash dividends or cash distributions, or (ii) any proceeds from the sale of any non-cash distributions, which are at the time held by the Depositary in respect of the Deposited Securities represented by the ADSs surrendered for cancellation and
withdrawal. At the request, risk and expense of any Holder so surrendering ADSs represented by this ADR, and for the account of such Holder, the Depositary shall direct the Custodian to forward (to the extent permitted by law) any Deposited
Property (other than Deposited Securities) held by the Custodian in respect of such ADSs to the Depositary for delivery at the Principal Office of the Depositary. Such direction shall be given by letter or, at the request, risk and expense of such
Holder, by cable, telex or facsimile transmission.
(3) Transfer, Combination and Split-up of ADRs. The
Registrar shall as promptly as commercially practicable register the transfer of this ADR (and of the ADSs represented hereby) on the books maintained for such purpose and the Depositary shall as promptly as commercially practicable (x) cancel this
ADR and execute new ADRs evidencing the same aggregate number of ADSs as those evidenced by this ADR canceled by the Depositary, (y) cause the Registrar to countersign such new ADRs, and (z) Deliver such new ADRs to or upon the order of the person
entitled thereto, if each of the following conditions has been satisfied: (i) this ADR has been duly Delivered by the Holder (or by a duly authorized attorney of the Holder) to the Depositary at its Principal Office for the purpose of effecting a
transfer thereof, (ii) this surrendered ADR has been properly endorsed or is accompanied by proper instruments of transfer (including signature guarantees in accordance with standard securities industry practice), (iii) this surrendered ADR has
been duly stamped (if required by the laws of the State of New York or of the United States), and (iv) all applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and all applicable taxes and governmental charges (as are set forth
in Section 5.9 of, and Exhibit B to, the Deposit Agreement) have been paid, subject, however, in each case, to the terms and conditions of this ADR, of the Deposit Agreement and of applicable law,
in each case as in effect at the time thereof.
The Registrar shall as promptly as commercially practicable register the split-up or combination of this ADR (and of the ADSs represented hereby) on the books maintained for such purpose and the
Depositary shall as promptly as commercially practicable (x) cancel this ADR and execute new ADRs for the number of ADSs requested, but in the aggregate not exceeding the number of ADSs evidenced by this ADR canceled by the Depositary, (y) cause
the Registrar to countersign such new ADRs, and (z) Deliver such new ADRs to or upon the order of the Holder thereof, if each of the following conditions has been satisfied: (i) this ADR has been duly Delivered by the Holder (or by a duly
authorized attorney of the Holder) to the Depositary at its Principal Office for the purpose of effecting a split‑up or combination hereof, and (ii) all applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and all applicable
taxes and governmental charges (as are set forth in Section 5.9 of, and Exhibit B to, the Deposit Agreement) have been paid, subject, however, in each case, to the terms and conditions of this ADR,
of the Deposit Agreement and of applicable law, in each case as in effect at the time thereof.
The Depositary may appoint one or more co-registrars for the purpose of effecting transfers, combinations and split-ups of ADRs at designated transfer offices on behalf of the Depositary and the
Depositary shall as promptly as practicable notify the Company in writing upon any such appointment. In carrying out its functions, a co-registrar may require evidence of authority and compliance with applicable laws and other requirements by
Holders or persons entitled to such ADRs and will be entitled to protection and indemnity to the same extent as the Depositary. Such co-registrars may be removed and substitutes appointed by the Depositary and the Depositary shall as promptly as
practicable notify the Company in writing upon any such removal or substitution. Each co-registrar appointed under Section 2.6 of the Deposit Agreement (other than the Depositary) shall give notice in writing to the Depositary accepting such
appointment and agreeing to be bound by the applicable terms of the Deposit Agreement.
(4) Pre-Conditions to Registration, Transfer, Etc. As a
condition precedent to the execution and Delivery, the registration of issuance, transfer, split‑up, combination or surrender, of any ADS, the delivery of any distribution thereon, or the withdrawal of any Deposited Property, the Depositary or the
Custodian may require (i) payment from the depositor of Shares or presenter of ADSs or of this ADR of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any applicable tax or other governmental charge and any stock transfer or registration fee with respect
thereto (including any such tax or charge and fee with respect to Shares being deposited or withdrawn) and payment of any applicable fees and charges of the Depositary as provided in Section 5.9 and Exhibit B to the Deposit Agreement and in
this ADR, (ii) the production of proof reasonably satisfactory to it as to the identity and genuineness of any signature or any other matter contemplated by Section 3.1 of the Deposit Agreement, and (iii) compliance with (A) any laws or
governmental regulations relating to the execution and Delivery of this ADR or ADSs or to the withdrawal of Deposited Securities and (B) such reasonable regulations as the Depositary and the Company may establish consistent with the provisions of
this ADR, if applicable, the Deposit Agreement and applicable law.
The issuance of ADSs against deposits of Shares generally or against deposits of particular Shares may be suspended, or the deposit of particular Shares may be refused, or the registration of
transfer of ADSs in particular instances may be refused, or the registration of transfer of ADSs generally may be suspended, during any period when the transfer books of the Company, the Depositary, a Registrar or the Share Registrar are closed or
if any such action is deemed necessary or advisable by the Depositary (whereupon the Depositary shall use commercially reasonable efforts to notify the Company promptly following such closure or determination) or the Company, in good faith, at any
time or from time to time because of any requirement of law or regulation, any government or governmental body or commission or any securities exchange on which the ADSs or Shares are listed, or under any provision of the Deposit Agreement or this
ADR, if applicable, or under any provision of, or governing, the Deposited Securities, or because of a meeting of shareholders of the Company or for any other reason, subject, in all cases to Section 7.8 of the Deposit Agreement and paragraph (25)
of this ADR. Notwithstanding any provision of the Deposit Agreement or this ADR to the contrary, Holders are entitled to surrender outstanding ADSs to withdraw the Deposited Securities associated therewith at any time subject only to (i) temporary
delays caused by closing the transfer books of the Depositary or the Company or the deposit of Shares in connection with voting at a shareholders’ meeting or the payment of dividends, (ii) the payment of fees, taxes and similar charges, (iii)
compliance with any U.S. or foreign laws or governmental regulations relating to the ADSs or to the withdrawal of the Deposited Securities, and (iv) other circumstances specifically contemplated by Instruction I.A.(l) of the General Instructions to
Form F-6 (as such General Instructions may be amended from time to time).
(5) Compliance With Information Requests. Notwithstanding
any other provision of the Deposit Agreement or this ADR, each Holder and Beneficial Owner of the ADSs represented hereby agrees to comply with requests from the Company pursuant to applicable law, the rules and requirements of any stock exchange
on which the Shares or ADSs are, or will be, registered, traded or listed, or the By-Laws of the Company, which are made to provide information, inter alia, as to the
capacity in which such Holder or Beneficial Owner owns ADSs (and Shares as the case may be) and regarding the identity of any other person(s) interested in such ADSs and the nature of such interest and various other matters, whether or not they are
Holders and/or Beneficial Owners at the time of such request.
(6) Ownership Restrictions. Notwithstanding any other
provision contained in this ADR or of the Deposit Agreement, the Company may restrict transfers of the Shares where such transfer might result in ownership of Shares exceeding limits imposed by applicable law or the By-laws of the Company. The
Company may also restrict, in such manner as it deems appropriate, transfers of the ADSs where such transfer may result in the total number of Shares represented by the ADSs owned by a single Holder or Beneficial Owner to exceed any such limits.
The Company may, in its sole discretion but subject to applicable law, instruct the Depositary to take action with respect to the ownership interest of any Holder or Beneficial Owner in excess of the limits set forth in the preceding sentence,
including but not limited to, the imposition of restrictions on the transfer of ADSs, the removal or limitation of voting rights or the mandatory sale or disposition on behalf of a Holder or Beneficial Owner of the Shares represented by the ADSs
held by such Holder or Beneficial Owner in excess of such limitations, if and to the extent such disposition is permitted by applicable law and the By-laws of the Company. Nothing herein or in the Deposit Agreement shall be interpreted as
obligating the Depositary or the Company to ensure compliance with the ownership restrictions described herein or in Section 3.5 of the Deposit Agreement.
(7) Reporting Obligations and Regulatory Approvals.
Applicable laws and regulations may require holders and beneficial owners of Shares, including the Holders and Beneficial Owners of ADSs, to satisfy reporting requirements and obtain regulatory approvals in certain circumstances. Holders and
Beneficial Owners of ADSs are solely responsible for determining and complying with such reporting requirements and obtaining such approvals. Each Holder and each Beneficial Owner hereby agrees to make such determination, file such reports, and
obtain such approvals to the extent and in the form required by applicable laws and regulations as in effect from time to time. Neither the Depositary, the Custodian, the Company or any of their respective agents or affiliates shall be required to
take any actions whatsoever on behalf of Holders or Beneficial Owners to determine or satisfy such reporting requirements or obtain such regulatory approvals under applicable laws and regulations.
(8) Liability for Taxes and Other Charges. Any tax or other
governmental charge payable by the Custodian or by the Depositary with respect to any Deposited Property, ADSs or this ADR shall be payable by the Holders and Beneficial Owners to the Depositary. The Company, the Custodian and/or the Depositary
may withhold or deduct from any distributions made in respect of Deposited Property, and may sell for the account of a Holder and/or Beneficial Owner any or all of such Deposited Property and apply such distributions and sale proceeds in payment
of, any taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) or charges that are or become payable by Holders or Beneficial Owners in respect of the ADSs, Deposited Property and this ADR, the Holder and the Beneficial Owner hereof remaining liable
for any deficiency. The Custodian may refuse the deposit of Shares and the Depositary may refuse to issue ADSs, to Deliver ADRs, register the transfer of ADSs, register the split-up or combination of ADRs and (subject to paragraph (25) of this ADR
and Section 7.8 of the Deposit Agreement) the withdrawal of Deposited Property until payment in full of such tax, charge, penalty or interest is received. Every Holder and Beneficial Owner agrees to indemnify the Depositary, the Company, the
Custodian, and any of their respective agents, officers, employees and Affiliates for, and to hold each of them harmless from, any claims with respect to taxes (including applicable interest and penalties thereon) arising from any tax benefit
obtained for such Holder and/or Beneficial Owner. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Deposit Agreement or any ADR, the obligations of Holders and Beneficial Owners under Section 3.2 of the Deposit Agreement shall survive any
transfer of ADSs, any cancellation of ADSs and withdrawal of Deposited Securities, and the termination of the Deposit Agreement.
(9) Representations and Warranties on Deposit of Shares.
Each person depositing Shares under the Deposit Agreement shall be deemed thereby to represent and warrant that (i) such Shares and, if applicable, the certificates therefor are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid, non-assessable and
legally obtained by such person, (ii) all preemptive (and similar) rights, if any, with respect to such Shares have been validly waived or exercised, (iii) the person making such deposit is duly authorized so to do, (iv) the Shares presented for
deposit are free and clear of any lien, encumbrance, security interest, charge, mortgage or adverse claim, (v) the Shares presented for deposit are not, and the ADSs issuable upon such deposit will not be, Restricted Securities (except as
contemplated in Section 2.14 of the Deposit Agreement), and (vi) the Shares presented for deposit have not been stripped of any rights or entitlements. Such representations and warranties shall survive the
deposit and withdrawal of Shares, the issuance and cancellation of ADSs in respect thereof and the transfer of such ADSs. If any such representations or warranties are false in any way, the Company and the Depositary shall be authorized, at the
cost and expense of the person depositing Shares, to take any and all actions necessary to correct the consequences thereof.
(10) Proofs, Certificates and Other Information. Any person
presenting Shares for deposit, any Holder and any Beneficial Owner may be required, and every Holder and Beneficial Owner agrees, from time to time to provide to the Depositary and the Custodian such proof of citizenship or residence, taxpayer
status, payment of all applicable taxes or other governmental charges, exchange control approval, legal or beneficial ownership of ADSs and Deposited Property, compliance with applicable laws, the terms of the Deposit Agreement or this ADR
evidencing the ADSs and the provisions of, or governing, the Deposited Property, to execute such certifications and to make such representations and warranties, and to provide such other information and documentation as the Depositary or the
Custodian may deem necessary or proper or as the Company may reasonably require by written request to the Depositary consistent with its obligations under the Deposit Agreement and this ADR. The Depositary and the Registrar, as applicable, may,
and at the reasonable request of the Company, shall, to the extent practicable, withhold the execution or delivery or registration of transfer of any ADR or ADS or the distribution or sale of any dividend or distribution of rights or of the
proceeds thereof or, to the extent not limited by paragraph (25) and Section 7.8 of the Deposit Agreement, the delivery of any Deposited Property until such proof or other information is filed or such certifications are executed, or such
representations and warranties are made or such other documentation or information are provided, in each case to the Depositary’s, the Registrar’s and the Company’s satisfaction.
(11) ADS Fees and Charges. The following ADS fees are
payable under the terms of the Deposit Agreement:
|
(i) |
ADS Issuance Fee: by any person for whom ADSs are issued (e.g., an issuance upon a deposit of Shares, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-Share(s) ratio, or for any other reason), excluding
issuances as a result of distributions described in paragraph (iv) below, a fee not in excess of U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) issued under the terms of the Deposit Agreement;
|
|
(ii) |
ADS Cancellation Fee: by any person for whom ADSs are being cancelled (e.g., a cancellation of ADSs for Delivery of deposited shares, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-Share(s) ratio, or for
any other reason), a fee not in excess of U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) cancelled;
|
|
(iii) |
Cash Distribution Fee: by any Holder of ADSs, a fee not in excess of U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) held for the distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (e.g.,
upon a sale of rights and other entitlements);
|
|
(iv) |
Stock Distribution /Rights Exercise Fee: by any Holder of ADS(s), a fee not in excess of U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) held for the distribution of ADSs pursuant to (a) stock dividends or other free stock
distributions, or (b) an exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs;
|
|
(v) |
Other Distribution Fee: by any Holder of ADS(s), a fee not in excess of U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) held for the distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (e.g., spin-off shares);
|
|
(vi) |
Depositary Services Fee: by any Holder of ADS(s) on the applicable record date(s) established by the Depositary, a fee not in excess of U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) held on the applicable record date(s)
established by the Depositary;
|
|
(vii) |
Registration of ADS Transfer Fee: by any Holder of ADS(s) for whom ADS(s) are being transferred or by any person to whom ADSs are transferred, a fee not in excess of U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) transferred; and
|
|
(viii) |
ADS Conversion Fee: by any Holder of ADS(s) for whom ADSs are being converted or by any person to whom the converted ADSs are delivered, a fee not in excess of U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) converted from one ADS
series to another ADS series (e.g., upon conversion of Partial Entitlement ADSs for Full Entitlement ADSs, or upon conversion of Restricted ADSs into freely transferrable ADSs, and vice versa).
|
The Company, Holders, Beneficial Owners, persons depositing Shares or withdrawing Deposited Securities in connection with ADS issuances and cancellations, and persons for whom ADSs are issued or
cancelled shall be responsible for the following ADS charges under the terms of the Deposit Agreement:
|
(a) |
taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;
|
|
(b) |
such registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of Shares or other Deposited Securities on the share register and applicable to transfers of Shares or other Deposited Securities to or from the name of
the Custodian, the Depositary or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively;
|
|
(c) |
such cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses as are expressly provided in the Deposit Agreement to be at the expense of the person depositing Shares or withdrawing Deposited Securities or of the Holders and
Beneficial Owners of ADSs;
|
|
(d) |
in connection with the conversion of Foreign Currency, the fees, expenses, spreads, taxes and other charges of the Depositary and/or conversion service providers (which may be a division, branch or Affiliate of the Depositary). Such
fees, expenses, spreads, taxes and other charges shall be deducted from the Foreign Currency;
|
|
(e) |
any reasonable and customary out-of-pocket expenses incurred in such conversion and/or on behalf of the Holders and Beneficial Owners in complying with currency exchange control or other governmental requirements; and
|
|
(f) |
the fees, charges, costs and expenses incurred by the Depositary, the Custodian, or any nominee in connection with the ADR program.
|
All ADS fees and charges may, at any time and from time to time, be changed by agreement between the Depositary and Company but, in the case of ADS fees and charges payable by Holders and
Beneficial Owners, only in the manner contemplated by paragraph (23) of this ADR and as contemplated in Section 6.1 of the Deposit Agreement. The Depositary shall provide, without charge, a copy of its latest ADS fee schedule to anyone upon
request.
ADS fees and charges for (i) the issuance of ADSs and (ii) the cancellation of ADSs will be payable by the person for whom the ADSs are so issued by the Depositary (in the case of ADS issuances)
and by the person for whom ADSs are being cancelled (in the case of ADS cancellations). In the case of ADSs issued by the Depositary into DTC or presented to the Depositary via DTC, the ADS issuance and cancellation fees and charges will be
payable by the DTC Participant(s) receiving the ADSs from the Depositary or the DTC Participant(s) holding the ADSs being cancelled, as the case may be, on behalf of the Beneficial Owner(s) and will be charged by the DTC Participant(s) to the
account(s) of the applicable Beneficial Owner(s) in accordance with the procedures and practices of the DTC Participant(s) as in effect at the time. ADS fees and charges in respect of distributions and the ADS service fee are payable by Holders as
of the applicable ADS Record Date established by the Depositary. In the case of distributions of cash, the amount of the applicable ADS fees and charges is deducted from the funds being distributed. In the case of (i) distributions other than
cash and (ii) the ADS service fee, the applicable Holders as of the ADS Record Date established by the Depositary will be invoiced for the amount of the ADS fees and charges and such ADS fees may be deducted from distributions made to Holders. For
ADSs held through DTC, the ADS fees and charges for distributions other than cash and the ADS service fee may be deducted from distributions made through DTC and may be charged to the DTC Participants in accordance with the procedures and practices
prescribed by DTC from time to time and the DTC Participants in turn charge the amount of such ADS fees and charges to the Beneficial Owners for whom they hold ADSs. In the case of (i) registration of ADS transfers, the ADS transfer fee will be
payable by the ADS Holder whose ADSs are being transferred or by the person to whom the ADSs are transferred, and (ii) conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series, the ADS conversion fee will be payable by the Holder whose ADSs are
converted or by the person to whom the converted ADSs are delivered.
The Depositary may reimburse the Company for certain expenses incurred by the Company in respect of the ADR program established pursuant to the Deposit Agreement, by making available a portion of
the ADS fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions as the Company and the Depositary agree from time to time. The Company shall pay to the Depositary such fees and charges, and reimburse the Depositary
for such out-of-pocket expenses, as the Depositary and the Company may agree from time to time. Responsibility for payment of such fees, charges and reimbursements may from time to time be changed by agreement between the Company and the
Depositary. Unless otherwise agreed, the Depositary shall present its statement for such fees, charges and reimbursements to the Company once every three months. The charges and expenses of the Custodian are for the sole account of the
Depositary.
The obligations of Holders and Beneficial Owners to pay ADS fees and charges shall survive the termination of the Deposit Agreement. As to any Depositary, upon the resignation or removal of such
Depositary as described in Section 5.4 of the Deposit Agreement, the right to collect ADS fees and charges shall extend for those ADS fees and charges incurred prior to the effectiveness of such resignation or removal.
(12) Title to ADRs. Subject to the limitations contained in
the Deposit Agreement and in this ADR, it is a condition of this ADR, and every successive Holder of this ADR by accepting or holding the same consents and agrees, that title to this ADR (and to each Certificated ADS evidenced hereby) shall be
transferable upon the same terms as a certificated security under the laws of the State of New York, provided that, in the case of Certificated ADSs, this ADR has been properly endorsed or is accompanied by proper instruments of transfer. Subject
to the limitations contained in the Deposit Agreement, Uncertificated ADSs not evidenced by ADRs shall be transferrable as uncertificated registered securities under the laws of the State of New York. Notwithstanding any notice to the contrary,
the Depositary and the Company may deem and treat the Holder of this ADR (that is, the person in whose name this ADR is registered on the books of the Depositary) as the absolute owner thereof for all purposes. Neither the Depositary nor the
Company shall have any obligation nor be subject to any liability under the Deposit Agreement or this ADR to any holder of this ADR or any Beneficial Owner unless, in the case of a holder of ADSs, such holder is the Holder of this ADR registered on
the books of the Depositary or, in the case of a Beneficial Owner, such Beneficial Owner, or the Beneficial Owner’s representative, is the Holder registered on the books of the Depositary.
(13) Validity of ADR. The Holder(s) of this ADR (and the
ADSs represented hereby) shall not be entitled to any benefits under the Deposit Agreement or be valid or enforceable for any purpose against the Depositary or the Company unless this ADR has been (i) dated, (ii) signed by the manual or facsimile
signature of a duly-authorized signatory of the Depositary, (iii) countersigned by the manual or facsimile signature of a duly-authorized signatory of the Registrar, and (iv) registered in the books maintained by the Registrar for the registration
of issuances and transfers of ADRs. An ADR bearing the facsimile signature of a duly-authorized signatory of the Depositary or the Registrar, who at the time of signature was a duly authorized signatory of the Depositary or the Registrar, as the
case may be, shall bind the Depositary, notwithstanding the fact that such signatory has ceased to be so authorized prior to the delivery of such ADR by the Depositary.
(14) Available Information; Reports; Inspection of Transfer Books.
The Company is subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and, accordingly, is required to file or furnish certain reports with the Commission. These reports can be
retrieved from the Commission’s website (www.sec.gov) and can be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the Commission located (as of the date of the Deposit Agreement) at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington D.C. 20549.
The Depositary shall, as promptly as practicable, make available for inspection by Holders at its Principal Office the Deposit Agreement, the provisions of or governing Deposited Securities, and
any reports and communications, including any proxy soliciting materials, received from the Company which are both (a) received by the Depositary, the Custodian, or the nominee of either of them as the holder of the Deposited Property and (b) made
generally available to the holders of such Deposited Property by the Company. The Depositary shall also provide or make available to Holders copies of such reports when furnished by the Company pursuant to Section 5.6 of the Deposit Agreement.
The Registrar shall keep books for the registration of ADSs which at all reasonable times shall be open for inspection by the Company and by the Holders of such ADSs, provided that such inspection
shall not be, to the Registrar’s knowledge, for the purpose of communicating with Holders of such ADSs in the interest of a business or object other than the business of the Company or other than a matter related to the Deposit Agreement or the
ADSs.
The Registrar may close the transfer books with respect to the ADSs, at any time or from time to time, when deemed necessary or advisable by it in good faith in connection with the performance of
its duties hereunder, or at the reasonable written request of the Company subject, in all cases, to paragraph (25) and Section 7.8 of the Deposit Agreement.
Dated:
|
CITIBANK, N.A.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
|
|
CITIBANK, N.A.
as Depositary
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
By:
|
|
|
By:
|
|
|
|
Authorized Signatory |
|
|
Authorized Signatory |
The address of the Principal Office of the Depositary is 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013, U.S.A.
[FORM OF REVERSE OF ADR]
SUMMARY OF CERTAIN ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS
OF THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT
(15) Dividends and Distributions in Cash, Shares, etc. (a) Cash Distributions: Upon the timely receipt by the Depositary of a notice from the Company that it intends to make a distribution of a cash dividend or other cash distribution, the Depositary
shall establish the ADS Record Date upon the terms described in Section 4.9 of the Deposit Agreement. Upon receipt of confirmation from the Custodian of the receipt of any cash dividend or other cash distribution on any Deposited Securities, or
upon receipt of proceeds from the sale of any Deposited Property held in respect of the ADSs under the terms hereof, the Depositary will (i) if at the time of receipt thereof any amounts received in a Foreign Currency can, in the judgment of the
Depositary (pursuant to Section 4.8 of the Deposit Agreement), be converted on a practicable basis into Dollars transferable to the United States, promptly convert or cause to be converted such cash dividend, distribution or proceeds into Dollars
(on the terms described in Section 4.8 of the Deposit Agreement), (ii) if applicable and unless previously established, establish the ADS Record Date upon the terms described in Section 4.9 of the Deposit Agreement, and (iii) distribute promptly
the amount thus received (net of (a) the applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and (b) applicable taxes withheld as a result of the distribution) to the Holders entitled thereto as of the ADS Record Date in
proportion to the number of ADSs held as of the ADS Record Date. The Depositary shall distribute only such amount, however, as can be distributed without attributing to any Holder a fraction of one cent, and any balance not so distributed shall be
held by the Depositary (without liability for interest thereon) and shall be added to and become part of the next sum received by the Depositary for distribution to Holders of ADSs outstanding at the time of the next distribution. If the Company,
the Custodian or the Depositary is required to withhold and does withhold from any cash dividend or other cash distribution in respect of any Deposited Securities, or from any cash proceeds from the sales of Deposited Property, an amount on account
of taxes, duties or other governmental charges, the amount distributed to Holders on the ADSs shall be reduced accordingly. Such withheld amounts shall be forwarded by the Company, the Custodian or the Depositary to the relevant governmental
authority. Evidence of payment thereof by the Company shall be forwarded by the Company to the Depositary upon request. The Depositary will hold any cash amounts it is unable to distribute in a non-interest bearing account for the benefit of the
applicable Holders and Beneficial Owners of ADSs until the distribution can be effected or the funds that the Depositary holds must be escheated as unclaimed property in accordance with the laws of the relevant states of the United States.
Notwithstanding anything contained in the Deposit Agreement to the contrary, in the event the Company fails to give the Depositary timely notice of the proposed distribution provided for in Section 4.1 of the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary
agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to perform the actions contemplated in Section 4.1 of the Deposit Agreement, and the Company, the Holders and the Beneficial Owners acknowledge that the Depositary shall have no liability for the
Depositary’s failure to perform the actions contemplated in Section 4.1 of the Deposit Agreement where such notice has not been so timely given, other than its failure to use commercially reasonable efforts, as provided herein.
(b) Share Distributions: Upon the timely receipt by the Depositary of a notice from the Company that it intends to make a distribution
that consists of a dividend in, or free distribution of Shares, the Depositary shall establish the ADS Record Date upon the terms described in Section 4.9 of the Deposit Agreement. Upon receipt of confirmation from the Custodian of the receipt of
the Shares so distributed by the Company, the Depositary shall either (i) subject to Section 5.9 of the Deposit Agreement, distribute to the Holders as of the ADS Record Date in proportion to the number of ADSs held as of the ADS Record Date,
additional ADSs, which represent in the aggregate the number of Shares received as such dividend, or free distribution, subject to the other terms of the Deposit Agreement (including, without limitation, (a) the applicable fees and charges of, and
expenses incurred by, the Depositary and (b) applicable taxes withheld as a result of the distribution), or (ii) if additional ADSs are not so distributed, take all actions necessary so that each ADS issued and outstanding after the ADS Record Date
shall, to the extent permissible by law, thenceforth also represent rights and interests in the additional integral number of Shares distributed upon the Deposited Securities represented thereby (net of (a) the applicable fees and charges of, and
expenses incurred by, the Depositary, and (b) applicable taxes). In lieu of delivering fractional ADSs, the Depositary shall sell the number of Shares or ADSs, as the case may be, represented by the aggregate of such fractions and distribute the
net proceeds upon the terms described in Section 4.1 of the Deposit Agreement.
In the event that the Depositary determines that any distribution in property (including Shares) is subject to any tax or other governmental charges which the Depositary is obligated to withhold,
or, if the Company in the fulfillment of its obligations under Section 5.7 of the Deposit Agreement, has furnished an opinion of U.S. counsel determining that Shares must be registered under the Securities Act or other laws in order to be
distributed to Holders (and no such registration statement has been declared effective), the Depositary may dispose of all or a portion of such property (including Shares and rights to subscribe therefor) in such amounts and in such manner,
including by public or private sale, as the Depositary deems necessary and practicable, and the Depositary shall distribute the net proceeds of any such sale (after deduction of (a) applicable taxes paid or withheld and (b) fees and charges of, and
the expenses incurred by, the Depositary) to Holders entitled thereto upon the terms of Section 4.1 of the Deposit Agreement. The Depositary shall hold and/or distribute any unsold balance of such property in accordance with the provisions of the
Deposit Agreement. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Deposit Agreement to the contrary, in the event the Company fails to give the Depositary timely notice of the proposed distribution provided for in Section 4.2 of the Deposit Agreement,
the Depositary agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to perform the actions contemplated in Section 4.2 of the Deposit Agreement, and the Company, the Holders and the Beneficial Owners acknowledge that the Depositary shall have no liability
for the Depositary’s failure to perform the actions contemplated in Section 4.2 of the Deposit Agreement where such notice has not been so timely given, other than its failure to use commercially reasonable efforts, as provided herein.
(c) Elective Distributions in Cash or Shares: Upon the timely receipt of a notice indicating that the Company wishes an elective
distribution in cash or Shares to be made available to Holders of ADSs upon the terms described in the Deposit Agreement, the Company and the Depositary shall determine in accordance with the Deposit Agreement whether such distribution is lawful
and reasonably practicable. The Depositary shall make such elective distribution available to Holders only if (i) the Company shall have timely requested that the elective distribution be made available to Holders, (ii) the Depositary shall have
determined that such distribution is reasonably practicable and (iii) the Depositary shall have received satisfactory documentation within the terms of Section 5.7 of the Deposit Agreement. If the above conditions are satisfied, the Depositary
shall, subject to the terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement, establish the ADS Record Date according to paragraph (17) and Section 4.9 of the Deposit Agreement and establish procedures to enable the Holder hereof to elect to receive the
proposed distribution in cash or in additional ADSs. If a Holder elects to receive the distribution in cash, the distribution shall be made as in the case of a distribution in cash. If the Holder hereof elects to receive the distribution in
additional ADSs, the distribution shall be made as in the case of a distribution in Shares upon the terms described in the Deposit Agreement. If such elective distribution is not reasonably practicable or if the Depositary did not receive
satisfactory documentation set forth in the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary shall establish an ADS Record Date upon the terms of Section 4.9 of the Deposit Agreement and, to the extent permitted by law, distribute to Holders, on the basis of the
same determination as is made in the Republic of France in respect of the Shares for which no election is made, either (x) cash or (y) additional ADSs representing such additional Shares, in each case, upon the terms described in the Deposit
Agreement. Nothing herein or in the Deposit Agreement shall obligate the Depositary to make available to the Holder hereof a method to receive the elective distribution in Shares (rather than ADSs). There can be no assurance that the Holder
hereof will be given the opportunity to receive elective distributions on the same terms and conditions as the holders of Shares. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Deposit Agreement to the contrary, in the event the Company fails to give
the Depositary timely notice of the proposed distribution provided for in Section 4.3 of the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to perform the actions contemplated in Section 4.3 of the Deposit
Agreement, and the Company, the Holders and the Beneficial Owners acknowledge that the Depositary shall have no liability for the Depositary’s failure to perform the actions contemplated in Section 4.3 of the Deposit Agreement where such notice has
not been so timely given, other than its failure to use commercially reasonable efforts, as provided herein.
(d) Distribution of Rights to Purchase Additional ADSs: Upon the timely receipt by the Depositary of a notice indicating that the
Company wishes rights to subscribe for additional Shares (including through the allocation of share subscription warrants (bons de souscription d’actions)) to be made available to Holders of ADSs, the
Depositary upon consultation with the Company, shall determine, whether it is lawful and reasonably practicable to make such rights available to the Holders. The Depositary shall make such rights available to any Holders only if (i) the Company
shall have timely requested that such rights be made available to Holders, (ii) the Depositary shall have received satisfactory documentation within the terms of Section 5.7 of the Deposit Agreement, and (iii) the Depositary shall have determined
that such distribution of rights is reasonably practicable. If such conditions are not satisfied or if the Company requests that the rights not be made available to Holders of ADSs, the Depositary shall sell the rights as described below. In the
event all conditions set forth above are satisfied, the Depositary shall establish the ADS Record Date (upon the terms described in Section 4.9 of the Deposit Agreement) and establish procedures to (x) distribute rights to purchase additional ADSs
(by means of warrants or otherwise), (y) enable the Holders to exercise such rights (upon payment of the subscription price and of the applicable (a) fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and (b) taxes), and (z) deliver ADSs
upon the valid exercise of such rights. Nothing herein or in the Deposit Agreement shall obligate the Depositary to make available to the Holders a method to exercise rights to subscribe for Shares (rather than ADSs). If (i) the Company does not
timely request the Depositary to make the rights available to Holders or requests that the rights not be made available to Holders, (ii) the Depositary fails to receive satisfactory documentation within the terms of Section 5.7 of the Deposit
Agreement or determines it is not reasonably practicable to make the rights available to Holders, or (iii) any rights made available are not exercised and appear to be about to lapse, the Depositary shall determine whether it is lawful and
reasonably practicable to sell such rights, in a riskless principal capacity, at such place and upon such terms (including public and private sale) as it may deem practicable. The Depositary shall, upon such sale, convert and distribute proceeds
of such sale (net of applicable (a) fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and (b) taxes withheld as a result of the sale) upon the terms hereof and of Section 4.1 of the Deposit Agreement. If the Depositary is unable to
make any rights available to Holders upon the terms described in Section 4.4(a) of the Deposit Agreement or to arrange for the sale of the rights upon the terms described in Section 4.4(b) of the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary shall allow such
rights to lapse. The Depositary shall not be liable for (i) any failure to accurately determine whether it may be lawful or practicable to make such rights available to Holders in general or any Holders in particular, (ii) any foreign exchange
exposure or loss incurred in connection with such sale or exercise, or (iii) the content of any materials forwarded to the Holders on behalf of the Company in connection with the rights distribution.
Notwithstanding anything herein or in Section 4.4 of the Deposit Agreement to the contrary, if registration (under the Securities Act or any other applicable law) of the rights or the securities to
which any rights relate may be required in order for the Company to offer such rights or such securities to Holders and to sell the securities represented by such rights, the Depositary will not distribute such rights to the Holders (i) unless and
until a registration statement under the Securities Act (or other applicable law) covering such offering is in effect or (ii) unless the Company furnishes the Depositary opinion(s) of counsel for the Company in the United States and counsel to the
Company in any other applicable country in which rights would be distributed, in each case reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary, to the effect that the offering and sale of such securities to Holders and Beneficial Owners are exempt from, or
do not require registration under, the provisions of the Securities Act or any other applicable laws. In the event that the Company, the Depositary or the Custodian shall be required to withhold and does withhold from any distribution of Deposited
Property (including rights) an amount on account of taxes or other governmental charges, the amount distributed to the Holders of ADSs shall be reduced accordingly. In the event that the Depositary reasonably determines that any distribution of
Deposited Property (including Shares and rights to subscribe therefor) is subject to any tax or other governmental charges which the Depositary is obligated to withhold, the Depositary may dispose of all or a portion of such Deposited Property
(including Shares and rights to subscribe therefor) in such amounts and in such manner, including by public or private sale, as the Depositary deems necessary and practicable to pay any such taxes or charges.
There can be no assurance that Holders generally, or any Holder in particular, will be given the opportunity to receive or exercise rights on the same terms and conditions as the holders of Shares
or be able to exercise such rights. Nothing herein or in the Deposit Agreement shall obligate the Company to file any registration statement in respect of any rights or Shares or other securities to be acquired upon the exercise of such rights.
(e) Distributions other than Cash, Shares or Rights to Purchase Shares: Upon receipt of a notice indicating that the Company wishes
property other than cash, Shares or rights to purchase additional Shares to be made to Holders of ADSs, the Depositary shall determine, in consultation with the Company, whether such distribution to Holders is lawful and reasonably practicable.
The Depositary shall not make such distribution unless (i) the Company shall have requested the Depositary to make such distribution to Holders, (ii) the Depositary shall have received the documentation contemplated in the Deposit Agreement, and
(iii) the Depositary shall have determined that such distribution is reasonably practicable. Upon satisfaction of such conditions, the Depositary shall distribute the property so received to the Holders of record, as of the ADS Record Date, in
proportion to the number of ADSs held by them respectively and in such manner as the Depositary may deem practicable for accomplishing such distribution (i) upon receipt of payment or net of the applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred
by, the Depositary, and (ii) net of any taxes withheld as a result of the distribution. The Depositary may dispose of all or a portion of the property so distributed and deposited, in such amounts and in such manner (including public or private
sale) as the Depositary may deem practicable or necessary to satisfy any taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) or other governmental charges applicable to the distribution.
If the conditions above are not satisfied, the Depositary shall sell or cause such property to be sold in a public or private sale, at such place or places and upon such terms as it may deem
practicable and shall (i) cause the proceeds of such sale, if any, to be converted into Dollars and (ii) distribute the proceeds of such conversion received by the Depositary (net of applicable (a) fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the
Depositary and (b) taxes withheld as a result of the sale) to the Holders as of the ADS Record Date upon the terms hereof and of Section 4.1 of the Deposit Agreement. If the Depositary is unable to sell such property, the Depositary may dispose of
such property for the account of the Holders in any way it deems reasonably practicable under the circumstances.
Neither the Depositary nor the Company shall be responsible for (i) any failure to determine whether it is lawful or practicable to make the property described in Section 4.5 of the Deposit
Agreement available to Holders in general or any Holders in particular, nor (ii) any loss incurred in connection with the sale or disposal of such property.
(16) Redemption. Upon timely receipt of notice from the
Company that it intends to exercise its right of redemption in respect of any of the Deposited Securities, and satisfactory documentation, and only if, after consultation between the Depositary and the Company, the Depositary shall have determined
that such proposed redemption is practicable, the Depositary shall (to the extent practicable) provide to each Holder a notice setting forth the Company’s intention to exercise the redemption rights and any other particulars set forth in the
Company’s notice to the Depositary. The Depositary shall instruct the Custodian to present to the Company the Deposited Securities in respect of which redemption rights are being exercised against payment of the applicable redemption price. Upon
receipt of confirmation from the Custodian that the redemption has taken place and that funds representing the redemption price have been received, the Depositary shall convert, transfer, and distribute the proceeds (net of applicable (a) fees and
charges of, and the expenses incurred by, the Depositary, and (b) taxes), retire ADSs and cancel ADRs, if applicable, upon delivery of such ADSs by Holders thereof and the terms set forth in Sections 4.1 and 6.2 of the Deposit Agreement. If less
than all outstanding Deposited Securities are redeemed, the ADSs to be retired will be selected by lot or on a pro rata basis, as may be determined by the Depositary after consultation with the Company.
The redemption price per ADS shall be the dollar equivalent of the per share amount received by the Depositary (adjusted to reflect the ADS(s)-to-Share(s) ratio) upon the redemption of the Deposited Securities represented by ADSs (subject to the
terms of Section 4.8 of the Deposit Agreement and the applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary, and applicable taxes) multiplied by the number of Deposited Securities represented by each ADS redeemed. Notwithstanding
anything contained in the Deposit Agreement to the contrary, in the event the Company fails to give the Depositary timely notice of the proposed redemption provided for in Section 4.7 of the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary agrees to use
commercially reasonable efforts to perform the actions contemplated in Section 4.7 of the Deposit Agreement, and the Company, the Holders and the Beneficial Owners acknowledge that the Depositary shall have no liability for the Depositary’s failure
to perform the actions contemplated in Section 4.7 of the Deposit Agreement where such notice has not been so timely given, other than its failure to use commercially reasonable efforts, as provided herein.
(17) Fixing of ADS Record Date. Whenever the Depositary
shall receive notice of the fixing of a record date by the Company for the determination of holders of Deposited Securities entitled to receive any distribution (whether in cash, Shares, rights or other distribution), or whenever for any reason the
Depositary causes a change in the number of Shares that are represented by each ADS, or whenever the Depositary shall receive notice of any meeting of, or solicitation of consents or proxies of, holders of Shares or other Deposited Securities, or
whenever the Depositary shall find it necessary or convenient in connection with the giving of any notice, solicitation of any consent or any other matter, the Depositary shall fix the record date (the “ADS Record Date”) for the
determination of the Holders of ADS(s) who shall be entitled to receive such distribution, to give instructions for the exercise of voting rights at any such meeting, to give or withhold such consent, to receive such notice or solicitation or to
otherwise take action, or to exercise the rights of Holders with respect to such changed number of Shares represented by each ADS. Subject to applicable law, the terms and conditions of this ADR and Sections 4.1 through 4.8 of the Deposit
Agreement, only the Holders of ADSs at the close of business in New York on such ADS Record Date shall be entitled to receive such distribution, to give such voting instructions, to receive such notice or solicitation, or otherwise take action.
(18) Voting of Deposited Securities. As soon as practicable
after receipt of notice of any meeting at which the holders of Deposited Securities are entitled to vote, or of solicitation of consents or proxies from holders of Deposited Securities, the Depositary shall fix the ADS Record Date in respect of
such meeting or solicitation of consent or proxy in accordance with Section 4.9 of the Deposit Agreement. The Depositary shall, if requested by the Company in writing in a timely manner (the Depositary having no obligation to take any further
action if the request shall not have been received by the Depositary at least thirty (30) calendar days prior to the date of such vote or meeting), except where under French law the notice period for such meeting is less than thirty (30) calendar
days, in which case the Depositary shall upon receipt of the request use all commercially reasonable efforts to distribute to Holders the material in (a), (b), and (c) of this paragraph and carry out the further actions set forth in Section 4.10 of
the Deposit Agreement at the Company’s expense and provided no U.S. legal prohibitions exist, distribute as soon as practicable after receipt thereof to Holders as of the ADS Record Date: (a) such notice of meeting or solicitation of consent or
proxy, (b) a statement that the Holders at the close of business on the ADS Record Date who continue to be Holders on the Share Record Date will be entitled, subject to any applicable law, the provisions of the Deposit Agreement, the By-Laws and
the provisions of or governing the Deposited Securities (which provisions, if any, shall be summarized in pertinent part by the Company), to instruct the Depositary as to the exercise of the voting rights, if any, pertaining to the Deposited
Securities represented by such Holder’s ADSs, and (c) a brief statement as to the manner in which such voting instructions may be given to the Depositary or in which voting instructions may be deemed to have been given in accordance with Section
4.10 of the Deposit Agreement if no such voting instructions have been given to the Depositary prior to the deadline set forth for such purpose.
Notwithstanding anything contained in the Deposit Agreement or any ADR, with the Company’s prior written consent, the Depositary may, to the extent not prohibited by law or regulations, the
By-Laws, or by the requirements of any stock exchange on which the ADSs may be listed, in lieu of distribution of the materials provided to the Depositary in connection with any meeting of, or solicitation of consents or proxies from, holders of
Deposited Securities, distribute to the Holders a notice that provides Holders with, or otherwise publicizes to Holders, instructions on how to retrieve such materials or receive such materials upon request (i.e.,
by reference to a website containing the materials for retrieval or a contact for requesting copies of the materials).
The Company has informed the Depositary that, as of the date of the Deposit Agreement, under French company law and the By-Laws, (i) the record date for holders of Shares to vote at a shareholders
meeting is at least three (3) calendar days (“jours francs”) prior to the shareholders’ meeting (such date as may be established from time to time, the “Share Record Date”), (ii) in order to exercise voting
rights holders of Shares in registered form must have their Shares registered in their own name, or where applicable in the name of a registered financial intermediary (intermédiaire inscrit), in a share
account maintained by or on behalf of the Company as of the Share Record Date, (iii) in order to exercise voting rights holders of Shares in bearer form are required to have their Shares registered in their own name, or where applicable, in the
name of a registered financial intermediary (intermédiaire inscrit) and obtain from an accredited financial intermediary (intermédiaire habilité), and provide to the
Company, an attendance certificate (attestation de participation) attesting to the registration of such Shares in the financial intermediary’s account as of the Share Record Date, and (iv) the voting form
must be delivered to the Company at least three (3) calendar days (“jours francs”) prior to the date of the shareholders’ meeting (voting forms sent by electronic form can be received by the Company up to
the day immediately preceding the meeting date at 3:00 p.m., Paris time).
In accordance with the foregoing, a Holder as of the ADS Record Date who desires to exercise its voting rights with respect to ADSs representing Shares in registered or bearer form is required to:
(a) be a Holder of the ADSs as of the Share Record Date and (b) deliver voting instructions to the Depositary, in a form acceptable to the Company and the Depositary, by the date established by the Depositary for such purpose (the “Receipt Date”).
The delivery of voting instructions shall be deemed instructions to the Depositary to (i) request that the Custodian deliver a voting form (formulaire de vote à distance) to the Company prior to the deadline
established by the Company and (ii) request that the Custodian deposit the requisite attendance certificate (attestation de participation) with the Company.
Voting instructions may be given only in respect of a number of ADSs representing an integral number of Deposited Securities. Upon receipt by the Depositary of (i) the voting instructions, in a
form acceptable to the Company and the Depositary, on or before the Receipt Date, and (ii) confirmation reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary that the applicable conditions of the preceding paragraph have been satisfied, the Depositary shall
endeavor, insofar as practicable and permitted under any applicable provisions of French law and the By-Laws, to cause to be voted the Shares represented by such ADSs in accordance with any non-discretionary instructions set forth in such voting
instructions. If the Depositary receives from a Holder (who has otherwise satisfied all conditions to voting contemplated herein) voting instructions which fail to specify the manner in which the Depositary is to vote the Deposited Securities
represented by such Holder’s ADSs, the Depositary will deem such Holder (unless otherwise specified in the notice distributed to Holders) to have instructed the Depositary to vote in favor of all resolutions endorsed by the Company’s supervisory
board. With respect to Deposited Securities represented by ADSs for which no timely voting instructions are received by the Depositary from the Holder, the Depositary shall (unless otherwise specified in the notice distributed to Holders) deem
such Holder, to have instructed the Depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by the Company to vote the Deposited Securities; provided, however, that no such discretionary proxy shall
be given by the Depositary with respect to any matter to be voted upon as to which the Company informs the Depositary that (i) the Company does not wish such proxy to be given, (ii) substantial opposition exists, or (iii) the rights of holders of
Deposited Securities may be materially adversely affected. By way of example and not limitation, it is agreed that routine matters, such as appointing auditors and supervisory board members (except where a competing supervisory board member or
slate of supervisory board members is proposed), or the approval of a public offering or private placement of securities, would not materially affect the rights of Holders.
The Depositary will not knowingly take any action to impair its ability to carry out the voting instructions of Beneficial Owners of ADSs delivered to it by DTC, any DTC Participants or any of
their agents. In the case of voting instructions received in respect of any Beneficial Owner of ADSs as of the ADS Record Date who is not the Holder of the ADSs on the books of the Depositary, the Depositary will not cause to be voted the number
of Shares represented by such ADSs unless the Depositary has received confirmation (reasonably satisfactory to it and to the Company) from DTC or the applicable securities intermediaries for the Beneficial Owner (and/or the agents) that such number
of ADSs continue to be held by such Beneficial Owner as of the Share Record Date. Except as provided above, the Depositary will not cause to be voted Shares represented by ADSs in respect of which the voting instructions are improperly completed
or in respect of which (and to the extent) the voting instructions are illegible or unclear. The Depositary will not charge any fees in connection with the foregoing transactions to enable any Holder to exercise its voting rights under the Deposit
Agreement.
Neither the Depositary nor the Custodian shall under any circumstances exercise any discretion as to voting and neither the Depositary nor the Custodian shall vote, attempt to exercise the right to
vote, or in any way make use of the Deposited Securities represented by ADSs, except pursuant to and in accordance with the voting instructions timely received from Holders or as otherwise contemplated herein. Except as provided in Section 4.10 of
the Deposit Agreement, Deposited Securities represented by ADSs for which no timely voting instructions are received by the Depositary from the Holder shall not be voted. Notwithstanding anything else contained herein, the Depositary shall, if so
requested in writing by the Company, represent all Deposited Securities (whether or not voting instructions have been received in respect of such Deposited Securities from Holders as of the deadline specified herein) for the sole purpose of
establishing a quorum at a meeting of shareholders.
Subject to applicable laws or rules of any securities exchange on which the Deposited Securities are listed or traded, at least three (3) calendar days (“jours
francs”) prior to the date of a shareholders’ meeting, the Company shall receive from the Depositary, unless the Company has agreed to a later date, a voting form, reflecting the tabulation of the voting instructions received from the
Holders of ADSs, if any, and the Depositary shall vote, or cause to be voted, the Deposited Securities represented by such Holders’ ADSs in accordance with such instructions.
Notwithstanding anything else contained in the Deposit Agreement or any ADR, and to the extent not prohibited by law or regulation, the Depositary and the Company may, by agreement between them,
with notice to the Holders, modify, amend or adopt additional voting procedures from time to time as they determine may be necessary or appropriate (subject, in each case, to the terms of Sections 6.1 and 7.8 of the Deposit Agreement).
The Company has informed the Depositary that, under French company law in effect as of the date of the Deposit Agreement, shareholders holding a certain percentage of the Company’s Shares, the
workers’ council or the Company’s supervisory board may submit a new resolution and the Company’s supervisory board may also modify the resolutions proposed in the preliminary notice of meeting (avis de réunion),
which notice must be published at least 35 days prior to the meeting date. In such case, Holders who have given prior instructions to vote on such resolutions shall be deemed to have voted in favor of the new or modified resolutions if approved by
the members of the Company’s supervisory board and against if not approved by the members of the Company’s supervisory board.
The Company has informed the Depositary that the Company may require voting instructions to be delivered in writing. In such circumstances, Holders of ADSs may be required to deliver signed voting
instruction cards to the Depositary.
As long as, pursuant to French law, a double voting right is attached to each Share which is held in registered form in the name of the same shareholder for at least two years, Deposited Shares
will not be entitled to double voting rights as the Depositary will hold the Deposited Shares in bearer form only. Therefore, Holders and Beneficial Owners who wish to obtain double voting rights will need to surrender their ADSs, withdraw the
Deposited Shares and take the necessary steps with the Share Registrar to have those Shares held in registered form in their own name.
Notwithstanding anything else contained in the Deposit Agreement or this ADR, the Depositary shall not have any obligation to take any action with respect to any meeting, or solicitation of
consents or proxies, of holders of Deposited Securities if the taking of such action would violate U.S. or French laws. The Company agrees to take any and all actions reasonably necessary and permitted by U.S. and French law to enable Holders and
Beneficial Owners to exercise the voting rights accruing to the Deposited Securities and to deliver to the Depositary an opinion of counsel addressing any actions requested to be taken if so reasonably requested by the Depositary. There can be no
assurance that Holders generally or any Holder in particular will receive the notice described above with sufficient time to enable the Holder to return voting instructions to the Depositary in a timely manner or at all.
(19) Changes Affecting Deposited Securities. Upon any change
in nominal or par value, split‑up, cancellation, consolidation or any other reclassification of Deposited Securities, or upon any recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets affecting the Company or to which it is a
party, any property which shall be received by the Depositary or the Custodian in exchange for, or in conversion of, or replacement of, or otherwise in respect of, such Deposited Securities shall, to the extent permitted by law, be treated as new
Deposited Property under the Deposit Agreement, and this ADR shall, subject to the provisions of the Deposit Agreement, this ADR evidencing such ADSs and applicable law, represent the right to receive such additional or replacement Deposited
Property. In giving effect to such change, split-up, cancellation, consolidation or other reclassification of Deposited Securities, recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets, the Depositary may, with the Company’s
approval, and shall, if the Company shall so request, subject to the terms of the Deposit Agreement (including, without limitation, (a) provisions relating to the payment of applicable fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary,
and (b) applicable taxes) and receipt of an opinion of counsel to the Company reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary that such actions are not in violation of any applicable laws or regulations, (i) issue and deliver additional ADSs as in the
case of a stock dividend on the Shares, (ii) amend the Deposit Agreement and the applicable ADRs, (iii) amend the applicable Registration Statement(s) on Form F-6 as filed with the Commission in respect of the ADSs, (iv) call for the surrender of
outstanding ADRs to be exchanged for new ADRs, and (v) take such other actions as are appropriate to reflect the transaction with respect to the ADSs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that any Deposited Property so received may not be
lawfully distributed to some or all Holders, the Depositary may, with the Company’s approval, and shall, if the Company requests, subject to receipt of an opinion of counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Depositary that such action is not in
violation of any applicable laws or regulations, sell such Deposited Property at public or private sale, at such place or places and upon such terms as it may deem proper and may allocate the net proceeds of such sales (net of (a) fees and charges
of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary and (b) applicable taxes) for the account of the Holders otherwise entitled to such Deposited Property upon an averaged or other practicable basis without regard to any distinctions among such Holders
and distribute the net proceeds so allocated to the extent practicable as in the case of a distribution received in cash pursuant to Section 4.1 of the Deposit Agreement. The Depositary shall not be responsible for (i) any failure to determine
that it may be lawful or practicable to make such Deposited Property available to Holders in general or to any Holder in particular, (ii) any foreign exchange exposure or loss incurred in connection with such sale, or (iii) any liability to the
purchaser of such Deposited Property.
(20) Exoneration. Notwithstanding anything contained in the
Deposit Agreement or the ADR, neither the Depositary nor the Company shall be obligated to do or perform any act which is inconsistent with the provisions of the Deposit Agreement or incur any liability (to the extent not limited by paragraph (25)
hereof or Section 7.8(b) of the Deposit Agreement) (i) if the Depositary, the Custodian, or the Company shall be prevented or forbidden from, or delayed in, doing or performing any act or thing required or contemplated by the terms of the Deposit
Agreement and this ADR, by reason of any provision of any present or future law or regulation of the United States, the Republic of France or any other country, or of any other governmental authority or regulatory authority or stock exchange, or on
account of potential criminal or civil penalties or restraint, or by reason of any provision, present or future, of the By-laws of the Company or any provision of or governing any Deposited Securities, or by reason of any act of God or war or other
circumstances beyond its control (including, without limitation, nationalization, expropriation, currency restrictions, work stoppage, strikes, civil unrest, acts of terrorism, revolutions, rebellions, explosions and computer failure), (ii) by
reason of any exercise of, or failure to exercise, any discretion provided for in the Deposit Agreement or in the By-Laws or provisions of or governing Deposited Securities, (iii) for any action or inaction in reliance upon the advice of or
information from legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting Shares for deposit, any Holder, any Beneficial Owner or authorized representative thereof, or any other person believed by it in good faith to be competent to give such advice or
information, (iv) for the inability by a Holder or Beneficial Owner to benefit from any distribution, offering, right or other benefit which is made available to holders of Deposited Securities but is not, under the terms of the Deposit Agreement,
made available to Holders of ADSs, (v) for any action or inaction of any clearing or settlement system (and any participant thereof) for the Deposited Property or the ADSs, or (vi) for any consequential or punitive damages (including lost profits)
for any breach of the terms of the Deposit Agreement.
(21) Standard of Care. The Company and the Depositary assume
no obligation and shall not be subject to any liability under the Deposit Agreement or this ADR to any Holder(s) or Beneficial Owner(s), except that the Company and the Depositary agree to perform their respective obligations specifically set forth
in the Deposit Agreement or this ADR without negligence or bad faith. Without limitation of the foregoing, neither the Depositary, nor the Company, nor any of their respective controlling persons, or agents, shall be under any obligation to appear
in, prosecute or defend any action, suit or other proceeding in respect of any Deposited Property or in respect of the ADSs, which in its reasonable opinion may involve it in expense or liability, unless indemnity satisfactory to it against all
expense (including fees and disbursements of counsel) and liability be furnished (and no Custodian shall be under any obligation whatsoever with respect to such proceedings, the responsibility of the Custodian being solely to the Depositary).
The Depositary and its agents shall not be liable for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote any of the Deposited Securities, or for the manner in which any vote is cast or the effect of
any vote, provided that any such action or omission is in good faith and without negligence and in accordance with the terms of the Deposit Agreement. The Depositary shall not incur any liability for any failure to accurately determine that any
distribution or action may be lawful or reasonably practicable, for the content of any information submitted to it by the Company for distribution to the Holders or for any inaccuracy of any translation thereof, for any investment risk associated
with acquiring an interest in the Deposited Property (other than interest thereon actually received by the Depositary from the Company), for the validity or worth of the Deposited Property or for any tax consequences that may result from the
ownership of ADSs, Shares or other Deposited Property, for the credit‑worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse upon the terms of the Deposit Agreement, for the failure or timeliness of any notice from the Company, or for any
action of or failure to act by, or any information provided or not provided by, DTC or any DTC Participant.
The Depositary shall not be liable for any acts or omissions made by a successor depositary (other than a successor depositary that, at the time of such act or omission, was an Affiliate controlled
by the Depositary) whether in connection with a previous act or omission of the Depositary or in connection with any matter arising wholly after the removal or resignation of the Depositary, provided that in connection with the issue out of which
such potential liability arises the Depositary performed its obligations without negligence or bad faith while it acted as Depositary.
The Depositary shall not be liable for any acts or omissions made by a predecessor depositary (other than a predecessor depositary that, at the time of such act or omission, was an Affiliate
controlled by the Depositary) whether in connection with an act or omission of the Depositary or in connection with any matter arising wholly prior to the appointment of the Depositary or after the removal or resignation of the Depositary, provided
that in connection with the issue out of which such potential liability arises the Depositary performed its obligations without negligence or bad faith while it acted as Depositary.
(22) Resignation and Removal of the Depositary; Appointment of Successor Depositary. The Depositary may at any time resign as Depositary under the Deposit Agreement by written notice of resignation delivered to the Company, such resignation to be effective on the earlier of (i) the 90th day
after delivery thereof to the Company (whereupon the Depositary shall be entitled to take the actions contemplated in Section 6.2 of the Deposit Agreement), or (ii) the appointment by the Company of a successor depositary and its acceptance of such
appointment as provided in the Deposit Agreement. The Depositary may at any time be removed by the Company by written notice of such removal, which removal shall be effective on the later of (i) the 90th day after delivery thereof to the
Depositary (whereupon the Depositary shall be entitled to take the actions contemplated in Section 6.2 of the Deposit Agreement), or (ii) upon the appointment by the Company of a successor depositary and its acceptance of such appointment as
provided in the Deposit Agreement. In case at any time the Depositary acting hereunder shall resign or be removed, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to appoint a successor depositary, which shall be a bank or trust company
having an office in the Borough of Manhattan, the City of New York. Every successor depositary shall be required by the Company to execute and deliver to its predecessor and to the Company an instrument in writing accepting its appointment
hereunder, and thereupon such successor depositary, without any further act or deed (except as required by applicable law), shall become fully vested with all the rights, powers, duties and obligations of its predecessor (other than as contemplated
in Sections 5.8 and 5.9 of the Deposit Agreement). The predecessor depositary, upon payment of all sums due it and on the written request of the Company shall (i) execute and deliver an instrument transferring to such successor all rights and
powers of such predecessor hereunder (other than as contemplated in Sections 5.8 and 5.9 of the Deposit Agreement), (ii) duly assign, transfer and deliver all of the Depositary’s right, title and interest to the Deposited Property to such
successor, and (iii) deliver to such successor a list of the Holders of all outstanding ADSs and such other information relating to ADSs and Holders thereof as the successor may reasonably request. Any such successor depositary shall promptly
provide notice of its appointment to such Holders. Any entity into or with which the Depositary may be merged or consolidated shall be the successor of the Depositary without the execution or filing of any document or any further act.
(23) Amendment/Supplement. Subject to the terms and
conditions of this paragraph 23, and Section 6.1 of the Deposit Agreement and applicable law, this ADR and any provisions of the Deposit Agreement may at any time and from time to time be amended or supplemented by written agreement between the
Company and the Depositary in any respect which they may deem necessary or desirable without the prior written consent of the Holders or Beneficial Owners. Any amendment or supplement which shall impose or increase any fees or charges (other than
charges in connection with foreign exchange control regulations, and taxes and other governmental charges, delivery and other such expenses), or which shall otherwise materially prejudice any substantial existing right of Holders or Beneficial
Owners, shall not, however, become effective as to outstanding ADSs until the expiration of thirty (30) calendar days after notice of such amendment or supplement shall have been given to the Holders of outstanding ADSs. Notice of any amendment to
the Deposit Agreement or any ADR shall not need to describe in detail the specific amendments effectuated thereby, and failure to describe the specific amendments in any such notice shall not render such notice invalid, provided, however, that, in each such case, the notice given to the Holders identifies a means for Holders and Beneficial Owners to retrieve or receive the text of such amendment (e.g.,
upon retrieval from the Commission’s, the Depositary’s or the Company’s website or upon request from the Depositary). The parties hereto agree that any amendments or supplements which (i) are reasonably necessary (as agreed by the Company and the
Depositary) in order for (a) the ADSs to be registered on Form F-6 under the Securities Act or (b) the ADSs to be settled solely in electronic book-entry form and (ii) do not in either such case impose or increase any fees or charges to be borne by
Holders, shall be deemed not to materially prejudice any substantial existing rights of Holders or Beneficial Owners. Every Holder and Beneficial Owner at the time any amendment or supplement so becomes effective shall be deemed, by continuing to
hold such ADSs, to consent and agree to such amendment or supplement and to be bound by the Deposit Agreement and this ADR, if applicable, as amended or supplemented thereby. In no event shall any amendment or supplement impair the right of the
Holder to surrender such ADS and receive therefor the Deposited Securities represented thereby, except in order to comply with mandatory provisions of applicable law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any governmental body should adopt new laws,
rules or regulations which would require an amendment of, or supplement to, the Deposit Agreement to ensure compliance therewith, the Company and the Depositary may amend or supplement the Deposit Agreement and this ADR at any time in accordance
with such changed laws, rules or regulations. Such amendment or supplement to the Deposit Agreement and this ADR in such circumstances may become effective before a notice of such amendment or supplement is given to Holders or within any other
period of time as required for compliance with such laws, rules or regulations.
(24) Termination. The Depositary shall, at any time at the
written direction of the Company, terminate the Deposit Agreement by distributing notice of such termination to the Holders of all ADSs then outstanding at least thirty (30) calendar days prior to the date fixed in such notice for such
termination. If (i) ninety (90) calendar days shall have expired after the Depositary shall have delivered to the Company a written notice of its election to resign, or (ii) ninety (90) calendar days shall have expired after the Company shall have
delivered to the Depositary a written notice of the removal of the Depositary, and, in either case, a successor depositary shall not have been appointed and accepted its appointment as provided in Section 5.4 of the Deposit Agreement, the
Depositary may terminate the Deposit Agreement by distributing notice of such termination to the Holders of all ADSs then outstanding at least thirty (30) calendar days prior to the date fixed in such notice for such termination. The date so fixed
for termination of the Deposit Agreement in any termination notice so distributed by the Depositary to the Holders of ADSs is referred to as the “Termination Date”. Until the Termination Date, the Depositary shall continue to perform all of
its obligations under the Deposit Agreement, and the Holders and Beneficial Owners will be entitled to all of their rights under the Deposit Agreement. If any ADSs shall remain outstanding after the Termination Date, the Registrar and the
Depositary shall not, after the Termination Date, have any obligation to perform any further acts under the Deposit Agreement, except that the Depositary shall, subject, in each case, to the terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement, continue
to (i) collect dividends and other distributions pertaining to Deposited Securities, (ii) sell Deposited Property received in respect of Deposited Securities, (iii) deliver Deposited Securities, together with any dividends or other distributions
received with respect thereto and the net proceeds of the sale of any other Deposited Property, in exchange for ADSs surrendered to the Depositary (after deducting, or charging, as the case may be, in each case, the fees and charges of, and
expenses incurred in connection therewith by, the Depositary, and all applicable taxes or governmental charges for the account of the Holders and Beneficial Owners, in each case upon the terms set forth in Section 5.9 of the Deposit Agreement), and
(iv) take such actions as may be required under applicable law in connection with its role as Depositary under the Deposit Agreement. At any time after the Termination Date, the Depositary may sell the Deposited Property then held under the
Deposit Agreement and shall after such sale hold un-invested the net proceeds of such sale, together with any other cash then held by it under the Deposit Agreement, in an un-segregated account and without liability for interest, for the pro rata
benefit of the Holders whose ADSs have not theretofore been surrendered. After making such sale, the Depositary shall be discharged from all obligations under the Deposit Agreement except (i) to account for such net proceeds and other cash (after
deducting, or charging, as the case may be, in each case, the fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, the Depositary, and all applicable taxes or governmental charges for the account of the Holders and Beneficial Owners, in each case upon
the terms set forth in Section 5.9 of the Deposit Agreement), and (ii) as may be required at law in connection with the termination of the Deposit Agreement. After the Termination Date, the Company shall be discharged from all obligations under
the Deposit Agreement, except for its obligations to the Depositary under Sections 5.8, 5.9 and 7.6 of the Deposit Agreement. The obligations under the terms of the Deposit Agreement of Holders and Beneficial Owners of ADSs outstanding as of the
Termination Date shall survive the Termination Date and shall be discharged only when the applicable ADSs are presented by their Holders to the Depositary for cancellation under the terms of the Deposit Agreement.
(25) Compliance with, and No Disclaimer under, U.S. Securities Laws.
(a) Notwithstanding any provisions in this ADR or the Deposit Agreement, the withdrawal or Delivery of Deposited Securities will not be suspended by the Company or the Depositary except as would be permitted by Instruction I.A.(1) of the General
Instructions to the Form F-6 Registration Statement, as amended from time to time, under the Securities Act.
(b) Each of the parties to the Deposit Agreement (including, without limitation, each Holder and Beneficial Owner) acknowledges and agrees that no provision of the Deposit Agreement or the
ADR shall, or shall be deemed to, disclaim any liability under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, in each case to the extent established under applicable U.S. laws.
(26) No Third Party Beneficiaries / Acknowledgements. The Deposit Agreement is for the
exclusive benefit of the parties hereto (and their successors) and shall not be deemed to give any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim whatsoever to any other person, except to the extent specifically set forth in the Deposit Agreement.
Nothing in the Deposit Agreement shall be deemed to give rise to a partnership or joint venture among the parties nor establish a fiduciary or similar relationship among the parties. The parties hereto acknowledge and agree that (i) Citibank and
its Affiliates may at any time have multiple banking relationships with the Company, the Holders, the Beneficial Owners, and their respective Affiliates, (ii) Citibank and its Affiliates may own and deal in any class of securities of the Company
and its Affiliates and in ADSs, and may be engaged at any time in transactions in which parties adverse to the Company, the Holders, the Beneficial Owners or their respective Affiliates may have interests, (iii) subject to their respective
agreement to comply with all applicable securities laws, the Depositary and its Affiliates may from time to time have in their possession non-public information about the Company, the Holders, the Beneficial Owners, and their respective Affiliates,
(iv) nothing contained in the Deposit Agreement shall (a) preclude Citibank or any of its Affiliates from engaging in such transactions or establishing or maintaining such relationships, or (b) obligate Citibank or any of its Affiliates to disclose
such information, transactions or relationships, or to account for any profit made or payment received in such transactions or relationships, except, in each case, as required by applicable law, (v) the Depositary shall not be deemed to have
knowledge of any information any other division of Citibank or any of its Affiliates may have about the Company, the Holders, the Beneficial Owners, or any of their respective Affiliates, and (vi) the Company, the Depositary, the Custodian and
their respective agents and controlling persons may be subject to the laws and regulations of jurisdictions other than the U.S. and France, and the authority of courts and regulatory authorities of such other jurisdictions, and, consequently, the
requirements and the limitations of such other laws and regulations, and the decisions and orders of such other courts and regulatory authorities, may affect the rights and obligations of the parties to the Deposit Agreement.
(27) Governing Law / Waiver of Jury Trial. The Deposit Agreement, the ADR and the ADSs shall be
interpreted in accordance with, and all rights hereunder and thereunder and provisions hereof and thereof shall be governed by, the laws of the State of New York applicable to contracts made and to be wholly performed in that State.
Notwithstanding anything contained in the Deposit Agreement, any ADR or any present or future provisions of the laws of the State of New York, the rights of holders of Shares and of any other Deposited Securities and the obligations and duties of
the Company in respect of the holders of Shares and other Deposited Securities, as such, shall be governed by the laws of the Republic of France (or, if applicable, such other laws as may govern the Deposited Securities).
EACH OF THE PARTIES TO THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, EACH HOLDER AND BENEFICIAL OWNER) IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
LAW, ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING AGAINST THE COMPANY AND/OR THE DEPOSITARY ARISING OUT OF, OR RELATING TO, THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT, ANY ADR AND ANY TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED THEREIN (WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT,
COMMON LAW OR OTHERWISE).
(ASSIGNMENT AND TRANSFER SIGNATURE LINES)
FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the undersigned Holder hereby sell(s), assign(s) and transfer(s) unto ______________________________ whose taxpayer identification number is _______________________ and whose address including
postal zip code is ________________, the within ADR and all rights thereunder, hereby irrevocably constituting and appointing ________________________ attorney‑in‑fact to transfer said ADR on the books of the Depositary with full power of
substitution in the premises.
|
Dated:
|
|
Name:
|
|
|
|
|
|
By: |
|
|
|
|
|
Title: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NOTICE: The signature of the Holder to this assignment must correspond with the name as written upon the face of the within instrument in every particular, without alteration or enlargement or any change
whatsoever.
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
If the endorsement be executed by an attorney, executor, administrator, trustee or guardian, the person executing the endorsement must give his/her full title
in such capacity and proper evidence of authority to act in such capacity, if not on file with the Depositary, must be forwarded with this ADR.
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SIGNATURE GUARANTEED
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
All endorsements or assignments of ADRs must be guaranteed by a member of a Medallion Signature Program approved by the Securities Transfer Association, Inc. |
| |
|
|
Legends
[The ADRs issued in respect of Partial Entitlement American Depositary Shares shall bear the following legend on the face of the ADR: “This ADR evidences ADSs representing ‘partial entitlement’
Shares of the Company and as such do not entitle the holders thereof to the same per-share entitlement as other Shares (which are ‘full entitlement’ Shares) issued and outstanding at such time. The ADSs represented by this ADR shall entitle
holders to distributions and entitlements identical to other ADSs when the Shares represented by such ADSs become ‘full entitlement’ Shares.”]
EXHIBIT B
FEE SCHEDULE
ADS FEES AND RELATED CHARGES
All capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meaning given to such terms in the Deposit Agreement. Except as otherwise specified herein, any reference to ADSs herein includes Partial
Entitlement ADSs, Full Entitlement ADSs, Certificated ADSs, Uncertificated ADSs, and Restricted ADSs.
I. ADS Fees
The following ADS fees are payable under the terms of the Deposit Agreement:
|
Service
|
Rate
|
By Whom Paid
|
|
(1) Issuance of ADSs (e.g., an issuance upon a deposit of Shares, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-Share(s) ratio, or for any other reason), excluding issuances as a result of distributions
described in paragraph (4) below.
|
Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) issued.
|
Person for whom ADSs are issued.
|
|
(2) Cancellation of ADSs (e.g., a cancellation of ADSs for Delivery of deposited Shares, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-Share(s) ratio, or for any other reason).
|
Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) cancelled.
|
Person for whom ADSs are being cancelled.
|
|
(3) Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (e.g., upon a sale of rights and other entitlements).
|
Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) held.
|
Person to whom the distribution is made.
|
|
(4) Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) stock dividends or other free stock distributions, or (ii) an exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs.
|
Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) held.
|
Person to whom the distribution is made.
|
|
(5) Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (e.g., spin-off shares).
|
Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) held.
|
Person to whom the distribution is made.
|
|
(6) ADS Services.
|
Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) held on the applicable record date(s) established by the Depositary.
|
Person holding ADSs on the applicable record date(s) established by the Depositary.
|
|
(7) Registration of ADS Transfers (e.g., upon a registration of the transfer of registered ownership of ADSs, upon a transfer of ADSs into DTC and vice
versa, or for any other reason).
|
Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) transferred.
|
Person for whom or to whom ADSs are transferred.
|
|
(8) Conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series (e.g., upon conversion of Partial Entitlement ADSs for Full Entitlement ADSs, or upon conversion of Restricted ADSs into
freely transferable ADSs, and vice versa).
|
Up to U.S. $5.00 per 100 ADSs (or fraction thereof) converted.
|
Person for whom ADSs are converted or to whom the converted ADSs are delivered.
|
The Company, Holders, Beneficial Owners, persons depositing Shares or withdrawing Deposited Securities in connection with ADS issuances and cancellations, and persons for whom ADSs are issued or cancelled shall be
responsible for the following ADS charges under the terms of the Deposit Agreement:
| (i) |
taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;
|
| (ii) |
such registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of Shares or other Deposited Securities on the share register and applicable to transfers of Shares or other Deposited Securities to or from the name of the
Custodian, the Depositary or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively;
|
| (iii) |
such cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses as are expressly provided in the Deposit Agreement to be at the expense of the person depositing Shares or withdrawing Deposited Property or of the Holders and Beneficial
Owners of ADSs;
|
| (iv) |
in connection with the conversion of Foreign Currency, the fees, expenses, spreads, taxes and other charges of the Depositary and/or conversion service providers (which may be a division, branch or Affiliate of the Depositary). Such fees,
expenses, spreads, taxes, and other charges shall be deducted from the Foreign Currency;
|
| (v) |
any reasonable and customary out-of-pocket expenses incurred in such conversion and/or on behalf of the Holders and Beneficial Owners in complying with currency exchange control or other governmental requirements; and
|
| (vi) |
the fees, charges, costs and expenses incurred by the Depositary, the Custodian, or any nominee in connection with the ADR program.
|
The above fees and charges may at any time and from time to time be changed by agreement between the Company and the Depositary.
B-2
B-2
| To: |
Nanobiotix (the “Borrower”)
60 rue de Wattignies
75012 Paris
France
Attention: Finance Department
and
Nanobiotix Corp. (the “Guarantor”)
210 Broadway,
NGIN 2nd floor,
Cambridge,
Massachusetts,
United States
Attention: Philippe Mauberna, Treasurer
|
JU/OPS-1/NP/CH/dfa N’ 2020-1587
EIB Internal Classification - Corporate use
Luxembourg, 20 July 2020
Dear Sirs,
| Subject: |
NANOBIOTIX (EGFF) SERAPIS 2018-0245, Fl 89427 AND 89987
|
| Ref: |
Finance Contract dated 26 July 2018 between the Borrower and the Bank (the “Finance Contract”), Royalty Agreement dated 26 July 2018
between the Borrower and the Bank (the “Royalty Agreement”) and Guarantee dated on or about the date of this Letter between the Guarantor and the Bank (the “Guarantee”)
|
|
(1) |
Consent to the Borrower entering into the PGE Loan Agreements (as defined below): and
|
|
(2) |
Amendments to the Finance Contract to: (i) insert definitions of “PGE Loan Agreement” (ii) insert an undertaking whereby the Borrower shall request an extension of the repayment
schedule of the loans under the PGE Loan Agreements (as defined below) and (iii) modify the Final Availability Date.
|
|
1.1
|
Reference is made to:
|
|
(a)
|
the Finance Contract, the Guarantee and the Royalty Agreement;
|
|
(b)
|
a loan agreement dated 10 July 2020 between the Borrower and BPlfrance Financement for an amount of EUR 5,000,000 (five million euros) benefiting from a 90%
guarantee by the French state (the “BPI PGE Loan Agreement”);
|
|
(c)
|
a loan agreement dated 22 June 2020 between the Borrower and HSBC France for an amount of EUR 5,000,000 (five million euros) and benefiting from a 90% guarantee by
the French (the “HSBC PGE Loan Agreement”) (referred together with the BPI PGE Loan Agreement as the “PGE Loan Agreements”).
|
|
1.2
|
The Borrower has notified the Bank that it has entered into the PGE Loan Agreements without the prior written consent of the Bank (the “Notified Event”). Pursuant to Schedule H (General Undertakings), paragraph 16 of the Finance Contract, the prior consent of the Bank was required to the entry into the Indebtedness
constituted by the PGE Loan Agreements and the breach of this undertaking constituted by the Notified Event entitles the Bank to cancel the undisbursed portion of the Credit and demand prepayment of the Loan. The Borrower has requested the
Bank to waive and amend certain provisions of the Finance Contract.
|
|
2.
|
DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION
|
Unless defined in this letter (the “Letter”) or the context otherwise requires, a term defined in the Finance
Contract has the same meaning in this Letter.
In addition, for the purpose of this Letter:
“Effective Date” means the date on which the Bank confirms to the Borrower in writing (including via electronic
mail) that the Bank has received in a form and substance satisfactory to it:
|
(a)
|
a PDF copy of this Letter duly countersigned on behalf of the Borrower and the Guarantor;
|
|
(b)
|
a copy of any authorisation necessary for the Borrower and the Guarantor to enter into this Letter and perform any obligation thereunder as well as any evidence of
the powers of signature of the Borrower’s and the Guarantor’s signatories; and
|
|
(c)
|
the payment of a consent and amendment fee equal to EUR 5,000. The consent and amendment fee, once paid is non-refundable and non-creditable against any other fees
payable to the Bank.
|
|
3.1
|
From the Effective Date, the Bank waives its rights to cancel the undisbursed portion of the Credit and demand the prepayment of the Loan pursuant to the breach of
Schedule H (General Undertakings), paragraph 16 arising from the occurrence of the Notified Event.
|
|
3.2
|
For the purpose of Schedule H (General Undertakings), paragraph 16 (a) of the Finance Contract and as from the Effective
Date, the Bank retroactively consents to the Borrower entering into the PGE Loan Agreements representing an additional aggregate indebtedness of EUR 10,000,000 (ten million euros).
|
As from the Effective Date, the Parties agree to amend the Finance Contract as set out below:
|
4.1
|
The definition of Final Availability Date shall be deleted and replaced by the following definition in Article 1.2 (Definitions) of the Finance Contract:
|
“Final Availability Date” means the day falling 36 months after the signature of this Contract.
|
4.2
|
A new definition of PGE Loan Agreement shall be inserted in Article 1.2 (Definitions) of the Finance Contract:
|
“PGE Loan Agreement” means any of the following loan agreements and “PGE Loan Agreements” refer to the two following loan agreements collectively:
|
(a)
|
the EUR 5,000,000 loan agreement entered into between the Borrower and BP/trance Financement benefiting from a 90% guarantee by the French
state; and
|
|
(b)
|
the EUR 5,000,000 loan agreement entered into between the Borrower and HSBC France benefiting from a 90% guarantee by the French state.
|
|
4.3
|
A new Article 2.9A shall be inserted in the Finance Contract as follows:
|
“2.9 A Commitment fee
|
(a)
|
The Borrower shall pay to the Bank a commitment fee calculated on the daily undrawn and uncancelled balance of the Credit from 26 July 2020 until the Final
Availability Date at a rate of 0.1% (10 basis points) per annum (the “Commitment Fee”).
|
|
(b)
|
The accrued Commitment Fee shall be payable by the Borrower:
|
|
(i)
|
on the Final Availability Date; or
|
|
(ii)
|
if any part of the Credit is cancelled under Article 2.6 (Cancellation) prior to the Final Availability Date, on the
payment date mentioned under (a) above; or
|
|
(iii)
|
in case there is a voluntary prepayment under Article 5.2 (Voluntary Prepayment) or a compulsory prepayment under Article
5.3 (Compulsory Prepayment) on the Prepayment Date.
|
|
(c)
|
The Commitment Fee will be calculated using the day count convention of a year of 360 (three hundred and sixty) days and the number of days elapsed.
|
|
(d)
|
If the date on which the Commitment Fee is due to be paid is not a Relevant Business Day, payment shall be made on the next day, if any, of that calendar month that
is a Relevant Business Day or, failing that, the nearest preceding day that is a Relevant Business Day, in all cases with a corresponding adjustment to the amount of Commitment Fee due.”
|
|
4.4
|
A new paragraph 25 shall be inserted in Schedule H (General undertakings) of the Finance Contract:
|
25. PGE Loan Agreements
Prior to the relevant deadlines under the PGE Loan Agreements, the Borrower shall request an extension of the repayment schedule until
no earlier than June 2025.
|
5.
|
CONTINUITY• AFFIRMATION
|
|
5.1
|
Nothing in this Letter shall be deemed to be an amendment to the terms of the Finance Contract except, as from the Effective Date, as set out in clause 4 above.
Save as set out in paragraph 3, nothing in this Letter shall be deemed to be a waiver or consent by us to any breach or potential breach (present or future) of any provision of the Finance Contract or any waiver of any default which arises
on or after the date of this Letter. Nothing in this Letter shall prejudice our rights under the Finance Contract.
|
|
5.2
|
This Letter is delivered without prejudice to any rights which the Bank may have at any time now or in the future in relation to any breach, any Event of Default,
Prepayment Event or any other circumstances or matters other than as specifically referred to in this Letter (and whether subsisting at the date of this Letter or otherwise), which rights shall remain in full force and effect.
|
|
6.1
|
In accordance with the Finance Contract, the Borrower and the Bank designate this Letter as a Finance Document.
|
|
6.2
|
With effect on and from the Effective Date, the Finance Contract and this Letter shall be read and construed as one document.
|
|
7.
|
REPRESENTATION AND WARRANTIES
|
The Repeating Representations are deemed repeated on the date of this Letter and the Effective Date but as if references in any representation or warranty
to the “Contract” shall be taken to include this Letter.
|
8.
|
GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION
|
The provisions of article 10 (Law and jurisdiction, Miscellaneous) of the Finance Contract shall apply to this
Letter as though they were set out in full in this Letter except that references to the Finance Contract are to be construed as references to this Letter.
Yours faithfully,
EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK
|
/s/ Andéol du Trémolet de Lacheisserie
|
|
/s/ Guy Abehsera
|
|
Andéol du Trémolet de Lacheisserie,
Head of Division
|
|
Guy Abehsera,
Counsel
|
If you are in agreement with the above, please have a PDF copy and two (2) wet-ink originals of this Letter initialed on each page, dated and duly signed in the name and on
behalf of Nanobiotix S.A. in its capacity as Borrower and Nanobiotix Corp. in its capacity as Guarantor promptly followed by two (2) originals and one (1) PDF copy of this Letter returned to the Bank, to the attention of Charlotte Hill
(e-mail:c.hill@eib.org), together with a certified copy of the relevant authority of signatories, unless otherwise already provided, by and not later than ten (10) days from the date of this Letter. After such date, the Bank reserves the right, at
its discretion, by notice to the Borrower, to confirm whether acceptance of this Letter by the Borrower is considered as validly given by the Borrower.
We acknowledge and agree to the terms of this Letter on behalf of,
NANOBIOTIX S.A.
as Borrower
|
/s/ Philippe Mauberna
|
|
Name:
|
Philippe Mauberna
|
|
| Title: |
CFO
|
|
| Date: |
20/07/2020 |
|
NANOBIOTIX CORP.
as Guarantor
|
/s/ Philippe Mauberna
|
|
| Name: |
Philippe Mauberna
|
|
| Title: |
Treasurer
|
|
| Date: |
20/07/2020 |
|
Exhibit 10.9
NANOBIOTIX
2016 STOCK OPTION PLAN
summary
| |
|
|
|
Page |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 1. |
Purposes of the Plan |
|
1 |
| |
|
|
|
| 2. |
Definitions |
|
1 |
| |
|
|
|
| 3. |
Shares Subject to the Plan |
|
5 |
| |
|
|
|
| 4. |
Administration of the Plan |
|
5 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Procedure |
|
5 |
| |
(b) |
Powers of the Administrator |
|
5 |
| |
(c) |
Effect of Administrator’s Decision |
|
6 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 5. |
Limitations |
|
6 |
| |
|
|
|
| 6. |
Term of Plan |
|
7 |
| |
|
|
|
| 7. |
Term of Options |
|
7 |
| |
|
|
|
| 8. |
Options Exercise Price and Consideration |
|
7 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Subscription or Purchase Price |
|
7 |
| |
(b) |
Exercise Dates |
|
8 |
| |
(c) |
Form of Consideration |
|
8 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 9. |
Exercise of Options |
|
8 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Procedure for Exercise; Rights as a Shareholder |
|
8 |
| |
(b) |
Termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as Beneficiary |
|
9 |
| |
(c) |
Disability of Optionee |
|
9 |
| |
(d) |
Death of Optionee |
|
9 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 10. |
Non-Transferability of Options |
|
10 |
| |
|
|
|
| 11. |
Adjustments Upon Changes in Capitalization, Dissolution |
|
10 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Changes in capitalization |
|
10 |
| |
(b) |
Dissolution or Liquidation |
|
10 |
| |
(c) |
Change in Control |
|
10 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 12. |
Grant |
|
11 |
| |
|
|
|
| 13. |
Amendment and Termination of the Plan |
|
11 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Amendment and Termination |
|
11 |
| |
(b) |
Shareholders’ approval |
|
11 |
| |
(c) |
Effect of amendment or termination |
|
12 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 14. |
Conditions Upon Issuance of Shares |
|
12 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Legal Compliance |
|
12 |
| |
(b) |
Investment Representations |
|
12 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 15. |
Liability of Company |
|
12 |
| |
|
|
|
| 16. |
Shareholders’ Approval |
|
12 |
summary
(continued)
| |
|
|
|
Page |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 17. |
Law, Jurisdiction |
|
12 |
Exhibit - Stock Option Grant Agreement
Part I - Notice of stock option grant
Part 11 - Terms and conditions
Exercise notice
NANOBIOTIX
2016 STOCK OPTION PLAN
According to the authorization granted by the extraordinary shareholders’ general meeting of June 25, 2015, the management board decided on February 2, 2016, in
compliance with the provisions of articles L. 225-177 et. seq. of the French Commercial Code, to adopt the 2016 stock option plan of NANOBIOTIX, the terms and conditions of which are set out below.
The purposes of the Plan are:
|
- |
to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility; |
|
- |
to provide additional incentive to Beneficiaries; and |
|
- |
to promote the success of the Company’s business. |
Options granted under the Plan to U.S. Beneficiaries are intended to be Incentive Stock Options or Non-Statutory Stock Options, as determined by the Administrator at
the time of grant of an Option, and shall comply in all respects with US Applicable Laws in order that U.S. Beneficiaries may benefit from available tax advantages.
|
(a) |
“Administrator” means the management board of the Company which shall administer the Plan in accordance with Section 4 of the Plan. |
|
(b) |
“Affiliated Company” means a company which conforms with the criteria set forth in article L. 225- 180 of the Commercial Code as follows: |
|
- |
companies of which at least ten per cent (10%) of the share capital or voting rights is held directly or indirectly by the Company; |
|
- |
companies which own directly or indirectly at least ten per cent (10%) of the share capital or voting rights of the Company; and |
|
- |
companies of which at least fifty per cent (50%) of the share capital or voting rights is held directly or indirectly by a company which owns directly or indirectly at least fifty percent (50%) of the share capital
or voting rights of the Company, |
|
(c) |
“Applicable Laws” means for the US the legal requirements relating to the administration of stock option plans under state corporate and securities laws and the Code in force in the United States of America. |
|
(d) |
“Beneficiary” means the president and the members of the management board (président et membres du directoire) or, as the case may be, the president of the board of directors (président du
conseil d’administration), the general manager (directeur général) and the deputy general managers (directeurs généraux délégués) of the Company as well as any individual employed by the Company or by any Affiliated
Company under the terms and conditions of an employment contract, it being specified that a term of office of member of the supervisory board of the Company or director of an Affiliated Company (remunerated or not) shall not be deemed to
constitute an employment relationship. |
|
(e) |
“Board” means the management board of the Company. |
|
(f) |
“Code” means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. |
|
(g) |
“Commercial Code” means the French Commercial Code. |
|
(h) |
“Company” means NANOBIOTIX, a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of France. |
|
(i) |
“Continuous Status as a Beneficiary” means as regards the president and the members of the management board or, as the case may be, the president of the board of directors, the general manager, the deputy
general manager(s), that the term of their office has not been terminated and, as regards an employee that the employment relationship between the Beneficiary and the Company or any Affiliated Company is not terminated. Continuous Status as a
Beneficiary shall not be considered terminated in the case of (i) any leave of absence having received a prior approval from the Company or requiring no prior approval under U.S. laws, or (ii) transfers between locations of the Company or between
the Company or any Affiliated Company or the contrary or also from an Affiliated Company to another Affiliated Company. Leaves of absence which must receive a prior approval from the Company for the non-termination of the Continuous Status as a
Beneficiary shall include leaves of more than three (3) months for illnesses or conditions about which the employee has advance knowledge, military leave, or any other personal leave. For purposes of U.S. Beneficiaries and Incentive Stock
Options, no such leave may exceed ninety (90) days, unless reemployment upon expiration of such leave is guaranteed by statute contract or Company policies. If reemployment upon expiration of a leave of absence approved by the Company is not so
guaranteed, on the 91st day of such leave any Incentive Stock Option held by a U.S. Beneficiary shall cease to be treated as an Incentive Stock Option and shall be treated for U.S. tax purposes as a Non-Statutory Stock Option. |
|
(j) |
“Date of Grant” means the date of the decision of the Board to grant the Options. |
|
(k) |
“Disability” means a disability declared further to a medical examination provided for in article L. 4624-21 of the French Labour Code or pursuant to any similar provision applicable to a foreign Affiliated
Company. |
|
(l) |
“Exchange Act” means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |
|
(m) |
“Fair Market Value” means the value for one Share as determined in good faith by the Administrator, according to the following provisions, as provided in the Shareholder Authorization: |
(i) the Board may determine the subscription or
purchase price of a share in compliance with the provisions of the law. However, the purchase or subscription price shall in no case be less than ninety five per cent (95%) of the average of the closing sales price for a share as quoted on stock
exchange market during the twenty market trading days prior to the day of the Board’s decision to grant the Options,
(ii) for US Beneficiaries, the subscription or
purchase price shall not be less than the fair market value of the Shares on the Date of Grant, determined as follows (a) if the Shares are listed or quoted for trading on an exchange, the value will be deemed to be the closing or last offer price, as
applicable, of the Shares on the principal exchange upon which such securities are traded or quoted on such date, provided, if such date is not a trading day, on the last market trading day prior to such date; and (b) if the Shares are not listed or
quoted for trading on an exchange, the fair market value of the Shares as determined by the Board, consistent with the requirements of Sections 422 with respect to Incentive Stock Options, and 409A of the Code with respect to Options not intended to be
Incentive Stock Options,
it being specified that, when an Option entitles the holder to purchase shares previously repurchased by the Company, the exercise price, notwithstanding
the above provisions and in accordance with applicable law, may not be less than 80% of the average purchase price paid by the Company for all shares so previously repurchased.
This price settled for the subscription or purchase of Shares shall not be modified during the period in which the Option may be exercised. However, if the
Company makes one of the operations mentioned in article L. 225-181 of the French Commercial Code, it must take all necessary measures to protect Optionee’s interests in the conditions provided for by article L 228- 99 of the French Commercial Code. In
case of issuance of securities granting the common stock access, as well as in case of Company’s merger or scission, the Board may decide, for a limited period of time, to suspend the exercisability of the Options.
|
(n) |
“Incentive Stock Option” means an Option intended to qualify as an incentive stock option within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code and the regulations promulgated thereunder. |
|
(o) |
“Non-Statutory Stock Option” means an Option which does not qualify as an Incentive Stock Option. |
|
(p) |
“Notice of Grant” means a written notice evidencing the main terms and conditions of an individual Option grant. The Notice of Grant is part of the Option Agreement. |
|
(q) |
“Option” means an option to purchase or subscribe Shares granted pursuant to the Plan. |
|
(r) |
“Optionee” means a Beneficiary who holds at least one outstanding Option. |
|
(s) |
“Option Agreement” means a written agreement entered into between the Company and an Optionee evidencing the terms and conditions of an individual Option grant. The Option Agreement is subject to the terms
and conditions of the Plan. |
|
(t) |
“Option Exchange Program” means a program whereby outstanding Options are surrendered in exchange for Options with different exercise conditions. |
|
(u) |
“Parent” means a “parent corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(e) of the Code. |
|
(v) |
“Plan” means the 2016 Stock Option Plan as approved by the Board on February 2, 2016. |
|
(w) |
“Share” means a share of common stock (action ordinaire) of the Company |
|
(x) |
“Shareholders Authorization” means the authorization given by the shareholders of the Company in the extraordinary general meeting held on June 25, 2015 as increased or amended from time to time by a further
general meeting of the shareholders permitting the Board to grant Stock Options. |
|
(y) |
“Share Capital” means the issued and paid up capital of the Company. |
|
(z) |
“Subsidiary” means a “subsidiary corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(f) of the Code. |
|
(aa) |
“U.S. Beneficiary” means a Beneficiary of the Company or an Affiliated Company residing in the United States or otherwise subject to United States’ laws, regulations or taxation. |
|
(bb) |
“U.S. Optionee” means an Optionee residing in the United States or otherwise subject to United States’ laws, regulations or taxation. |
|
3. |
Shares Subject to the Plan |
Subject to the provisions of Section 11 of the Plan and pursuant to the Shareholder Authorization, the maximum aggregate number of Shares which may be optioned and
issued under the Plan is equal to 450,000. For “Incentive Stock Options”, the maximum number of Shares which may be optioned and issued is equal to 450,000. The Shares optioned and issued under the Plan may be newly issued Shares, treasury Shares or
Shares purchased on the open market.
Should the Option expire or become unexercisable for any reason without having been exercised in full, the unsubscribed Shares which were subject thereto shall,
unless the Plan shall have been terminated, become available again for future grant under the Plan.
|
4. |
Administration of the Plan |
The Plan shall be administered by the Administrator.
|
(b) |
Powers of the Administrator . |
Subject to the provisions of the Commercial Code, the Shareholders Authorization, the Plan, and the Applicable Laws, the Administrator shall have the authority, in
its discretion:
|
(i) |
to determine the Fair Market Value of the Shares, in accordance with Section 2(m) of the Plan; |
|
(ii) |
to determine the Beneficiaries to whom Options may be granted hereunder; |
|
(iii) |
to select the Beneficiaries and determine whether and to what extent Options are granted hereunder; |
|
(iv) |
to approve or amend forms of agreement for use under the Plan; |
|
(v) |
to determine the terms and conditions of any Options granted hereunder. Such terms and conditions include, but are not limited to, the exercise price, the time or times when Options may be exercised (which may be
based on performance criteria), any vesting acceleration or waiver of forfeiture restrictions, and any restriction or limitation regarding any Option or the Shares relating thereto, based in each case on such factors as the Administrator, in its
sole discretion, shall determine with the exception of the exercise price; it being specified that the Administrator’s discretion remains subject to the rules and limitations set forth in this Plan and in the Commercial Code; |
|
(vi) |
to construe and interpret the terms of the Plan and Options granted pursuant to the Plan; |
|
(vii) |
to prescribe, amend and rescind rules and regulations relating to the Plan, including rules and regulations relating to sub-plans established for the purpose of qualifying for preferred tax treatment under foreign
tax laws; |
|
(viii) |
to modify or amend each Option (subject to the provisions of Section 13(c) of the Plan), including the discretionary authority to extend the post-termination exercise period of Options after the termination of the
employment agreement or the end of the term of office, longer than is otherwise provided for in the Plan; |
|
(ix) |
to authorize any person to execute on behalf of the Company any instrument required to effect the grant of an Option previously granted by the Administrator; |
|
(x) |
to implement an Option Exchange Program; |
|
(xi) |
to determine the terms and restrictions applicable to Options; and |
|
(xii) |
to make all other determinations deemed necessary or appropriate for administering the Plan. |
|
(c) |
Effect of Administrator’s Decision. |
The Administrator’s decisions, determinations and interpretations shall be final and binding on all Optionees.
(a) In the case of U.S. Beneficiaries, each Option shall be designated in the Notice of Grant either as an “Incentive Stock Option” or as a “Non-Statutory
Stock Option”. Incentive Stock Options may only be granted to Beneficiaries of the Company or a Subsidiary who meet the definition of “employees” under Section 3401(c) of the Code.
Nevertheless, the aggregate Fair Market Value of the Shares covered by Incentive Stock Options granted under the Plan or any other stock option program of the Company
(or any Parent or subsidiary of the Company) that become exercisable for the first time in any calendar year shall not exceed U.S. $100,000: to the extent the aggregate Fair Market Value of such Shares exceeds U.S. $100,000, the Options covering those
Shares the Fair Market Values of which causes the aggregate Fair Market Value of all such Shares to be in excess of U.S. $100,000 shall be treated as Non-Statutory Options. Incentive Stock Options shall be taken into account in the order in which they
were granted, and the aggregate Fair Market Value of the Shares shall be determined as of the Date of the Grant.
(b) The Options are governed by articles L. 225-177 and following of the Commercial Code. They are not part of the employment agreement or of the office
which has allowed the Optionee to be granted the Option. Neither do they constitute an element of the Optionee’s remuneration.
Neither the Plan nor any Option shall confer upon an Optionee any right with respect to continuing the Optionee’s employment or his term of office with the Company or
any Affiliated Company, nor shall they interfere in any way with the Optionee’s right or the Company’s or Affiliated Company’s right, as the case may be, to terminate such employment or such term of office at any time, with or without cause.
(c) Other than as expressly provided hereunder, no member of the board of directors of the Company or of the supervisory board (in the event of change of
management formula of the Company) or of an equivalent management body of an Affiliated Company shall be as such eligible to receive Options under the Plan.
Subject to the approval of the shareholders of the Company in accordance with Section 16 of the Plan, the Plan shall be effective and Options may be granted as of
February 2, 2016. The Plan has been adopted by the Board on February 2, 2016. Options may be granted hereunder until August 25, 2018. It shall continue in effect until the date of termination of the last Option in force, unless terminated earlier under
Section 13 of the Plan.
The term of each Option shall be stated in the Notice of Grant as ten (10) years from the Date of Grant, in accordance with the Shareholders Authorization or, in case
of death or Disability of the Optionee during such 10-year period, six (6) months from the death or Disability of the Optionee in accordance with French law, it being however specified, for the avoidance of doubt, that no Option granted to any U.S.
Optionee shall be exercised after the 10th anniversary of the Date of Grant.
|
8. |
Options Exercise Price and Consideration |
|
(a) |
Subscription or Purchase Price |
The per Share subscription or purchase price for the Shares to be issued or sold pursuant to exercise of an Option shall be determined by the Administrator on the
basis of the Fair Market Value.
(i) In the case of an “Incentive Stock Option” granted to a U.S. Beneficiary who, at the time the Incentive Stock Option is granted, owns
stock representing more than ten percent (10%) of the voting rights of all classes of stock of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary of the Company and, to the extent such Beneficiary is permitted by the Commercial Code to receive Option grants, the
per Share subscription or purchase price shall be no less than 110% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the Date of Grant as defined in Section 2(m)(iii);
(ii) In the case of a “Non-Statutory Stock Option” or “Incentive Stock Option”, not covered by Section 8(a) above, granted to any U.S.
Beneficiary, the per Share subscription or purchase price shall be no less than 100% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the Date of Grant as defined in Section 2(m)(iii).
At the time an Option is granted, the Administrator shall fix the period within which the Option may be exercised and shall determine any conditions which must be
satisfied before the Option may be exercised. In so doing, the Administrator may specify that an Option may not be exercised until the completion of a service period in the Company or an Affiliated Company.
|
(c) |
Form of Consideration |
The consideration to be paid for the Shares to be issued or purchased upon exercise of Options, including the method of payment, shall be determined by the
Administrator. Such consideration shall consist entirely of an amount in Euro corresponding to the exercise price which shall be paid by wire transfer. Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to
fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the Optionee
provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment,
under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
|
(a) |
Procedure for Exercise; Rights as a Shareholder |
Any Option granted hereunder shall be exercisable according to the terms of the Plan and at such times and under such conditions as determined by the Administrator
and set forth in the Option Agreement.
An Option may not be exercised for a fraction of a Share.
An Option shall be deemed exercised when the Company receives: (i) written notice of exercise (in accordance with the provisions of the Option Agreement) together
with a share subscription or purchase form (bulletin de souscription ou d’achat) duly executed by the person entitled to exercise the Option, and (ii) full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised. Full payment may
consist of any consideration and method of payment authorized by the Administrator and permitted by the Option Agreement and the Plan.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of
the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by
the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of
the Option to be borne by the Company.
Upon exercise of an Option, the Shares issued or sold to the Optionee shall be assimilated with all other Shares of the Company of the same class and shall be
entitled to dividends once the Shares are issued for the fiscal year during which the Option is exercised.
In the event that a Beneficiary infringes one of the above mentioned commitments, such Beneficiary shall be liable for any consequences resulting from such
infringement for the Company and undertakes to indemnify the Company in respect of all amounts payable by the Company in connection with such infringement.
Granting of an Option in any manner shall result in a decrease in the number of Shares which thereafter may be available for purposes of the Plan, by the number of
Shares as to which the Option may be exercised.
|
(b) |
Termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as Beneficiary |
Upon termination of an Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary, other than upon the Optionee’s death or Disability, the Optionee may exercise his or her
Options, but only within such period of time as is specified in the Notice of Grant, and only for the part of the Options that the Optionee was entitled to exercise at the date of termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of
such Options as set forth in the Notice of Grant). Unless a longer period is specified in the Notice of Grant or otherwise resolved by the Board, an Option shall remain exercisable for six (6) months following the Optionee’s termination of Continuous
Status as a Beneficiary. In the case of an “Incentive Stock Option”, such a period cannot exceed three (3) months following the Optionee’s termination of Continuous Status as a Beneficiary. If, at the date of termination, the Optionee is not entitled
to exercise all his or her Options, the Shares covered by the unexercisable portion of Options shall revert to the Plan. If, after termination, the Optionee does not exercise all of his or her Options within the time specified by the Administrator, the
Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall revert to the Plan.
|
(c) |
Disability of Optionee |
In the event that an Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary terminates as a result of the Optionee’s Disability, unless otherwise resolved by the Board, the
Optionee may exercise his or her Options at any time within six (6) months from the date of such termination, but only to the extent these Options are exercisable at the time of termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of such
Options as set forth in the Notice of Grant). If, at the date of termination, the Optionee is not entitled to exercise all of his or her Options, the Shares covered by the unexercised portion of Options shall revert to the Plan. If, after termination,
the Optionee does not exercise all of his or her Options within the time specified herein, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall revert to the Plan.
In the event of the death of an Optionee during the term of the Options, unless otherwise resolved by the Board, the Options may be exercised at any time within six
(6) months following the date of death, by the Optionee’s estate or by a person who acquired the right to exercise the Option by bequest or inheritance, but only to the extent these Options are exercisable at the time of death. If, at the time of
death, the Optionee was not entitled to exercise all of his or her Options, the Shares
covered by the unexercised portion of Options shall immediately revert to the Plan. If, after death, the Optionee’s estate or a person who acquired the right to exercise the Options by
bequest or inheritance does not exercise the Options within the time specified herein, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall revert to the Plan.
|
10. |
Non-Transferability of Options |
An Option may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred or disposed of in any manner other than by will or by laws of descent or distribution and may
be exercised, during the lifetime of the Optionee, only by the Optionee.
|
11. |
Adjustments Upon Changes in Capitalization, Dissolution |
|
(a) |
Changes in capitalization |
In the event of the carrying out by the Company of any of the financial operations pursuant to article L. 225-181 of the Commercial Code as follows:
|
- |
amortization or reduction of the share capital, |
|
- |
amendment of the allocation of profits, |
|
- |
distribution of free shares, |
|
- |
capitalization of reserves, profits, issuance premiums, |
|
- |
the issuance of shares or securities giving right to shares to be subscribed for in cash or by set-off of existing indebtedness offered exclusively to the shareholders; |
the Company shall take the required measures to protect the interest of the Optionees in the conditions set forth in article L. 228-99 of the Commercial Code.
|
(b) |
Dissolution or Liquidation |
In the event of the proposed dissolution or liquidation of the Company, to the extent that an Option has not been previously exercised, it will terminate immediately
prior to the consummation of such proposed action. The Administrator may, in the exercise of its sole discretion in such instances, declare that any Option shall terminate as of a date determined by the Administrator and give each Optionee the right to
exercise his or her Options as to Shares for which the Options would not otherwise be exercisable.
No later than immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event (as defined below):
|
- |
in the event of a merger of the Company into another corporation or of the sale by one or several shareholders, acting alone or in concert, of the Company to one or
|
| |
|
several third parties of a number of Shares resulting in a transfer of more than fifty per cent (50%) of the Shares of the Company to said third parties (a “Liquidity Event”), the Optionee’s right to
exercise the Options will be accelerated so that the Optionee may exercise all of them with effect immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event; |
| |
|
|
|
- |
the Options that may be exercised shall have to be exercised no later than immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event, it being specified that the Company shall inform the Optionee of any
proposed Liquidity Event at least 15 days prior to the completion thereof; and |
|
- |
any Options not exercised for any reason on or prior to the date of completion of a Liquidity Event will automatically lapse. |
******
For Incentive Stock Options, all assumptions, substitutions and adjustments shall be determined in accordance with Sections 422 and 424 of the Code and the
regulations promulgated thereunder and for Non Statutory Options for US Beneficiaries in accordance with the Section 424 of the Code.
12.1. The Date of Grant of an Option shall be, for all
purposes, the date on which the Administrator decides to grant such Option. A notice of the grant shall be provided to each Optionee within a reasonable time after the Date of Grant.
12.2. In the event of any tax liability arising on account
of the grant of the Options, the liability to pay such taxes shall be that of the Beneficiary alone.
The Beneficiary shall enter into such agreements of indemnity and execute any and all documents as the Company may specify for this purpose, if so
required at the Date of Grant and at any other time at the discretion of the Company, on such terms and conditions as the Company may think fit, for recovery of the tax due, from the Beneficiary.
|
13. |
Amendment and Termination of the Plan |
|
(a) |
Amendment and Termination |
The Administrator may at any time amend, alter, suspend or terminate the Plan.
|
(b) |
Shareholders’ approval |
The Company shall obtain shareholders’ approval of any Plan amendment to the extent necessary and desirable to comply with Applicable Laws (including the requirements
of any exchange or quotation system on which Shares may then be listed or quoted). Such shareholders’ approval, if required, shall be obtained in such a manner and to such a degree as is required by the applicable law, rule or regulation.
|
(c) |
Effect of amendment or termination |
No amendment, alteration, suspension or termination of the Plan shall impair the rights of any Optionee, unless mutually agreed otherwise between the Optionee and the
Administrator, which agreement must be in writing and signed by the Optionee and the Company.
|
14. |
Conditions Upon Issuance of Shares |
Shares held by a US Beneficiary shall not be sold or issued pursuant to the exercise of an Option unless the exercise of such Option, and the issuance or sale and
delivery of such Shares shall comply with all relevant provisions of law including, without limitation, the Commercial Code, the “Securities Act” of 1933, as amended, the “Exchange Act”, the rules and regulations promulgated
thereunder, Applicable Laws and the requirements of any stock exchange or quotation system upon which the Shares may then be listed or quoted.
|
(b) |
Investment Representations |
As a condition to the exercise of an Option by a US Beneficiary, the Company may require the person exercising such Option to represent and warrant at the time of any
such exercise that the Shares are being subscribed or purchased only for investment and without any present intention to sell or distribute such Shares if, in the opinion of counsel for the Company, such a representation is required.
15.1. The inability of the Company to obtain authority from
any regulatory body having jurisdiction, which authority is deemed by any counsel to the Company to be necessary to the lawful issuance or sale of any Shares hereunder, shall relieve the Company of any liability in respect of the failure to issue or
sell such Shares as to which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained.
15.2. The Company and its Affiliated Companies may not be
held responsible in any way if the Beneficiary for any reason not attributable to the Company or its Affiliated Companies was not able to exercise the Options or acquire the Shares.
|
16. |
Shareholders’ Approval |
The Plan shall be subject to approval by the shareholders of the Company within twelve (12) months of the date the Plan is adopted by the Board. Such shareholder
approval shall be obtained in the manner and to the degree required under the Commercial Code and Applicable Laws.
This Plan shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of France.
The relevant court of the registered office of the Company shall be exclusively competent to determine any claim or dispute arising in connection herewith.
The grant of Options under this Plan shall entitle the Company to require the Beneficiary to comply with such requirements of law as may be necessary in the Options
of the Company from time to time.
Stock Option Plan 2016
Exhibit
NANOBIOTIX
STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT
Part I
NOTICE OF STOCK OPTION GRANT
[Optionee’s Name and Address]
You have been granted Options to subscribe ordinary Shares of the Company, subject to the terms and conditions of the 2016 Stock Option Plan (the “Plan”) and this
Option Agreement. Options are governed by articles L. 225-177 and following of the French Commercial Code. They are not part of the employment agreement or of the office which has allowed the Optionee to be granted the Options. Neither do they
constitute an element of the Optionee’s remuneration. Unless otherwise defined herein, the terms defined in the Plan shall have the same defined meanings in this Option Agreement.
| Date of Grant1: |
____________________ |
| Vesting Commencement Date2 : |
____________________ |
| Exercise Price per Share: |
EUR ________________ |
| Total Number of Shares Granted: |
____________________ |
| Total Exercise Price: |
EUR ________________ |
| |
|
| Type of Options3: |
[Incentive Stock Option]
subject to provisions of article 5 (b) of the Plan |
| |
|
| |
[Non-Statutory Stock Option]
|
| Term/Expiration Date4: |
____________________ |
Where the exercise of an Option, as described under Article 9.(a) of the Plan, would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to
charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the Optionee provides the Company
with either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment, under the same
conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
In the event that you infringe the above mentioned commitment, you shall be liable for any consequences resulting from such infringement for the
Company and undertake to indemnify
1 date of the board
meeting having allocated the Option.
2 date chosen by the
Board as the Vesting Commencement Date; failing that, Date of Grant.
3 for U.S. Beneficiaries
only.
4 date of termination of
the Option (article 7 of the Plan), which shall not exceed 5 years for an ISO granted to a 10% owner and 10 years for a U.S. Optionee.
the Company in respect of all amounts payable by the Company in connection with such infringement.
Validity of the Options :
The Options will be valid as from the Date of Grant.
Vesting Schedule:
Unless otherwise determined or adapted by the Board, the Options may be exercised by the Optionee on the basis of the following initial vesting schedule subject to
the condition precedent that the Optionee shall have previously returned to the Company the documents referred to under section 2. of Part II of the Stock Option Grant Agreement duly initialed and signed:
(i) Incentive Stock Option could be vested as follow :
|
- |
By a third of them at the end of each year starting today, i.e. February, 2nd 2017, and |
|
- |
At the latest within ten (10) years from the Date of Grant, knowing that all options that will not be vested during this period will become void automatically, |
(ii) Non-Statutory Stock Options could be vested anytime depending of the following conditions:
|
- |
15 % of them could be vested if and when the number of treated patients is equal or above 200, |
|
- |
15 % additional could be vested if and when the number of treated patients is equal or above 300, |
|
- |
30 % additional could be vested if and when the number of treated patients is equal or above 400, |
|
- |
40 % additional could be vested if and when the number of treated patients is equal or above 500. |
|
- |
at the latest within ten (10) years as from the Date of Grant or in case of death or Disability of the Optionee during such then (10) year period, six (6) months as from the death or Disability of the Optionee (it
being however specified, for the avoidance of doubt, that no Option granted to any U.S. Optionee shall be exercised after the 10th anniversary of the Date of Grant). |
The number of Options that could be exercised pursuant to the above vesting schedule will always be rounded down to the nearest full number.
If the Optionee fails to exercise the Options in whole or in part within the said period of ten (10) years (as may be extended to six (6) months from the death or
Disability of the Optionee, the Options will lapse automatically.
Termination Period:
Unless otherwise decided by the Board, in case of termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary, the Options exercisable at the time of termination
may be exercised for six (6) months after such termination, being specified that all other Options shall automatically expire at the time of termination.
Unless otherwise decided by the Board, upon the death or Disability of the Optionee, the Options may be exercised during a period of six (6) months as provided in the
Plan.
Save as provided in the Plan, in no event shall the Options be exercised later than the Term/Expiration Date as provided above. Should the Options expire or become
unexercisable for any reason without having been exercised in full, the unsubscribed Shares which were subject thereto shall, unless the Plan shall have been terminated, become available for future grant under the Plan.
By his signature and the signature of the Company’s representative below, the Optionee and the Company agree that the Options are granted under and governed by the
terms and conditions of the Plan and this Option Agreement. The Optionee has reviewed the Plan and this Option Agreement in their entirely, has had the opportunity to obtain the advice of counsel prior to executing this Option Agreement and fully
understands all provisions of the Plan and Option Agreement. The Optionee hereby agrees to accept as binding, conclusive and final all decisions or interpretations of the Administrator upon any questions relating to the Plan and Option Agreement. The
Optionee further agrees to notify the Company upon any change in the residence address indicated below.
NANOBIOTIX
STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT
Part II
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
1. Grant of Options.
1.1. The Administrator of the Company hereby grants to
the Optionee named in the Notice of Grant attached as Part I of this Agreement (the “Optionee”), [ · ] options (the “Options”) to subscribe the number of ordinary Shares, as set forth in the
Notice of Grant, at the exercise price per Share set forth in the Notice of Grant (the “Exercise Price”), subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In the event of a conflict between the terms and conditions of the Plan and the terms and conditions of this Option Agreement, the terms and conditions of the Plan
shall prevail.
If designated in the Notice of Grant as an Incentive Stock Option, this Option is intended to qualify as an Incentive Stock Option under Section 422
of the Code although the Company makes no representation as to the tax status of the Option. However, if this Option is intended to be an Incentive Stock Option, to the extent that it exceeds the U.S.$100,000 rule of Code Section 422(d) the
excess shall be treated as a Non-Statutory Stock Option
1.2. An Option will be valid as from the Date of Grant.
1.3. In the event of any tax liability arising on
account of the Grant of the Options, the liability to pay such taxes shall be that of the Beneficiary alone. The Beneficiary shall enter into such agreements of indemnity and execute any and all documents as the Company may specify for this purpose, if
so required at the time of the Grant and at any other time at the discretion of the Company, on such terms and conditions as the Company may think fit, for recovery of the tax due, from the Beneficiary.
2. Exercise of Options
(a) Right to Exercise. An Option is exercisable
during its term in accordance with the Vesting Schedule set out in the Notice of Grant and the applicable provisions of the Plan and this Option Agreement, subject to the condition precedent that the Optionee shall have previously returned to the
Company, by electronic delivery under the conditions set forth in Article 10 below:
- Part I and Part II of the Stock Option Grant Agreement (Exhibit), duly initialed (all pages but for the signature page) and signed (signature page).
In the event of Optionee’s death, Disability or other termination of Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary, the exercisability of an Option is governed by the
applicable provisions of the Plan and this Option Agreement.
(b) Method of Exercise. An Option is exercisable
by delivery of an exercise notice, in the form attached hereto (the “Exercise Notice”) stating the election to exercise the Option, the number of Shares in respect of which the Option is being exercised (the “Exercised Shares”), and such other
representations and agreements as may be required by the Company pursuant to the provisions of the Plan. The Exercise Notice shall be signed by the
Optionee and shall be delivered in person or by certified mail to the Company or its designated representative or by facsimile message to be immediately confirmed by certified mail to the Company. The Exercise Notice shall be accompanied by payment of
the aggregate Exercise Price as to all Exercised Shares. An Option shall be deemed to be exercised upon receipt by the Company of such fully executed Exercise Notice accompanied by the proof of payment of such aggregate Exercise Price.
No Share shall be issued pursuant to the exercise of an Option unless such issuance and exercise complies with all relevant provisions of law as set out under Section
14(a) of the Plan.
Upon exercise of an Option, the Shares issued to the Optionee shall be assimilated with all other Shares of the Company and shall be entitled to dividends for the
fiscal year in course during which the Option is exercised.
3. Method of Payment. Payment of the
aggregate Exercise Price shall be made by wire transfer with the execution of the corresponding exchange contract.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of
the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when (a) the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and (b) the Optionee provides the Company with either (i) the receipt stating
the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, (ii) the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due
upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
The Company and its Affiliated Companies may not be held responsible in any way if the Beneficiary for any reason not attributable to the Company or its
Affiliated Companies was not able to exercise the Option or purchase the Shares. The payment for the purchase of the shares shall be made by the Optionee under his/her own responsibility according to these Terms and Conditions.
4. Non-Transferability of Option. An Option
may not be transferred in any manner otherwise than by will or by the laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised during the lifetime of the Optionee only by the Optionee. The terms of the Plan and this Option Agreement shall be binding upon
the executors, administrators, heirs, successors and assigns of the Optionee.
5. Term of Options. Subject as provided in
the Plan, an Option may be exercised only within the term set out in the Notice of Grant, and may be exercised during such term only in accordance with the Plan and the terms of this Option Agreement.
6. Entire Agreement - Governing Law. The Plan
is incorporated herein by reference. The Plan and this Option Agreement constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their entirety all prior undertakings and agreements of the Company and
Optionee with respect to the subject matter hereof, and may not be modified adversely to the Optionee’s interest except by means of a writing signed by the Company and Optionee. This agreement is governed by the laws of the Republic of France.
Any claim or dispute arising under the Plan or this Agreement shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the court competent for the place of
the registered office of the Company.
7. Tax Obligations. Regardless of any action
the Company or Optionee’s employer (the “Employer”) takes with respect to any or all income tax, social insurance, payroll tax, or other tax-related withholding (“Tax-Related Items”), Optionee acknowledges that the ultimate liability for all
Tax-Related Items legally due by Optionee is and remains Optionee’s responsibility and that the Company and/or the Employer (1) make no representations or undertakings regarding the treatment of any Tax-Related Items in connection with any aspect of
the Option grant, including the grant, vesting or exercise of the Option, the subsequent sale of shares of common stock acquired pursuant to such exercise and the receipt of any dividends; and (2) do not commit to structure the terms of the grant or
any aspect of the Option to reduce or eliminate Optionee’s liability for Tax-Related Items.
Prior to exercise of the Option, Optionee will pay or make adequate arrangements satisfactory to the Company and/or the Employer to satisfy all
withholding obligations of the Company and/or the Employer, if any. In this regard, Optionee authorizes the Company and/or the Employer to withhold all applicable Tax-Related Items legally payable by Optionee from Optionee’s compensation paid to
Optionee by the Company and/or Employer or from proceeds of the sale of Shares. Alternatively, or in addition, if permissible under local law, the Company may sell or arrange for the sale of Shares that Optionee acquires to meet the withholding
obligation for Tax-Related Items. Finally, Optionee will pay to the Company or the Employer any amount of Tax-Related Items that the Company or the Employer may be required to withhold as a result of Optionee’s participation in the Plan or Optionee’s
purchase of Shares that cannot be satisfied by the means previously described. The Company may refuse to honor the exercise and refuse to deliver the Shares issuable upon exercise of the Options if Optionee fails to comply with Optionee’s obligations
in connection with the Tax-Related Items as described in this section.
8. Nature of Grant. In accepting the grant,
Optionee acknowledges that:
(a) the Plan is established voluntarily by the Company, it
is discretionary in nature and it may be modified, amended, suspended or terminated by the Company at any time, unless otherwise provided in the Plan and this Agreement;
(b) the grant of the Option is voluntary and occasional
and does not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of options, or benefits in lieu of options, even if options have been granted repeatedly in the past;
(c) all decisions with respect to future option grants, if
any, will be at the sole discretion of the Company;
(d) Optionee’s participation in the Plan shall not create
a right to further employment with the employer and shall not interfere with the ability of the Employer to terminate Optionee’s employment relationship at any time with or without cause;
(e) Optionee is voluntarily participating in the Plan;
(f) the Option is an extraordinary item that does not
constitute compensation of any kind for services of any kind rendered to the Company or the Employer, and which is outside the scope of Optionee’s employment contract, if any;
(g) the Option is not part of normal or expected
compensation or salary for any purpose, including, but not limited to, calculating any severance, resignation, termination, redundancy, end of service payments, bonuses, long service awards, pension or retirement benefits or similar payments and in no
event should be considered as compensation for, or relating in any way to, past services for the Company or the Employer;
(h) the Option grant will not be interpreted to form an
employment contract with the Company, the Employer or any Subsidiary or affiliate of the Company;
(i) the future value of the underlying Shares is unknown
and cannot be predicted with certainty;
(j) if the underlying Shares do not increase in value,
the Option will have no value;
(k) if Optionee exercises Optionee’s Option and obtains
Shares, the value of those Shares acquired upon exercise may increase or decrease in value, even below the exercise price;
(l) in consideration of the grant of the Option, no claim
or entitlement to compensation or damages shall arise from termination of the Option or diminution in value of the Option or Shares purchased through exercise of the Option resulting from termination of Optionee’s employment the Company or the Employer
(for any reason whatsoever) and Optionee irrevocably releases the Company and the Employer from any such claim that may arise; if, notwithstanding the foregoing, any such claim is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to have arisen, then, by
signing this Agreement, Optionee shall be deemed irrevocably to have waived Optionee’s entitlement to pursue such claim; and
(m) in the event of termination of Optionee’s employment,
Optionee’s right to receive the Option and vest in the Option under the Plan, if any, will terminate effective as of the date that Optionee receives notice of termination regardless of when such termination is effective; furthermore, in the event of
termination of employment, Optionee’s right to exercise the Option after termination of employment, if any, will be measured by the date on which the Optionee receives notice of termination; the Company shall have the exclusive discretion to determine
when Optionee is no longer actively employed for purposes of Optionee’s Option grant. In addition, any period of notice or compensation in lieu of such notice, that is given or ought to have been given under any contract, statute, common law or civil
law shall be excluded.
9. Data Privacy. Optionee hereby explicitly and
unambiguously consents to the collection, use and transfer, in electronic or other form, of Optionee’s personal data as described in this document by and among, as applicable, the Employer, the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates for the
exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and managing Optionee’s participation in the Plan.
Optionee understands that the Company and the Employer may hold certain personal information about Optionee, including, but not limited to,
Optionee’s name, home address and telephone number, date of birth, social insurance number or other identification number, salary, nationality, job title, any shares of stock or directorships held in the Company, details of all options or any other
entitlement to shares of stock awarded, canceled, exercised, vested, unvested or outstanding in Optionee’s favor, for the exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and managing the Plan (“Data”).
Optionee understands that the recipients of the Data may be located in the United States or elsewhere including outside the EEA, and that the
recipients’ country (e.g., the United States) may have different data privacy laws and protections than Optionee’s country. Optionee understands that Optionee may request a list with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the Data by
contacting Optionee’s local human resources representative. Optionee authorizes the Company and any other possible recipients which may assist the Company (presently or in the future) with implementing, administering and managing the Plan to receive,
possess, use, retain and transfer the Data, in electronic or other form, for the sole purpose of implementing, administering and managing Optionee’s participation in the Plan. Optionee understands that Data will be held only as long as is necessary
to implement, administer and manage Optionee’s participation in the Plan. Optionee understands that Optionee may, at any time, view the Data, request additional information about the storage processing of the Data, require any necessary amendments to
Data or refuse or withdraw the consents herein, in any case without cost, by contacting in writing Optionee’s local human resources representative. Optionee understands, however, that refusing or withdrawing Optionee’s consent may affect Optionee’s
ability to participate in the Plan. For more information on the consequences of Optionee’s refusal to consent or withdrawa of consent, Optionee understands that Optionee may contact Optionee’s local human resources representative.
10. Electronic Delivery. The Company may,
in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the Option and participation in the Plan or future options that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or to request Optionee’s consent to participate in the Plan by
electronic means. Optionee hereby consents to receive such documents by electronic delivery and, if requested, to agree to participate in the Plan through an on-line or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or another third party
designated by the Company.
11. Severability. The provisions of this
Agreement are severable and if any one or more provisions are determined to be illegal or otherwise unenforceable, in whole or in part, the remaining provisions shall nevertheless be binding and enforceable.
| OPTIONEE: |
|
NANOBIOTIX |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
By: |
|
|
| Signature |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Title: |
|
|
| Print Name |
|
|
|
|
NANOBIOTIX
Société Anonyme á directoire et conseil de surveillance having a share capital of EUR. [ ]
Registered office : [ ]
[ o ] R.C.S. [ ]
2016 STOCK OPTION PLAN
EXERCISE NOTICE
(Share subscription form)
NANOBIOTIX
[ ]
[ ]
France
[ ], [ ]
Attention: [ ]
1. Exercise of Options. Effective as of today, _______________, __, the undersigned (“Optionee”) hereby elects to subscribe ___________________ (_____)
ordinary shares (the “Shares”) of the Common Stock of NANOBIOTIX (the “Company”) under and pursuant to the Company’s 2016 Stock Option Plan (the “Plan”) adopted by the board on February 2, 2016 and the Stock Option Agreement dated __________, __ (the
“Option Agreement”). The subscription price for the Shares shall be EUR. _________, as required by the Option Agreement.
2. Delivery of Payment. Optionee herewith delivers to the Company the full subscription price for the Shares.
3. Representations of Optionee. The Optionee acknowledges that Optionee has received, read and understood the Plan and the Option Agreement and agrees
to abide by and be bound by their terms and conditions.
4. Rights as Shareholder. Until the issuance (as evidenced by the appropriate entry on the books of the Company) of the Shares, the Optionee shall have,
as an Optionee, no right to vote or receive dividends or any other rights as a shareholder shall exist with respect to the Optioned Stock, except those the Optionee may have as a shareholder of the Company. No adjustment will be made for rights in
respect of which the record date is prior to the issuance date for the Shares, except as provided in Section 11 of the Plan.
5. Tax consultation. The Optionee understands that Optionee may suffer adverse tax consequences as a result of Optionee’s subscription or disposition of
the Shares. Optionee represents that Optionee has consulted with any tax consultants Optionee deems advisable in connection with the subscription or disposition of the Shares. The Optionee is not relying on the Company for any tax advice.
6. Entire Agreement - Governing Law. The Plan and Option Agreement are incorporated herein by reference. This Exercise Notice, the Plan and the Option
Agreement constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their entirety all prior undertakings and agreements of the Company and Optionee with respect to the subject
matter hereof, and may not be modified adversely to the Optionee’s interest except by means of a writing signed by the Company and Optionee. This agreement is
governed by the laws of the Republic of France.
*
* *
This Exercise notice is delivered in two originals one of which shall be returned to the Optionee.
Submitted by:
OPTIONEE (*) |
|
Accepted by:
NANOBIOTIX |
| |
|
|
| Signature |
|
Signature |
| |
|
|
| |
|
Its: |
|
| Print Name |
|
|
| |
|
|
| Address: |
|
|
| |
|
|
* The signature of the Optionee must be preceded by the following manuscript mention “accepted for format and
irrevocable subscription of [__________] ordinary Shares”.
- 24 -
Exhibit 10.10
NANOBIOTIX
2016-2 STOCK OPTION PLAN
SUMMARY
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
Page |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 1. |
Purposes of the Plan |
|
1 |
| |
|
|
|
| 2. |
Definitions |
|
1 |
| |
|
|
|
| 3. |
Shares Subject to the Plan |
|
5 |
| |
|
|
|
| 4. |
Administration of the Plan |
|
5 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Procedure |
|
5 |
| |
(b) |
Powers of the Administrator |
|
5 |
| |
(c) |
Effect of Administrator’s Decision |
|
6 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 5. |
Limitations |
|
6 |
| |
|
|
|
| 6. |
Term of Plan |
|
7 |
| |
|
|
|
| 7. |
Term of Options |
|
7 |
| |
|
|
|
| 8. |
Options Exercise Price and Consideration |
|
7 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Subscription or Purchase Price |
|
7 |
| |
(b) |
Exercise Dates |
|
8 |
| |
(c) |
Form of Consideration |
|
8 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 9. |
Exercise of Options |
|
8 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Procedure for Exercise; Rights as a Shareholder |
|
8 |
| |
(b) |
Termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as Beneficiary |
|
9 |
| |
(c) |
Disability of Optionee |
|
9 |
| |
(d) |
Death of Optionee |
|
9 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 10. |
Non-Transferability of Options |
|
10 |
| |
|
|
|
| 11. |
Adjustments Upon Changes in Capitalization, Dissolution |
|
10 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Changes in capitalization |
|
10 |
| |
(b) |
Dissolution or Liquidation |
|
10 |
| |
(c) |
Change in Control |
|
10 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 12. |
Grant |
|
11 |
| |
|
|
|
| 13. |
Amendment and Termination of the Plan |
|
11 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Amendment and Termination |
|
11 |
| |
(b) |
Shareholders’ approval |
|
11 |
| |
(c) |
Effect of amendment or termination |
|
12 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 14. |
Conditions Upon Issuance of Shares |
|
12 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Legal Compliance |
|
12 |
| |
(b) |
Investment Representations |
|
12 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 15. |
Liability of Company |
|
12 |
| |
|
|
|
| 16. |
Shareholders’ Approval |
|
12
|
SUMMARY
(continued)
| |
|
|
Page |
| |
|
|
|
| 17. |
Law, Jurisdiction |
|
12 |
| |
|
|
|
| Exhibit - Stock Option Grant Agreement |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
Part I - Notice of stock option grant |
|
|
| |
Part 11 - Terms and conditions |
|
|
| |
Exercise notice |
|
|
NANOBIOTIX
2016-2 STOCK OPTION PLAN
According to the authorization granted by the extraordinary shareholders’ general meeting of
June 23, 2016, the management board decided on November 3rd, 2016, in compliance with the provisions of articles L. 225-177 et. seq. of the French Commercial Code, to
adopt the 2016 stock option plan of NANOBIOTIX, the terms and conditions of which are set out below.
The purposes of the Plan are:
|
– |
to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility; |
|
– |
to provide additional incentive to Beneficiaries; and |
|
– |
to promote the success of the Company’s business. |
Options granted under the Plan to U.S. Beneficiaries are intended to be Incentive Stock
Options or Non-Statutory Stock Options, as determined by the Administrator at the time of grant of an Option, and shall comply in all respects with US Applicable Laws in order that U.S. Beneficiaries may benefit from available tax advantages.
|
(a) |
“Administrator” means the management board of the Company which shall administer the Plan in accordance with Section 4 of the Plan. |
|
(b) |
“Affiliated Company” means a company which conforms with the criteria set forth in article L. 225- 180 of the Commercial Code as
follows: |
|
– |
companies of which at least ten per cent (10%) of the share capital or voting rights is held directly or indirectly by the Company; |
|
– |
companies which own directly or indirectly at least ten per cent (10%) of the share capital or voting rights of the Company; and |
|
– |
companies of which at least fifty per cent (50%) of the share capital or voting rights is held directly or indirectly by a company which owns
directly or indirectly at least fifty percent (50%) of the share capital or voting rights of the Company, |
|
(c) |
“Applicable Laws” means for the US the legal requirements relating to the administration of stock option plans under state corporate
and securities laws and the Code in force in the United States of America. |
|
(d) |
“Beneficiary” means the president and the members of the management board (président et membres du directoire) or, as the
case may be, the president of the board of directors (président du conseil d’administration), the general manager (directeur général) and the deputy general managers (directeurs généraux délégués) of the Company as
well as any individual employed by the Company or by any Affiliated Company under the terms and conditions of an employment contract, it being specified that a term of office of member of the supervisory board of the Company or director of an
Affiliated Company (remunerated or not) shall not be deemed to constitute an employment relationship. |
|
(e) |
“Board” means the management board of the Company. |
|
(f) |
“Code” means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. |
|
(g) |
“Commercial Code” means the French Commercial Code. |
|
(h) |
“Company” means NANOBIOTIX, a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of France. |
|
(i) |
“Continuous Status as a Beneficiary” means as regards the president and the members of the management board or, as the case may be,
the president of the board of directors, the general manager, the deputy general manager(s), that the term of their office has not been terminated and, as regards an employee that the employment relationship between the Beneficiary and the
Company or any Affiliated Company is not terminated. Continuous Status as a Beneficiary shall not be considered terminated in the case of (i) any leave of absence having received a prior approval from the Company or requiring no prior approval
under U.S. laws, or (ii) transfers between locations of the Company or between the Company or any Affiliated Company or the contrary or also from an Affiliated Company to another Affiliated Company. Leaves of absence which must receive a prior
approval from the Company for the non-termination of the Continuous Status as a Beneficiary shall include leaves of more than three (3) months for illnesses or conditions about which the employee has advance knowledge, military leave, or any
other personal leave. For purposes of U.S. Beneficiaries and Incentive Stock Options, no such leave may exceed ninety (90) days, unless reemployment upon expiration of such leave is guaranteed by statute contract or Company policies. If
reemployment upon expiration of a leave of absence approved by the Company is not so guaranteed, on the 91st day of such leave any Incentive Stock Option held by a U.S. Beneficiary shall cease to be treated as an Incentive Stock Option and
shall be treated for U.S. tax purposes as a Non-Statutory Stock Option. |
|
(j) |
“Date of Grant” means the date of the decision of the Board to grant the Options. |
|
(k) |
“Disability” means a disability declared further to a medical examination provided for in article L. 4624-21 of the French Labour Code
or pursuant to any similar provision applicable to a foreign Affiliated Company. |
|
(l) |
“Exchange Act” means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |
|
(m) |
“Fair Market Value” means the value for one Share as determined in good faith by the Administrator, according to the following
provisions, as provided in the Shareholder Authorization: |
(i) the Board may determine the subscription or purchase price
of a share in compliance with the provisions of the law. However, the purchase or subscription price shall in no case be less than ninety five per cent (95%) of the average of the closing sales price for a share as quoted on stock exchange market
during the twenty market trading days prior to the day of the Board’s decision to grant the Options,
(ii) for US Beneficiaries, the subscription or purchase price
shall not be less than the fair market value of the Shares on the Date of Grant, determined as follows (a) if the Shares are listed or quoted for trading on an exchange, the value will be deemed to be the closing or last offer price, as applicable,
of the Shares on the principal exchange upon which such securities are traded or quoted on such date, provided, if such date is not a trading day, on the last market trading day prior to such date; and (b) if the Shares are not listed or quoted for
trading on an exchange, the fair market value of the Shares as determined by the Board, consistent with the requirements of Sections 422 with respect to Incentive Stock Options, and 409A of the Code with respect to Options not intended to be
Incentive Stock Options,
it being specified that, when an Option entitles the holder to purchase shares
previously repurchased by the Company, the exercise price, notwithstanding the above provisions and in accordance with applicable law, may not be less than 80% of the average purchase price paid by the Company for all shares so previously
repurchased.
This price settled for the subscription or purchase of Shares shall not be
modified during the period in which the Option may be exercised. However, if the Company makes one of the operations mentioned in article L. 225-181 of the French Commercial Code, it must take all necessary measures to protect Optionee’s interests in
the conditions provided for by article L 228- 99 of the French Commercial Code. In case of issuance of securities granting the common stock access, as well as in case of Company’s merger or scission, the Board may decide, for a limited period of
time, to suspend the exercisability of the Options.
|
(n) |
“Incentive Stock Option” means an Option intended to qualify as an incentive stock option within the meaning of Section 422 of the
Code and the regulations promulgated thereunder. |
|
(o) |
“Non-Statutory Stock Option” means an Option which does not qualify as an Incentive Stock Option. |
|
(p) |
“Notice of Grant” means a written notice evidencing the main terms and conditions of an individual Option grant. The Notice of Grant
is part of the Option Agreement. |
|
(q) |
“Option” means an option to purchase or subscribe Shares granted pursuant to the Plan. |
|
(r) |
“Optionee” means a Beneficiary who holds at least one outstanding Option. |
|
(s) |
“Option Agreement” means a written agreement entered into between the Company and an Optionee evidencing the terms and conditions of
an individual Option grant. The Option Agreement is subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan. |
|
(t) |
“Option Exchange Program” means a program whereby outstanding Options are surrendered in exchange for Options with different exercise
conditions. |
|
(u) |
“Parent” means a “parent corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(e) of the Code. |
|
(v) |
“Plan” means the 2016-2 Stock Option Plan as approved by the Board on November 3rd, 2016. |
|
(w) |
“Share” means a share of common stock (action ordinaire) of the Company |
|
(x) |
“Shareholders Authorization” means the authorization given by the shareholders of the Company in the extraordinary general meeting
held on June 23, 2016 as increased or amended from time to time by a further general meeting of the shareholders permitting the Board to grant Stock Options. |
|
(y) |
“Share Capital” means the issued and paid up capital of the Company. |
|
(z) |
“Subsidiary” means a “subsidiary corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(f) of the Code. |
|
(aa) |
“U.S. Beneficiary” means a Beneficiary of the Company or an Affiliated Company residing in the United States or otherwise subject to
United States’ laws, regulations or taxation. |
|
(bb) |
“U.S. Optionee” means an Optionee residing in the United States or otherwise subject to United States’ laws, regulations or taxation. |
| 3. |
Shares Subject to the Plan |
Subject to the provisions of Section 11 of the Plan and pursuant to the Shareholder
Authorization, the maximum aggregate number of Shares which may be optioned and issued under the Plan is equal to 450,000. For “Incentive Stock Options”, the maximum number of Shares which may be optioned and issued is equal to 450,000. The Shares
optioned and issued under the Plan may be newly issued Shares, treasury Shares or Shares purchased on the open market.
Should the Option expire or become unexercisable for any reason without having been
exercised in full, the unsubscribed Shares which were subject thereto shall, unless the Plan shall have been terminated, become available again for future grant under the Plan.
| 4. |
Administration of the Plan |
The Plan shall be administered by the Administrator.
|
(b) |
Powers of the Administrator . |
Subject to the provisions of the Commercial Code, the Shareholders Authorization, the Plan,
and the Applicable Laws, the Administrator shall have the authority, in its discretion:
|
(i) |
to determine the Fair Market Value of the Shares, in accordance with Section 2(m) of the Plan; |
|
(ii) |
to determine the Beneficiaries to whom Options may be granted hereunder; |
|
(iii) |
to select the Beneficiaries and determine whether and to what extent Options are granted hereunder; |
|
(iv) |
to approve or amend forms of agreement for use under the Plan; |
|
(v) |
to determine the terms and conditions of any Options granted hereunder. Such terms and conditions include, but are not limited to, the
exercise price, the time or times when Options may be exercised (which may be based on performance criteria), any vesting acceleration or waiver of forfeiture restrictions, and any restriction or limitation regarding any Option or the Shares
relating thereto, based in each case on such factors as the Administrator, in its sole discretion, shall determine with the exception of the exercise price; it being specified that the Administrator’s discretion remains subject to the rules and
limitations set forth in this Plan and in the Commercial Code; |
|
(vi) |
to construe and interpret the terms of the Plan and Options granted pursuant to the Plan; |
|
(vii) |
to prescribe, amend and rescind rules and regulations relating to the Plan, including rules and regulations relating to sub-plans established
for the purpose of qualifying for preferred tax treatment under foreign tax laws; |
|
(viii) |
to modify or amend each Option (subject to the provisions of Section 13(c) of the Plan), including the discretionary authority to extend the
post-termination exercise period of Options after the termination of the employment agreement or the end of the term of office, longer than is otherwise provided for in the Plan; |
|
(ix) |
to authorize any person to execute on behalf of the Company any instrument required to effect the grant of an Option previously granted by the
Administrator; |
|
(x) |
to implement an Option Exchange Program; |
|
(xi) |
to determine the terms and restrictions applicable to Options; and |
|
(xii) |
to make all other determinations deemed necessary or appropriate for administering the Plan. |
|
(c) |
Effect of Administrator’s Decision. |
The Administrator’s decisions, determinations and interpretations shall be final and binding
on all Optionees.
(a) In the case of U.S. Beneficiaries, each Option shall be designated in
the Notice of Grant either as an “Incentive Stock Option” or as a “Non-Statutory Stock Option”. Incentive Stock Options may only be granted to Beneficiaries of the Company or a Subsidiary who meet the definition of “employees” under
Section 3401(c) of the Code.
Nevertheless, the aggregate Fair Market Value of the Shares covered by Incentive Stock
Options granted under the Plan or any other stock option program of the Company (or any Parent or subsidiary of the Company) that become exercisable for the first time in any calendar year shall not exceed U.S. $100,000: to the extent the aggregate
Fair Market Value of such Shares exceeds U.S. $100,000, the Options covering those Shares the Fair Market Values of which causes the aggregate Fair Market Value of all such Shares to be in excess of U.S. $100,000 shall be treated as Non-Statutory
Options. Incentive Stock Options shall be taken into account in the order in which they were granted, and the aggregate Fair Market Value of the Shares shall be determined as of the Date of the Grant.
(b) The Options are governed by articles L. 225-177 and following of the
Commercial Code. They are not part of the employment agreement or of the office which has allowed the Optionee to be granted the Option. Neither do they constitute an element of the Optionee’s remuneration.
Neither the Plan nor any Option shall confer upon an Optionee any right with respect to
continuing the Optionee’s employment or his term of office with the Company or any Affiliated Company, nor shall they interfere in any way with the Optionee’s right or the Company’s or Affiliated Company’s right, as the case may be, to terminate such
employment or such term of office at any time, with or without cause.
(c) Other than as expressly provided hereunder, no member of the board of
directors of the Company or of the supervisory board (in the event of change of management formula of the Company) or of an equivalent management body of an Affiliated Company shall be as such eligible to receive Options under the Plan.
Subject to the approval of the shareholders of the Company in accordance with Section 16 of
the Plan, the Plan shall be effective and Options may be granted as of November 3rd, 2016. The Plan has been adopted by the Board on November 3rd, 2016. Options may be granted hereunder until August 23, 2019. It shall continue in effect until the
date of termination of the last Option in force, unless terminated earlier under Section 13 of the Plan.
The term of each Option shall be stated in the Notice of Grant as ten (10) years from the
Date of Grant, in accordance with the Shareholders Authorization or, in case of death or Disability of the Optionee during such 10-year period, six (6) months from the death or Disability of the Optionee in accordance with French law, it being
however specified, for the avoidance of doubt, that no Option granted to any U.S. Optionee shall be exercised after the 10th anniversary of the Date of Grant.
| 8. |
Options Exercise Price and Consideration |
|
(a) |
Subscription or Purchase Price |
The per Share subscription or purchase price for the Shares to be issued or sold pursuant to
exercise of an Option shall be determined by the Administrator on the basis of the Fair Market Value.
(i) In the case of an “Incentive Stock Option” granted to a U.S.
Beneficiary who, at the time the Incentive Stock Option is granted, owns stock representing more than ten percent (10%) of the voting rights of all classes of stock of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary of the Company and, to the extent such
Beneficiary is permitted by the Commercial Code to receive Option grants, the per Share subscription or purchase price shall be no less than 110% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the Date of Grant as defined in Section 2(m)(iii);
(ii) In the case of a “Non-Statutory Stock Option” or “Incentive
Stock Option”, not covered by Section 8(a) above, granted to any U.S. Beneficiary, the per Share subscription or purchase price shall be no less than 100% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the Date of Grant as defined in Section 2(m)(iii).
At the time an Option is granted, the Administrator shall fix the period within which the
Option may be exercised and shall determine any conditions which must be satisfied before the Option may be exercised. In so doing, the Administrator may specify that an Option may not be exercised until the completion of a service period in the
Company or an Affiliated Company.
|
(c) |
Form of Consideration |
The consideration to be paid for the Shares to be issued or purchased upon exercise of
Options, including the method of payment, shall be determined by the Administrator. Such consideration shall consist entirely of an amount in Euro corresponding to the exercise price which shall be paid by wire transfer. Where the exercise of an
Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to
which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company
upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
|
(a) |
Procedure for Exercise; Rights as a Shareholder |
Any Option granted hereunder shall be exercisable according to the terms of the Plan and at
such times and under such conditions as determined by the Administrator and set forth in the Option Agreement.
An Option may not be exercised for a fraction of a Share.
An Option shall be deemed exercised when the Company receives: (i) written notice of
exercise (in accordance with the provisions of the Option Agreement) together with a share subscription or purchase form (bulletin de souscription ou d’achat) duly executed by the person entitled to exercise the Option, and (ii) full payment
for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised. Full payment may consist of any consideration and method of payment authorized by the Administrator and permitted by the Option Agreement and the Plan.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether
due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the
Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the
full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
Upon exercise of an Option, the Shares issued or sold to the Optionee shall be assimilated
with all other Shares of the Company of the same class and shall be entitled to dividends once the Shares are issued for the fiscal year during which the Option is exercised.
In the event that a Beneficiary infringes one of the above mentioned commitments, such
Beneficiary shall be liable for any consequences resulting from such infringement for the Company and undertakes to indemnify the Company in respect of all amounts payable by the Company in connection with such infringement.
Granting of an Option in any manner shall result in a decrease in the number of Shares which
thereafter may be available for purposes of the Plan, by the number of Shares as to which the Option may be exercised.
|
(b) |
Termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as Beneficiary |
Upon termination of an Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary, other than upon the
Optionee’s death or Disability, the Optionee may exercise his or her Options, but only within such period of time as is specified in the Notice of Grant, and only for the part of the Options that the Optionee was entitled to exercise at the date of
termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of such Options as set forth in the Notice of Grant). Unless a longer period is specified in the Notice of Grant or otherwise resolved by the Board, an Option shall remain exercisable
for six (6) months following the Optionee’s termination of Continuous Status as a Beneficiary. In the case of an “Incentive Stock Option”, such a period cannot exceed three (3) months following the Optionee’s termination of Continuous Status as a
Beneficiary. If, at the date of termination, the Optionee is not entitled to exercise all his or her Options, the Shares covered by the unexercisable portion of Options shall revert to the Plan. If, after termination, the Optionee does not exercise
all of his or her Options within the time specified by the Administrator, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall revert to the Plan.
|
(c) |
Disability of Optionee |
In the event that an Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary terminates as a result of
the Optionee’s Disability, unless otherwise resolved by the Board, the Optionee may exercise his or her Options at any time within six (6) months from the date of such termination, but only to the extent these Options are exercisable at the time of
termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of such Options as set forth in the Notice of Grant). If, at the date of termination, the Optionee is not entitled to exercise all of his or her Options, the Shares covered by the
unexercised portion of Options shall revert to the Plan. If, after termination, the Optionee does not exercise all of his or her Options within the time specified herein, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall
revert to the Plan.
In the event of the death of an Optionee during the term of the Options, unless otherwise
resolved by the Board, the Options may be exercised at any time within six (6) months following the date of death, by the Optionee’s estate or by a person who acquired the right to exercise the Option by bequest or inheritance, but only to the extent
these Options are exercisable at the time
of death. If, at the time of death, the Optionee was not entitled to exercise all of his or her Options, the
Shares covered by the unexercised portion of Options shall immediately revert to the Plan. If, after death, the Optionee’s estate or a person who acquired the right to exercise the Options by bequest or inheritance does not exercise the Options
within the time specified herein, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall revert to the Plan.
| 10. |
Non-Transferability of Options |
An Option may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred or disposed of in
any manner other than by will or by laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised, during the lifetime of the Optionee, only by the Optionee.
| 11. |
Adjustments Upon Changes in Capitalization, Dissolution |
|
(a) |
Changes in capitalization |
In the event of the carrying out by the Company of any of the financial operations pursuant
to article L. 225-181 of the Commercial Code as follows:
|
– |
amortization or reduction of the share capital, |
|
– |
amendment of the allocation of profits, |
|
– |
distribution of free shares, |
|
– |
capitalization of reserves, profits, issuance premiums, |
|
– |
the issuance of shares or securities giving right to shares to be subscribed for in cash or by set-off of existing indebtedness offered
exclusively to the shareholders; |
the Company shall take the required measures to protect the interest of the Optionees in the
conditions set forth in article L. 228-99 of the Commercial Code.
|
(b) |
Dissolution or Liquidation |
In the event of the proposed dissolution or liquidation of the Company, to the extent that
an Option has not been previously exercised, it will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed action. The Administrator may, in the exercise of its sole discretion in such instances, declare that any Option shall terminate as
of a date determined by the Administrator and give each Optionee the right to exercise his or her Options as to Shares for which the Options would not otherwise be exercisable.
No later than immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event (as
defined below):
|
– |
in the event of a merger of the Company into another corporation or of the sale by one or several shareholders, acting alone or in concert, of
the Company to one or several third parties of a number of Shares resulting in a transfer of more than fifty per cent (50%) of the Shares of the Company to said third parties (a “Liquidity Event”), the Optionee’s right to exercise the Options
will be accelerated so that the Optionee may exercise all of them with effect immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event; |
|
– |
the Options that may be exercised shall have to be exercised no later than immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity
Event, it being specified that the Company shall inform the Optionee of any proposed Liquidity Event at least 15 days prior to the completion thereof; and |
|
– |
any Options not exercised for any reason on or prior to the date of completion of a Liquidity Event will automatically lapse. |
******
For Incentive Stock Options, all assumptions, substitutions and adjustments shall be
determined in accordance with Sections 422 and 424 of the Code and the regulations promulgated thereunder and for Non Statutory Options for Beneficiaries in accordance with the Section 424 of the US Code.
12.1. The Date of Grant of an Option shall be, for all purposes, the
date on which the Administrator decides to grant such Option. A notice of the grant shall be provided to each Optionee within a reasonable time after the Date of Grant.
12.2. In the event of any tax liability arising on account of the
grant of the Options, the liability to pay such taxes shall be that of the Beneficiary alone.
The Beneficiary shall enter into such agreements of indemnity and
execute any and all documents as the Company may specify for this purpose, if so required at the Date of Grant and at any other time at the discretion of the Company, on such terms and conditions as the Company may think fit, for recovery of the tax
due, from the Beneficiary.
| 13. |
Amendment and Termination of the Plan |
|
(a) |
Amendment and Termination |
The Administrator may at any time amend, alter, suspend or terminate the Plan.
|
(b) |
Shareholders’ approval |
The Company shall obtain shareholders’ approval of any Plan amendment to the extent
necessary and desirable to comply with Applicable Laws (including the requirements of any exchange or quotation system on which Shares may then be listed or quoted). Such shareholders’
approval, if required, shall be obtained in such a manner and to such a degree as is
required by the applicable law, rule or regulation.
|
(c) |
Effect of amendment or termination |
No amendment, alteration, suspension or termination of the Plan shall impair the rights of
any Optionee, unless mutually agreed otherwise between the Optionee and the Administrator, which agreement must be in writing and signed by the Optionee and the Company.
| 14. |
Conditions Upon Issuance of Shares |
Shares held by a US Beneficiary shall not be sold or issued pursuant to the exercise of an
Option unless the exercise of such Option, and the issuance or sale and delivery of such Shares shall comply with all relevant provisions of law including, without limitation, the Commercial Code, the “Securities Act” of 1933, as amended,
the “Exchange Act”, the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, Applicable Laws and the requirements of any stock exchange or quotation system upon which the Shares may then be listed or quoted.
|
(b) |
Investment Representations |
As a condition to the exercise of an Option by a US Beneficiary, the Company may require the
person exercising such Option to represent and warrant at the time of any such exercise that the Shares are being subscribed or purchased only for investment and without any present intention to sell or distribute such Shares if, in the opinion of
counsel for the Company, such a representation is required.
15.1. The inability of the Company to obtain authority from any
regulatory body having jurisdiction, which authority is deemed by any counsel to the Company to be necessary to the lawful issuance or sale of any Shares hereunder, shall relieve the Company of any liability in respect of the failure to issue or sell
such Shares as to which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained.
15.2. The Company and its Affiliated Companies may not be held
responsible in any way if the Beneficiary for any reason not attributable to the Company or its Affiliated Companies was not able to exercise the Options or acquire the Shares.
| 16. |
Shareholders’ Approval |
The Plan shall be subject to approval by the shareholders of the Company within twelve (12)
months of the date the Plan is adopted by the Board. Such shareholder approval shall be obtained in the manner and to the degree required under the Commercial Code and Applicable Laws.
This Plan shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of France.
The relevant court of the registered office of the Company shall be exclusively competent to
determine any claim or dispute arising in connection herewith.
The grant of Options under this Plan shall entitle the Company to require the Beneficiary to
comply with such requirements of law as may be necessary in the Options of the Company from time to time.
Exhibit
NANOBIOTIX
STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT
Part I
NOTICE OF STOCK OPTION GRANT
Noël Kurdi
You have been granted Options to subscribe ordinary Shares of the Company, subject to the
terms and conditions of the 2016-2 Stock Option Plan (the “Plan”) and this Option Agreement. Options are governed by articles L. 225-177 and following of the French Commercial Code. They are not part of the employment agreement or of the office which
has allowed the Optionee to be granted the Options. Neither do they constitute an element of the Optionee’s remuneration. Unless otherwise defined herein, the terms defined in the Plan shall have the same defined meanings in this Option Agreement.
| |
Date of Grant1: |
Nov. 3rd 2016 |
| |
Vesting Commencement Date2 : |
Nov. 3rd 2016 |
| |
Exercise Price per Share: |
EUR 14.26€ |
| |
Total Number of Shares Granted: |
4.000 |
| |
Total Exercise Price: |
EUR 57.040€ |
| |
|
|
| |
Type of Options3: |
[Incentive Stock Option]
subject to provisions of article 5 (b) of the Plan |
| |
|
|
| |
Term/Expiration Date4: |
Nov. 4th, 2026 |
Where the exercise of an Option, as described under Article 9.(a) of the Plan, would lead
the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is
exercised is executed by the Optionee and the Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of
the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment , under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
In the event that you infringe the above mentioned commitment, you shall be liable for
any consequences resulting from such infringement for the Company and undertake to indemnify the Company in respect of all amounts payable by the Company in connection with such infringement.
1 date of the board meeting
having allocated the Option.
2 date chosen by the Board as
the Vesting Commencement Date; failing that, Date of Grant.
3 for U.S. Beneficiaries only.
4 date of termination of the
Option (article 7 of the Plan), which shall not exceed 5 years for an ISO granted to a 10% owner and 10 years for a U.S. Optionee.
Validity of the Options :
The Options will be valid as from the Date of Grant.
Vesting Schedule:
Unless otherwise determined or adapted by the Board, the Options may be exercised by the
Optionee on the basis of the following initial vesting schedule subject to the condition precedent that the Optionee shall have previously returned to the Company the documents referred to under section 2. of Part II of the Stock Option Grant
Agreement duly initialed and signed:
| – |
at the latest within ten (10) years as from the Date of Grant or in case of death or Disability of the Optionee during such then (10) year
period, six (6) months as from the death or Disability of the Optionee (it being however specified, for the avoidance of doubt, that no Option granted to any U.S. Optionee shall be exercised after the 10th anniversary of the Date of Grant). |
The number of Options that could be exercised pursuant to the above vesting schedule will
always be rounded down to the nearest full number.
If the Optionee fails to exercise the Options in whole or in part within the said period of
ten (10) years (as may be extended to six (6) months from the death or Disability of the Optionee, the Options will lapse automatically.
Termination Period:
Unless otherwise decided by the Board, in case of termination of the Optionee’s Continuous
Status as a Beneficiary, the Options exercisable at the time of termination may be exercised for six (6) months, three (3) months for Incentive Stock Options after such termination, being specified that all other Options shall automatically expire at
the time of termination.
Unless otherwise decided by the Board, upon the death or Disability of the Optionee, the
Options may be exercised during a period of six (6) months as provided in the Plan.
Save as provided in the Plan, in no event shall the Options be exercised later than the
Term/Expiration Date as provided above. Should the Options expire or become unexercisable for any reason without having been exercised in full, the unsubscribed Shares which were subject thereto shall, unless the Plan shall have been terminated,
become available for future grant under the Plan.
By his signature and the signature of the Company’s representative below, the Optionee and
the Company agree that the Options are granted under and governed by the terms and conditions of the Plan and this Option Agreement. The Optionee has reviewed the Plan and this Option Agreement in their entirely, has had the opportunity to obtain the
advice of counsel prior to executing this Option Agreement and fully understands all provisions of the Plan and Option Agreement. The Optionee hereby agrees to accept as binding, conclusive and final all decisions or interpretations of the
Administrator upon any questions relating to the Plan and Option
Agreement. The Optionee further agrees to notify the Company upon any change in the residence address indicated
below.
NANOBIOTIX
STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT
Part II
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
1. Grant of Options.
1.1. The Administrator of the Company hereby grants to the
Optionee named in the Notice of Grant attached as Part I of this Agreement (the “Optionee”), 4.000 options (the “Options”) to subscribe the number of ordinary Shares, as set forth in the Notice of Grant, at the exercise price per Share set forth in
the Notice of Grant (the “Exercise Price”), subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In the event of a conflict between the terms and conditions of the Plan and the terms and
conditions of this Option Agreement, the terms and conditions of the Plan shall prevail.
If designated in the Notice of Grant as an Incentive Stock Option, this Option is
intended to qualify as an Incentive Stock Option under Section 422 of the Code although the Company makes no representation as to the tax status of the Option. However, if this Option is intended to be an Incentive Stock Option, to
the extent that it exceeds the U.S.$ 100,000 rule of Code Section 422(d) the excess shall be treated as a Non-Statutory Stock Option
1.2. An Option will be valid as from the Date of Grant.
1.3. In the event of any tax liability arising on account of the
Grant of the Options, the liability to pay such taxes shall be that of the Beneficiary alone. The Beneficiary shall enter into such agreements of indemnity and execute any and all documents as the Company may specify for this purpose, if so required
at the time of the Grant and at any other time at the discretion of the Company, on such terms and conditions as the Company may think fit, for recovery of the tax due, from the Beneficiary.
2. Exercise of Options
(a) Right to Exercise. An Option is exercisable during
its term in accordance with the Vesting Schedule set out in the Notice of Grant and the applicable provisions of the Plan and this Option Agreement, subject to the condition precedent that the Optionee shall have previously returned to the Company,
by electronic delivery under the conditions set forth in Article 10 below:
- Part I and Part II of the Stock Option Grant Agreement (Exhibit), duly initialed (all
pages but for the signature page) and signed (signature page).
In the event of Optionee’s death, Disability or other termination of Optionee’s Continuous
Status as a Beneficiary, the exercisability of an Option is governed by the applicable provisions of the Plan and this Option Agreement.
(b) Method of Exercise. An Option is exercisable by
delivery of an exercise notice, in the form attached hereto (the “Exercise Notice”) stating the election to exercise the Option, the
number of Shares in respect of which the Option is being exercised (the “Exercised Shares”),
and such other representations and agreements as may be required by the Company pursuant to the provisions of the Plan. The Exercise Notice shall be signed by the Optionee and shall be delivered in person or by certified mail to the Company or its
designated representative or by facsimile message to be immediately confirmed by certified mail to the Company. The Exercise Notice shall be accompanied by payment of the aggregate Exercise Price as to all Exercised Shares. An Option shall be deemed
to be exercised upon receipt by the Company of such fully executed Exercise Notice accompanied by the proof of payment of such aggregate Exercise Price.
No Share shall be issued pursuant to the exercise of an Option unless such issuance and
exercise complies with all relevant provisions of law as set out under Section 14(a) of the Plan.
Upon exercise of an Option, the Shares issued to the Optionee shall be assimilated with all
other Shares of the Company and shall be entitled to dividends for the fiscal year in course during which the Option is exercised.
3. Method of Payment. Payment of the aggregate Exercise Price shall be
made by wire transfer with the execution of the corresponding exchange contract.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether
due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when (a) the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and (b)
the Optionee provides the Company with either (i) the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or,
(ii) the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
The Company and its Affiliated Companies may not be held responsible in any way if the
Beneficiary for any reason not attributable to the Company or its Affiliated Companies was not able to exercise the Option or purchase the Shares. The payment for the purchase of the shares shall be made by the Optionee under his/her own
responsibility according to these Terms and Conditions.
4. Non-Transferability of Option. An Option may not be transferred in any
manner otherwise than by will or by the laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised during the lifetime of the Optionee only by the Optionee. The terms of the Plan and this Option Agreement shall be binding upon the executors,
administrators, heirs, successors and assigns of the Optionee.
5. Term of Options. Subject as provided in the Plan, an Option may be
exercised only within the term set out in the Notice of Grant, and may be exercised during such term only in accordance with the Plan and the terms of this Option Agreement.
6. Entire Agreement - Governing Law. The Plan is incorporated herein by
reference. The Plan and this Option Agreement constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their entirety all prior undertakings and
agreements of the Company and Optionee with respect to the subject matter hereof, and may not be modified adversely
to the Optionee’s interest except by means of a writing signed by the Company and Optionee. This agreement is governed by the laws of the Republic of France.
Any claim or dispute arising under the Plan or this Agreement shall be
subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the court competent for the place of the registered office of the Company.
7. Tax Obligations. Regardless of any action the Company or Optionee’s
employer (the “Employer”) takes with respect to any or all income tax, social insurance, payroll tax, or other tax-related withholding (“Tax-Related Items”), Optionee acknowledges that the ultimate liability for all Tax-Related Items legally due by
Optionee is and remains Optionee’s responsibility and that the Company and/or the Employer (1) make no representations or undertakings regarding the treatment of any Tax-Related Items in connection with any aspect of the Option grant, including the
grant, vesting or exercise of the Option, the subsequent sale of shares of common stock acquired pursuant to such exercise and the receipt of any dividends; and (2) do not commit to structure the terms of the grant or any aspect of the Option to
reduce or eliminate Optionee’s liability for Tax-Related Items.
Prior to exercise of the Option, Optionee will pay or make adequate
arrangements satisfactory to the Company and/or the Employer to satisfy all withholding obligations of the Company and/or the Employer, if any. In this regard, Optionee authorizes the Company and/or the Employer to withhold all applicable Tax-Related
Items legally payable by Optionee from Optionee’s compensation paid to Optionee by the Company and/or Employer or from proceeds of the sale of Shares. Alternatively, or in addition, if permissible under local law, the Company may sell or arrange for
the sale of Shares that Optionee acquires to meet the withholding obligation for Tax-Related Items. Finally, Optionee will pay to the Company or the Employer any amount of Tax-Related Items that the Company or the Employer may be required to withhold
as a result of Optionee’s participation in the Plan or Optionee’s purchase of Shares that cannot be satisfied by the means previously described. The Company may refuse to honor the exercise and refuse to deliver the Shares issuable upon exercise of
the Options if Optionee fails to comply with Optionee’s obligations in connection with the Tax-Related Items as described in this section.
8. Nature of Grant. In accepting the grant, Optionee acknowledges that:
(a) the Plan is established voluntarily by the Company, it is
discretionary in nature and it may be modified, amended, suspended or terminated by the Company at any time, unless otherwise provided in the Plan and this Agreement;
(b) the grant of the Option is voluntary and occasional and does
not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of options, or benefits in lieu of options, even if options have been granted repeatedly in the past;
(c) all decisions with respect to future option grants, if any,
will be at the sole discretion of the Company;
(d) Optionee’s participation in the Plan shall not create a right
to further employment with the employer and shall not interfere with the ability of the Employer to terminate Optionee’s employment relationship at any time with or without cause;
(e) Optionee is voluntarily participating in the Plan;
(f) the Option is an extraordinary item that does not constitute
compensation of any kind for services of any kind rendered to the Company or the Employer, and which is outside the scope of Optionee’s employment contract, if any;
(g) the Option is not part of normal or expected compensation or
salary for any purpose, including, but not limited to, calculating any severance, resignation, termination, redundancy, end of service payments, bonuses, long service awards, pension or retirement benefits or similar payments and in no event should
be considered as compensation for, or relating in any way to, past services for the Company or the Employer;
(h) the Option grant will not be interpreted to form an
employment contract with the Company, the Employer or any Subsidiary or affiliate of the Company;
(i) the future value of the underlying Shares is unknown and
cannot be predicted with certainty;
(j) if the underlying Shares do not increase in value, the Option
will have no value;
(k) if Optionee exercises Optionee’s Option and obtains Shares,
the value of those Shares acquired upon exercise may increase or decrease in value, even below the exercise price;
(l) in consideration of the grant of the Option, no claim or
entitlement to compensation or damages shall arise from termination of the Option or diminution in value of the Option or Shares purchased through exercise of the Option resulting from termination of Optionee’s employment the Company or the Employer
(for any reason whatsoever) and Optionee irrevocably releases the Company and the Employer from any such claim that may arise; if, notwithstanding the foregoing, any such claim is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to have arisen, then, by
signing this Agreement, Optionee shall be deemed irrevocably to have waived Optionee’s entitlement to pursue such claim; and
(m) in the event of termination of Optionee’s employment,
Optionee’s right to receive the Option and vest in the Option under the Plan, if any, will terminate effective as of the date that Optionee receives notice of termination regardless of when such termination is effective; furthermore, in the event of
termination of employment, Optionee’s right to exercise the Option after termination of employment, if any, will be measured by the date on which the Optionee receives notice of termination; the Company shall have the exclusive discretion to
determine when Optionee is no longer actively employed for purposes of Optionee’s Option grant. In addition, any period of notice or compensation in lieu of such notice, that is given or ought to have been given under any contract, statute, common
law or civil law shall be excluded.
9. Data Privacy. Optionee hereby explicitly and unambiguously consents to
the collection, use and transfer, in electronic or other form, of Optionee’s personal data as described in this document by and among, as applicable, the Employer, the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates for the exclusive purpose of
implementing, administering and managing Optionee’s participation in the Plan.
Optionee understands that the Company and the Employer may hold certain
personal information about Optionee, including, but not limited to, Optionee’s name, home address and telephone number, date of birth, social insurance number or other identification number, salary, nationality, job title, any shares of stock or
directorships held in the Company, details of all options or any other entitlement to shares of stock awarded, canceled, exercised, vested, unvested or outstanding in Optionee’s favor, for the exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and
managing the Plan (“Data”).
Optionee understands that the recipients of the Data may be located in
the United States or elsewhere including outside the EEA, and that the recipients’ country (e.g., the United States) may have different data privacy laws and protections than Optionee’s country. Optionee understands that Optionee may request a list
with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the Data by contacting Optionee’s local human resources representative. Optionee authorizes the Company and any other possible recipients which may assist the Company (presently or in the
future) with implementing, administering and managing the Plan to receive, possess, use, retain and transfer the Data, in electronic or other form, for the sole purpose of implementing, administering and managing Optionee’s participation in the Plan.
Optionee understands that Data will be held only as long as is necessary to implement, administer and manage Optionee’s participation in the Plan. Optionee understands that Optionee may, at any time, view the Data, request additional information
about the storage processing of the Data, require any necessary amendments to Data or refuse or withdraw the consents herein, in any case without cost, by contacting in writing Optionee’s local human resources representative. Optionee understands,
however, that refusing or withdrawing Optionee’s consent may affect Optionee’s ability to participate in the Plan. For more information on the consequences of Optionee’s refusal to consent or withdrawal of consent, Optionee understands that Optionee
may contact Optionee’s local human resources representative.
10. Electronic Delivery. The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to
deliver any documents related to the Option and participation in the Plan or future options that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or to request Optionee’s consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. Optionee hereby
consents to receive such documents by electronic delivery and, if requested, to agree to participate in the Plan through an on-line or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or another third party designated by the Company.
11. Severability. The provisions of this Agreement are severable and if any
one or more provisions are determined to be illegal or otherwise unenforceable, in whole or in part, the remaining provisions shall nevertheless be binding and enforceable.
| |
|
|
|
|
| OPTIONEE: |
|
NANOBIOTIX |
| |
|
|
|
|
By: |
|
| Signature |
|
|
|
|
Title: |
|
| Print Name |
|
|
| |
|
|
| Residence Address |
|
|
NANOBIOTIX
Société Anonyme á directoire et conseil de surveillance having a share capital of EUR. [ ]
Registered office : [__]
[ o ] R.C.S. [__]
2016-2 STOCK OPTION PLAN
EXERCISE NOTICE
(Share subscription form)
NANOBIOTIX
[__]
[__]
France
[_______], [__]
Attention: [______]
1. Exercise of Options. Effective as of today, _______________, __ , the
undersigned (“Optionee”) hereby elects to subscribe ___________________ (_____) ordinary shares (the “Shares”) of the Common Stock of NANOBIOTIX (the “Company”) under and pursuant to the Company’s 2016-2 Stock Option Plan (the “Plan”) adopted by the
board on November [ o ], 2016 and the Stock Option Agreement dated __________, __ (the “Option Agreement”). The subscription price for the Shares shall be EUR. _________, as required by the Option Agreement.
2. Delivery of Payment. Optionee herewith delivers to the Company the full
subscription price for the Shares.
3. Representations of Optionee. The Optionee acknowledges that Optionee has
received, read and understood the Plan and the Option Agreement and agrees to abide by and be bound by their terms and conditions.
4. Rights as Shareholder. Until the issuance (as evidenced by the appropriate
entry on the books of the Company) of the Shares, the Optionee shall have, as an Optionee, no right to vote or receive dividends or any other rights as a shareholder shall exist with respect to the Optioned Stock, except those the Optionee may have
as a shareholder of the Company. No adjustment will be made for rights in respect of which the record date is prior to the issuance date for the Shares, except as provided in Section 11 of the Plan.
5. Tax consultation. The Optionee understands that Optionee may suffer
adverse tax consequences as a result of Optionee’s subscription or disposition of the Shares. Optionee represents that Optionee has consulted with any tax consultants Optionee deems advisable in connection with the subscription or disposition of the
Shares. The Optionee is not relying on the Company for any tax advice.
6. Entire Agreement - Governing Law. The Plan and Option Agreement are
incorporated herein by reference. This Exercise Notice, the Plan and the Option Agreement constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their
entirety all prior undertakings and agreements of the Company and Optionee with respect to the subject matter
hereof, and may not be modified adversely to the Optionee’s interest except by means of a writing signed by the Company and Optionee. This agreement is governed by the laws of the Republic of France.
*
* *
This Exercise notice is delivered in two originals one of which shall be returned to the Optionee.
| |
|
|
|
| Submitted by: |
|
Accepted by: |
| OPTIONEE (*) |
|
NANOBIOTIX |
| |
|
|
| Signature |
|
Signature |
| |
|
|
| |
|
Its: |
|
| Print Name |
|
|
| |
|
|
| Address: |
|
|
| |
|
|
* The signature of the Optionee must be preceded by the following manuscript mention “accepted for format and irrevocable
subscription of [__________] ordinary Shares”.
- 24 -
Exhibit 10.11
NANOBIOTIX
2017 STOCK OPTION PLAN
|
SUMMARY
|
| |
|
Page
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Purposes of the Plan
|
1
|
| |
|
|
|
2.
|
Definitions
|
1
|
| |
|
|
|
3.
|
Shares Subject to the Plan
|
4
|
| |
|
|
|
4.
|
Administration of the Plan
|
5
|
| |
|
|
| |
(a)
|
Procedure
|
5
|
| |
(b)
|
Powers of the Administrator
|
5
|
| |
(c)
|
Effect of Administrator’s Decision
|
6
|
| |
|
|
|
|
5.
|
Limitations
|
6
|
| |
|
|
|
6.
|
Term of Plan
|
7
|
| |
|
|
|
7.
|
Term of Options
|
7
|
| |
|
|
|
8.
|
Options Exercise Price and Consideration
|
7
|
| |
|
|
| |
(a)
|
Subscription or Purchase Price
|
7
|
| |
(b)
|
Exercise Dates
|
7
|
| |
(c)
|
Form of Consideration
|
8
|
| |
|
|
|
|
9.
|
Exercise of Options
|
8
|
| |
|
|
| |
(a)
|
Procedure for Exercise; Rights as a Shareholder
|
8
|
| |
(b)
|
Termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as Beneficiary
|
9
|
| |
(c)
|
Disability of Optionee
|
9
|
| |
(d)
|
Death of Optionee
|
9
|
| |
|
|
|
|
10.
|
Non-Transferability of Options
|
10
|
| |
|
|
|
11.
|
Adjustments Upon Changes in Capitalization, Dissolution
|
10
|
| |
|
|
| |
(a)
|
Changes in capitalization
|
10
|
| |
(b)
|
Dissolution or Liquidation
|
10
|
| |
(c)
|
Change in Control
|
10
|
| |
|
|
|
|
12.
|
Grant
|
11
|
| |
|
|
|
13.
|
Amendment and Termination of the Plan
|
11
|
| |
|
|
| |
(a)
|
Amendment and Termination
|
11
|
| |
(b)
|
Shareholders’ approval
|
11
|
| |
(c)
|
Effect of amendment or termination
|
11
|
| |
|
|
|
|
14.
|
Conditions Upon Issuance of Shares
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a)
|
Legal Compliance
|
12
|
| |
(b)
|
Investment Representations
|
12
|
| |
|
|
|
|
15.
|
Liability of Company
|
12
|
| |
|
|
|
16.
|
Shareholders’ Approval
|
12
|
|
SUMMARY
|
|
(continued)
|
| |
|
Page
|
| |
|
|
|
17.
|
Law, Jurisdiction
|
12
|
|
Exhibit -
|
Stock Option Grant Agreement
|
| |
Part I -
|
Notice of stock option grant
|
| |
Part 11 -
|
Terms and conditions
|
| |
Exercise notice
|
NANOBIOTIX
2017 STOCK OPTION PLAN
According to the authorization granted by the extraordinary shareholders’ general meeting of June 14, 2017, the management board decided on March 6, 2018, in compliance with the provisions of articles L. 225-177 et.
seq. of the French Commercial Code, to adopt the 2017 stock option plan of NANOBIOTIX, the terms and conditions of which are set out below.
The purposes of the Plan are:
|
− |
to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility;
|
|
− |
to provide additional incentive to Beneficiaries; and
|
|
− |
to promote the success of the Company’s business.
|
Options granted under the Plan to U.S. Beneficiaries are intended to be Incentive Stock Options or Non-Statutory Stock Options, as determined by the Administrator at the time of grant of an Option, and shall comply
in all respects with US Applicable Laws in order that U.S. Beneficiaries may benefit from available tax advantages.
|
(a) |
“Administrator” means the management board of the Company which shall administer the Plan in accordance with Section 4 of
the Plan.
|
|
(b) |
“Affiliated Company” means a company which conforms with the criteria set forth in article L. 225-180 of the Commercial
Code as follows:
|
|
− |
companies of which at least ten per cent (10%) of the share capital or voting rights is held directly or indirectly by the Company;
|
|
− |
companies which own directly or indirectly at least ten per cent (10%) of the share capital or voting rights of the Company; and
|
|
− |
companies of which at least fifty per cent (50%) of the share capital or voting rights is held directly or indirectly by a company which owns directly or indirectly at least fifty percent (50%) of the share capital or voting rights of
the Company,
|
|
(c) |
“Beneficiary” means the president and the members of the management board (president et
membres du directoire) or, as the case may be, the president of the board of directors (président du conseil d’administration), the general manager (directeur
general) and the deputy general managers (directeurs généraux délégués) of the Company as well as any individual employed by the Company or by any Affiliated Company under the terms and
conditions of an employment contract, it being specified that a term of office of member of the supersivory board of the Company or director of an Affiliated Company (remunerated or not) shall not be deemed to constitute an employment
relationship.
|
|
(d) |
“Board” means the management board of the Company.
|
|
(e) |
“Commercial Code” means the French Commercial Code.
|
|
(f) |
“Company” means NANOBIOTIX, a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of France.
|
|
(g) |
“Continuous Status as a Beneficiary” means as regards the president and the members of the management board or, as the case
may be, the president of the board of directors, the general manager, the deputy general manager(s), that the term of their office has not been terminated and, as regards an employee that the employment relationship between the
Beneficiary and the Company or any Affiliated Company is not terminated. Continuous Status as a Beneficiary shall not be considered terminated in the case of (i) any leave of absence having received a prior approval from the Company or
requiring no prior approval under U.S. laws, or (ii) transfers between locations of the Company or between the Company or any Affiliated Company or the contrary or also from an Affiliated Company to another Affiliated Company. Leaves of
absence which must receive a prior approval from the Company for the non-termination of the Continuous Status as a Beneficiary shall include leaves of more than three (3) months for illnesses or conditions about which the employee has
advance knowledge, military leave, or any other personal leave. For purposes of U.S. Beneficiaries and Incentive Stock Options, no such leave may exceed ninety (90) days, unless reemployment upon expiration of such leave is guaranteed by
statute contract or Company policies. If reemployment upon expiration of a leave of absence approved by the Company is not so guaranteed, on the 91st day of such leave any Incentive Stock Option held by a U.S. Beneficiary shall cease to
be treated as an Incentive Stock Option and shall be treated for U.S. tax purposes as a Non-Statutory Stock Option.
|
|
(h) |
“Date of Grant” means the date of the decision of the Board to grant the Options.
|
|
(i) |
“Disability” means a disability declared further to a medical examination provided for in article L. 4624-1 of the French
Labour Code or pursuant to any similar provision applicable to a foreign Affiliated Company.
|
|
(j) |
“Exchange Act” means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
|
|
(k) |
“Fair Market Value” means the value for one Share as determined in good faith by the Administrator, according to the
following provisions, as provided in the Shareholder Authorization:
|
(i) the Board may determine the subscription or purchase price of a share in compliance with the provisions of the law. However, the purchase or
subscription price shall in no case be less than ninety five per cent (95%) of the average of the closing sales price for a share as quoted on stock exchange market during the twenty market trading days prior to the day of the Board’s decision
to grant the Options,
(ii) for US Beneficiaries, the subscription or purchase price shall not be less than the fair market value of the Shares on the Date of Grant,
determined as follows (a) if the Shares are listed or quoted for trading on an exchange, the value will be deemed to be the closing or last offer price, as applicable, of the Shares on the principal exchange upon which such securities are
traded or quoted on such date, provided, if such date is not a trading day, on the last market trading day prior to such date; and (b) if the Shares are not listed or quoted for trading on an exchange, the fair market value of the Shares as
determined by the Board, consistent with the requirements of Sections 422 with respect to Incentive Stock Options, and 409A of the US Code with respect to Options not intended to be Incentive Stock Options, it being specified that, when an
Option entitles the holder to purchase shares previously repurchased by the Company, the exercise price, notwithstanding the above provisions and in accordance with applicable law, may not be less than 80% of the average purchase price paid by
the Company for all shares so previously repurchased.
|
|
This price settled for the subscription or purchase of Shares shall not be modified during the period in which the Option may be exercised. However, if the Company makes one of the operations mentioned in
article L. 225-181 of the French Commercial Code, it must take all necessary measures to protect Optionee’s interests in the conditions provided for by article L 228- 99 of the French Commercial
Code. In case of issuance of securities granting the common stock access, as well as in case of Company’s merger or scission, the Board may decide, for a limited period of time, to suspend the exercisability of the Options.
|
|
(l) |
“Incentive Stock Option” means an Option intended to qualify as an incentive stock option within the meaning of Section 422
of the US Code and the regulations promulgated thereunder.
|
|
(m) |
“Non-Statutory Stock Option” means an Option which does not qualify as an Incentive Stock Option.
|
|
(n) |
“Notice of Grant” means a written notice evidencing the main terms and conditions of an individual Option grant. The Notice
of Grant is part of the Option Agreement.
|
|
(o) |
“Option” means an option to purchase or subscribe Shares granted pursuant to the Plan.
|
|
(p) |
“Optionee” means a Beneficiary who holds at least one outstanding Option.
|
|
(q) |
“Option Agreement” means a written agreement entered into between the Company and an Optionee evidencing the terms and
conditions of an individual Option grant. The Option Agreement is subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan.
|
|
(r) |
“Option Exchange Program” means a program whereby outstanding Options are surrendered in exchange for Options with
different exercise conditions.
|
|
(s) |
“Parent” means a “parent corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(e) of the US Code.
|
|
(t) |
“Plan” means the 2017 Stock Option Plan as approved by the Board on January, 22nd, 2018.
|
|
(u) |
“Share” means a share of common stock (action ordinaire) of the Company.
|
|
(v) |
“Shareholders Authorization” means the authorization given by the shareholders of the Company in the extraordinary general
meeting held on June 14, 2017 as increased or amended from time to time by a further general meeting of the shareholders permitting the Board to grant Stock Options.
|
|
(w) |
“Share Capital” means the issued and paid up capital of the Company.
|
|
(x) |
“Subsidiary” means a “subsidiary corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(f) of the US
Code.
|
|
(y) |
“US Applicable Laws” means for the US the legal requirements relating to the administration of stock option plans under
state corporate and securities laws and the US Code in force in the United States of America.
|
|
(z) |
“U.S. Beneficiary” means a Beneficiary of the Company or an Affiliated Company residing in the United States or otherwise
subject to United States’ laws, regulations or taxation.
|
|
(aa) |
“US Code” means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
|
|
(bb) |
“U.S. Optionee” means an Optionee residing in the United States or otherwise subject to United States’ laws, regulations or
taxation.
|
| 3. |
Shares Subject to the Plan
|
Subject to the provisions of Section 11 of the Plan and pursuant to the Shareholder Authorization, the maximum aggregate number of Shares which may be optioned and issued under the Plan is equal to 526,800. For
“Incentive Stock Options”, the maximum number of Shares which may be optioned and issued is equal to 526,800. The Shares optioned and issued under the Plan may be newly issued Shares, treasury Shares or Shares purchased on the open market.
Should the Option expire or become unexercisable for any reason without having been exercised in full, the unsubscribed Shares which were subject thereto shall, unless the Plan shall have been terminated, become
available again for future grant under the Plan.
| 4. |
Administration of the Plan
|
The Plan shall be administered by the Administrator.
|
(b) |
Powers of the Administrator.
|
Subject to the provisions of the Commercial Code, the Shareholders Authorization, the Plan, and the US Applicable Laws, the Administrator shall have the authority, in its discretion:
|
(i) |
to determine the Fair Market Value of the Shares, in accordance with Section 2(k) of the Plan;
|
|
(ii) |
to determine the Beneficiaries to whom Options may be granted hereunder;
|
|
(iii) |
to select the Beneficiaries and determine whether and to what extent Options are granted hereunder;
|
|
(iv) |
to approve or amend forms of agreement for use under the Plan;
|
|
(v) |
to determine the terms and conditions of any Options granted hereunder. Such terms and conditions include, but are not limited to, the exercise price, the time or times when Options may be exercised (which may be based on performance
criteria), any vesting acceleration or waiver of forfeiture restrictions, and any restriction or limitation regarding any Option or the Shares relating thereto, based in each case on such factors as the Administrator, in its sole
discretion, shall determine with the exception of the exercise price; it being specified that the Administrator’s discretion remains subject to the rules and limitations set forth in this Plan and in the Commercial Code;
|
|
(vi) |
to construe and interpret the terms of the Plan and Options granted pursuant to the Plan;
|
|
(vii) |
to prescribe, amend and rescind rules and regulations relating to the Plan, including rules and regulations relating to sub-plans established for the purpose of qualifying for preferred tax treatment under foreign tax laws;
|
|
(viii) |
to modify or amend each Option (subject to the provisions of Section 13(c) of the Plan), including the discretionary authority to extend the post-termination exercise period of Options after the termination of the employment agreement or
the end of the term of office, longer than is otherwise provided for in the Plan;
|
|
(ix) |
to authorize any person to execute on behalf of the Company any instrument required to effect the grant of an Option previously granted by the Administrator;
|
|
(x) |
to implement an Option Exchange Program;
|
|
(xi) |
to determine the terms and restrictions applicable to Options; and
|
|
(xii) |
to make all other determinations deemed necessary or appropriate for administering the Plan.
|
|
(c) |
Effect of Administrator’s Decision.
|
The Administrator’s decisions, determinations and interpretations shall be final and binding on all Optionees.
(a) In the case of U.S. Beneficiaries, each Option shall be designated in the Notice of Grant either as an “Incentive Stock Option”
or as a “Non-Statutory Stock Option”. Incentive Stock Options may only be granted to Beneficiaries of the Company or a Subsidiary who meet the definition of “employees” under Section 3401(c) of the
US Code.
Nevertheless, the aggregate Fair Market Value of the Shares covered by Incentive Stock Options granted under the Plan or any other stock option program of the Company (or any Parent or subsidiary of the Company) that
become exercisable for the first time in any calendar year shall not exceed U.S. $100,000: to the extent the aggregate Fair Market Value of such Shares exceeds U.S. $100,000, the Options covering those Shares the Fair Market Values of which causes
the aggregate Fair Market Value of all such Shares to be in excess of U.S. $100,000 shall be treated as Non-Statutory Options. Incentive Stock Options shall be taken into account in the order in which they were granted, and the aggregate Fair
Market Value of the Shares shall be determined as of the Date of the Grant.
(b) The Options are governed by articles L. 225-177 and following of the Commercial Code. They are not part of the employment agreement or of the office which has
allowed the Optionee to be granted the Option. Neither do they constitute an element of the Optionee’s remuneration.
Neither the Plan nor any Option shall confer upon an Optionee any right with respect to continuing the Optionee’s employment or his term of office with the Company or any Affiliated Company, nor shall they interfere
in any way with the Optionee’s right or the Company’s or Affiliated Company’s right, as the case may be, to terminate such employment or such term of office at any time, with or without cause.
(c) Other than as expressly provided hereunder, no member of the board of directors of the Company or of the supervisory board (in the event of change of management
formula of the Company) or of an equivalent management body of an Affiliated Company shall be as such eligible to receive Options under the Plan.
Subject to the approval of the shareholders of the Company in accordance with Section 16 of the Plan, the Plan shall be effective and Options may be granted as of March 6, 2018; date of its adoption by the Board.
Options may be granted hereunder until August 14, 2020. It shall continue in effect until the date of termination of the last Option in force, unless terminated earlier under Section 13 of the Plan.
The term of each Option shall be stated in the Notice of Grant as ten (10) years from the Date of Grant, in accordance with the Shareholders Authorization or, in case of death or Disability of the Optionee during
such 10-year period, six (6) months from the death or Disability of the Optionee in accordance with French law, it being however specified, for the avoidance of doubt, that no Option granted to any U.S. Optionee shall be exercised after the 10th
anniversary of the Date of Grant.
| 8. |
Options Exercise Price and Consideration
|
|
(a) |
Subscription or Purchase Price
|
The per Share subscription or purchase price for the Shares to be issued or sold pursuant to exercise of an Option shall be determined by the Administrator on the basis of the Fair Market Value.
(i) In the case of an “Incentive Stock Option” granted to a U.S. Beneficiary who, at the time the Incentive Stock Option is granted, owns stock representing more than ten percent (10%) of
the voting rights of all classes of stock of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary of the Company and, to the extent such Beneficiary is permitted by the Commercial Code to receive Option grants, (x) the per Share subscription or purchase price
shall be no less than 110% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the Date of Grant as defined in Section 2(k)(ii) and (y) the date of termination of the Option shall not exceed 5 years;
(ii) In the case of a “Non-Statutory Stock Option” or “Incentive Stock Option”, not covered by Section 8(a)(i) above, granted to any U.S. Beneficiary, the per Share subscription or
purchase price shall be no less than 100% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the Date of Grant as defined in Section 2(k)(ii).
At the time an Option is granted, the Administrator shall fix the period within which the Option may be exercised and shall determine any conditions which must be satisfied before the Option may be exercised. In so
doing, the Administrator may specify that an Option may not be exercised until the completion of a service period in the Company or an Affiliated Company.
|
(c) |
Form of Consideration
|
The consideration to be paid for the Shares to be issued or purchased upon exercise of Options, including the method of payment, shall be determined by the Administrator. Such consideration shall consist entirely of
an amount in Euro corresponding to the exercise price which shall be paid by wire transfer. Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in
place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating
the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon
the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
|
(a) |
Procedure for Exercise; Rights as a Shareholder
|
Any Option granted hereunder shall be exercisable according to the terms of the Plan and at such times and under such conditions as determined by the Administrator and set forth in the Option Agreement.
An Option may not be exercised for a fraction of a Share.
An Option shall be deemed exercised when the Company receives: (i) written notice of exercise (in accordance with the provisions of the Option Agreement) together with a share subscription or purchase form (bulletin de souscription ou d’achat) duly executed by the person entitled to exercise the Option, and (ii) full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised. Full payment may consist of
any consideration and method of payment authorized by the Administrator and permitted by the Option Agreement and the Plan.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly
exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or
charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the
Company.
Upon exercise of an Option, the Shares issued or sold to the Optionee shall be assimilated with all other Shares of the Company of the same class and shall be entitled to dividends once the Shares are issued for the
fiscal year during which the Option is exercised.
In the event that a Beneficiary infringes one of the above mentioned commitments, such Beneficiary shall be liable for any consequences resulting from such infringement for the
Company and undertakes to indemnify the Company in respect of all amounts payable by the Company in connection with such infringement.
Granting of an Option in any manner shall result in a decrease in the number of Shares which thereafter may be available for purposes of the Plan, by the number of Shares as to which the Option may be exercised.
|
(b) |
Termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as Beneficiary
|
Upon termination of an Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary, other than upon the Optionee’s death or Disability, the Optionee may exercise his or her Options, but only within such period of time as is
specified in the Notice of Grant, and only for the part of the Options that the Optionee was entitled to exercise at the date of termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of such Options as set forth in the Notice of
Grant). Unless a longer period is specified in the Notice of Grant or otherwise resolved by the Board, an Option shall remain exercisable for six (6) months following the Optionee’s termination of Continuous Status as a Beneficiary. In the case of
an “Incentive Stock Option”, such a period cannot exceed three (3) months following the Optionee’s termination of Continuous Status as a Beneficiary. If, at the date of termination, the Optionee is not entitled to exercise all his or her Options,
the Shares covered by the unexercisable portion of Options shall revert to the Plan. If, after termination, the Optionee does not exercise all of his or her Options within the time specified by the Administrator, the Options shall terminate, and
the Shares covered by such Options shall revert to the Plan.
|
(c) |
Disability of Optionee
|
In the event that an Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary terminates as a result of the Optionee’s Disability, unless otherwise resolved by the Board, the Optionee may exercise his or her Options at any time
within six (6) months from the date of such termination, but only to the extent these Options are exercisable at the time of termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of such Options as set forth in the Notice of Grant).
If, at the date of termination, the Optionee is not entitled to exercise all of his or her Options, the Shares covered by the unexercised portion of Options shall revert to the Plan. If, after termination, the Optionee does not exercise all of his
or her Options within the time specified herein, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall revert to the Plan.
In the event of the death of an Optionee during the term of the Options, unless otherwise resolved by the Board, the Options may be exercised at any time within six (6) months following the date of death, by the
Optionee’s estate or by a person who acquired the right to exercise the Option by bequest or inheritance, but only to the extent these Options are exercisable at the time of death. If, at the time of death, the Optionee was not entitled to exercise
all of his or her Options, the Shares covered by the unexercised portion of Options shall immediately revert to the Plan. If, after death, the Optionee’s estate or a person who acquired the right to exercise the Options by bequest or inheritance
does not exercise the Options within the time specified herein, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall revert to the Plan.
| 10. |
Non-Transferability of Options
|
An Option may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred or disposed of in any manner other than by will or by laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised, during the lifetime of the Optionee,
only by the Optionee.
| 11. |
Adjustments Upon Changes in Capitalization, Dissolution
|
|
(a) |
Changes in capitalization
|
In the event of the carrying out by the Company of any of the financial operations pursuant to article L. 225-181 of the Commercial Code as follows:
|
− |
amortization or reduction of the share capital,
|
|
− |
amendment of the allocation of profits,
|
|
− |
distribution of free shares,
|
|
− |
capitalization of reserves, profits, issuance premiums,
|
|
− |
the issuance of shares or securities giving right to shares to be subscribed for in cash or by set-off of existing indebtedness offered exclusively to the shareholders;
|
the Company shall take the required measures to protect the interest of the Optionees in the conditions set forth in article L. 228-99 of the Commercial Code.
|
(b) |
Dissolution or Liquidation
|
In the event of the proposed dissolution or liquidation of the Company, to the extent that an Option has not been previously exercised, it will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed action.
The Administrator may, in the exercise of its sole discretion in such instances, declare that any Option shall terminate as of a date determined by the Administrator and give each Optionee the right to exercise his or her Options as to Shares for
which the Options would not otherwise be exercisable.
No later than immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event (as defined below):
|
− |
in the event of a merger of the Company into another corporation or of the sale by one or several shareholders, acting alone or in concert, of the Company to one or several third parties of a number of Shares resulting in a transfer of
more than fifty per cent (50%) of the Shares of the Company to said third parties (a “Liquidity Event”), the Optionee’s right to exercise the Options will be accelerated so that the Optionee may exercise all of them with effect immediately
prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event;
|
|
− |
the Options that may be exercised shall have to be exercised no later than immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event, it being specified that the Company shall inform the Optionee of any proposed Liquidity
Event at least 15 days prior to the completion thereof; and
|
|
− |
any Options not exercised for any reason on or prior to the date of completion of a Liquidity Event will automatically lapse.
|
******
For Incentive Stock Options, all assumptions, substitutions and adjustments shall be determined in accordance with Sections 422 and 424 of the US Code and the regulations promulgated thereunder and for Non Statutory
Options for US Beneficiaries in accordance with the Section 424 of the US Code.
12.1. The Date of Grant of an Option shall be, for all purposes, the date on which the Administrator decides to grant such Option. A notice of grant shall be provided to each Optionee within a reasonable time
after the Date of Grant.
12.2. In the event of any tax liability arising on account of the grant of the Options, the liability to pay such taxes shall be that of the Beneficiary alone.
The Beneficiary shall enter into such agreements of indemnity and execute any and all documents as the Company may specify for this purpose, if so required at the Date of Grant and at any other
time at the discretion of the Company, on such terms and conditions as the Company may think fit, for recovery of the tax due, from the Beneficiary.
| 13. |
Amendment and Termination of the Plan
|
|
(a) |
Amendment and Termination
|
The Administrator may at any time amend, alter, suspend or terminate the Plan.
|
(b) |
Shareholders’ approval
|
The Company shall obtain shareholders’ approval of any Plan amendment to the extent necessary and desirable to comply with US Applicable Laws (including the requirements of any exchange or quotation system on which
Shares may then be listed or quoted). Such shareholders approval, if required, shall be obtained in such a manner and to such a degree as is required by the applicable law, rule or regulation.
|
(c) |
Effect of amendment or termination
|
No amendment, alteration, suspension or termination of the Plan shall impair the rights of any Optionee, unless mutually agreed otherwise between the Optionee and the Administrator, which agreement must be in writing
and signed by the Optionee and the Company.
| 14. |
Conditions Upon Issuance of Shares
|
Shares held by a US Beneficiary shall not be sold or issued pursuant to the exercise of an Option unless the exercise of such Option, and the issuance or sale and delivery of such Shares shall comply with all
relevant provisions of law including, without limitation, the Commercial Code, the “Securities Act” of 1933, as amended, the “Exchange Act”, the rules and
regulations promulgated thereunder, US Applicable Laws and the requirements of any stock exchange or quotation system upon which the Shares may then be listed or quoted.
|
(b) |
Investment Representations
|
As a condition to the exercise of an Option by a US Beneficiary, the Company may require the person exercising such Option to represent and warrant at the time of any such exercise that the Shares are being
subscribed or purchased only for investment and without any present intention to sell or distribute such Shares if, in the opinion of counsel for the Company, such a representation is required.
15.1. The inability of the Company to obtain authority from any regulatory body having jurisdiction, which authority is deemed by any counsel to the Company to be necessary to the lawful issuance or sale of any
Shares hereunder, shall relieve the Company of any liability in respect of the failure to issue or sell such Shares as to which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained.
15.2. The Company and its Affiliated Companies may not be held responsible in any way if the Beneficiary for any reason not attributable to the Company or its Affiliated Companies was not able to exercise the
Options or acquire the Shares.
| 16. |
Shareholders’ Approval
|
The Plan shall be subject to approval by the shareholders of the Company within twelve (12) months of the date the Plan is adopted by the Board. Such shareholder approval shall be obtained in the manner and to the
degree required under the Commercial Code and US Applicable Laws.
This Plan shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of France.
The relevant court of the registered office of the Company shall be exclusively competent to determine any claim or dispute arising in connection herewith.
The grant of Options under this Plan shall entitle the Company to require the Beneficiary to comply with such requirements of law as may be necessary in the Options of the Company from time to time.
*
* * *
Exhibit
NANOBIOTIX
STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT
Part I
NOTICE OF STOCK OPTION GRANT
[Optionee’s Name and Address]
You have been granted Options to subscribe ordinary Shares of the Company, subject to the terms and conditions of the 2017 Stock Option Plan (the “Plan”) and this Option Agreement. Options are governed by articles L.
225-177 and following of the French Commercial Code. They are not part of the employment agreement or of the office which has allowed the Optionee to be granted the Options. Neither do they constitute an element of the Optionee’s remuneration.
Unless otherwise defined herein, the terms defined in the Plan shall have the same defined meanings in this Option Agreement.
|
Date of Grant1:
|
March 6, 2018
|
|
Vesting Commencement Date2 :
|
March 6, 2018
|
|
Exercise Price per Share:
|
EUR 12.87
|
|
Total Number of Shares Granted:
|
[ o ]
|
|
Total Exercise Price:
|
EUR [ o ]
|
| |
|
|
Type of Options3:
|
Incentive Stock Option subject to provisions of article 5 (b) of the Plan
|
| |
|
|
Term/Expiration Date4:
|
March 5, 2028
|
Where the exercise of an Option, as described under Article 9.(a) of the Plan, would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the
Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by
the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment , under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise
of the Option to be borne by the Company.
In the event that you infringe the above mentioned commitment, you shall be liable for any consequences resulting from such infringement for the Company and undertake to
indemnify the Company in respect of all amounts payable by the Company in connection with such infringement.
1 date of the board meeting having allocated the Option.
2 date chosen by the Board as the Vesting Commencement Date; failing that, Date of Grant.
3 for U.S. Beneficiaries only.
4 date of termination of the Option (article 7 of the Plan), which shall not exceed 5 years for an ISO granted to a 10% owner and 10 years for a U.S. Optionee.
Validity of the Options :
The Options will be valid as from the Date of Grant.
Vesting Schedule:
Unless otherwise determined or adapted by the Board, the Options may be exercised by the Optionee on the basis of the following initial vesting schedule subject to the condition precedent that the Optionee shall have
previously returned to the Company the documents referred to under section 2. of Part II of the Stock Option Grant Agreement duly initialed and signed:
Pour Alain Dostie:
| − |
up to two thirds of the Options, as March 7, 2019,
|
| − |
then up to one third of the Options, as of March 7, 2020, and
|
| − |
at the latest within ten (10) years as from the Date of Grant or in case of death or Disability of the Optionee during such then (10) year period, six (6) months as from the death or Disability of the Optionee (it being however
specified, for the avoidance of doubt, that no Option granted to any U.S. Optionee shall be exercised after the 10th anniversary of the Date of Grant).
|
The number of Options that could be exercised pursuant to the above vesting schedule will always be rounded down to the nearest full number.
Pour les autres salariés concernés:
| − |
up to one third of the Options, as March 7, 2019,
|
| − |
then up to an additional tranche equal to one third of the Options, as of each elapsed as from March 7, 2019, i.e. as of March 7, 2020 for one third and as of March 7, 2021 for the last third, and
|
| − |
at the latest within ten (10) years as from the Date of Grant or in case of death or Disability of the Optionee during such then (10) year period, six (6) months as from the death or Disability of the Optionee (it being however
specified, for the avoidance of doubt, that no Option granted to any U.S. Optionee shall be exercised after the 10th anniversary of the Date of Grant).
|
The number of Options that could be exercised pursuant to the above vesting schedule will always be rounded down to the nearest full number.
If the Optionee fails to exercise the Options in whole or in part within the said period of ten (10) years (as may be extended to six (6) months from the death or Disability of the Optionee, the Options will lapse
automatically.
Termination Period:
Unless otherwise decided by the Board, in case of termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary, the Options exercisable at the time of termination may be exercised for six (6), three (3) months
after such termination, being specified that all other Options shall automatically expire at the time of termination.
Unless otherwise decided by the Board, upon the death or Disability of the Optionee, the Options may be exercised during a period of six (6) months as provided in the Plan.
Save as provided in the Plan, in no event shall the Options be exercised later than the Term/Expiration Date as provided above. Should the Options expire or become unexercisable for any reason without having been
exercised in full, the unsubscribed Shares which were subject thereto shall, unless the Plan shall have been terminated, become available for future grant under the Plan.
By his signature and the signature of the Company’s representative below, the Optionee and the Company agree that the Options are granted under and governed by the terms and conditions of the Plan and this Option Agreement. The Optionee has
reviewed the Plan and this Option Agreement in their entirely, has had the opportunity to obtain the advice of counsel prior to executing this Option Agreement and fully understands all provisions of the Plan and Option Agreement. The Optionee
hereby agrees to accept as binding, conclusive and final all decisions or interpretations of the Administrator upon any questions relating to the Plan and Option Agreement. The Optionee further agrees to notify the Company upon any change in the
residence address indicated below.
NANOBIOTIX
STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT
Part II
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
1. Grant of Options.
1.1. The Administrator of the Company hereby grants to the Optionee named in the Notice of Grant attached as Part I of this Agreement (the “Optionee”), [ • ]
options (the “Options”) to subscribe the number of ordinary Shares, as set forth in the Notice of Grant, at the exercise price per Share set forth in the Notice of Grant (the “Exercise Price”), subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan, which
is incorporated herein by reference.
In the event of a conflict between the terms and conditions of the Plan and the terms and conditions of this Option Agreement, the terms and conditions of the Plan shall prevail.
If designated in the Notice of Grant as an Incentive Stock Option, this Option is intended to qualify as an Incentive Stock Option under
Section 422 of the US Code although the Company makes no representation as to the tax status of the Option. However, if this Option is intended to be an Incentive Stock Option, to the extent that it
exceeds the U.S. $100,000 rule of US Code Section 422(d) the excess shall be treated as a Non-Statutory Stock Option
1.2. An Option will be valid as from the Date of Grant.
1.3. In the event of any tax liability arising on account of the Grant of the Options, the liability to pay such taxes shall be that of the Beneficiary alone. The Beneficiary shall enter
into such agreements of indemnity and execute any and all documents as the Company may specify for this purpose, if so required at the time of the Grant and at any other time at the discretion of the Company, on such terms and conditions as the
Company may think fit, for recovery of the tax due, from the Beneficiary.
2. Exercise of Options
(a) Right to Exercise. An Option is exercisable during its term in accordance with the Vesting Schedule set out in the
Notice of Grant and the applicable provisions of the Plan and this Option Agreement, subject to the condition precedent that the Optionee shall have previously returned to the Company, by electronic delivery under the conditions set forth in
Article 10 below:
- Part I and Part II of the Stock Option Grant Agreement (Exhibit), duly initialed (all pages but for the signature page) and signed (signature page).
In the event of Optionee’s death, Disability or other termination of Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary, the exercisability of an Option is governed by the applicable provisions of the Plan and this Option
Agreement.
(b) Method of Exercise. An Option is exercisable by delivery of an exercise notice, in the form attached hereto (the
“Exercise Notice”) stating the election to exercise the Option, the number of Shares in respect of which the Option is being exercised (the “Exercised Shares”), and such other representations and agreements as may be required by the Company
pursuant to the provisions of the Plan. The Exercise Notice shall be signed by the Optionee and shall be delivered in person or by certified mail to the Company or its designated representative or by facsimile message to be immediately confirmed by
certified mail to the Company. The Exercise Notice shall be accompanied by payment of the aggregate Exercise Price as to all Exercised Shares. An Option shall be deemed to be exercised upon receipt by the Company of such fully executed Exercise
Notice accompanied by the proof of payment of such aggregate Exercise Price.
No Share shall be issued pursuant to the exercise of an Option unless such issuance and exercise complies with all relevant provisions of law as set out under Section 14(a) of the Plan.
Upon exercise of an Option, the Shares issued to the Optionee shall be assimilated with all other Shares of the Company and shall be entitled to dividends for the fiscal year in course during which the Option is
exercised.
3. Method of Payment. Payment of the aggregate Exercise Price shall be made by wire transfer with the execution of the
corresponding exchange contract.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly
exercised when (a) the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and (b) the Optionee provides the Company with either (i) the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee,
tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, (ii) the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne
by the Company.
The Company and its Affiliated Companies may not be held responsible in any way if the Beneficiary for any reason not attributable to the Company or its Affiliated Companies was
not able to exercise the Option or purchase the Shares. The payment for the purchase of the shares shall be made by the Optionee under his/her own responsibility according to these Terms and Conditions.
4. Non-Transferability of Option. An Option may not be transferred in any manner otherwise than by will or by the laws of
descent or distribution and may be exercised during the lifetime of the Optionee only by the Optionee. The terms of the Plan and this Option Agreement shall be binding upon the executors, administrators, heirs, successors and assigns of the
Optionee.
5. Term of Options. Subject as provided in the Plan, an Option may be exercised only within the term set out in the Notice of
Grant, and may be exercised during such term only in accordance with the Plan and the terms of this Option Agreement.
6. Entire Agreement - Governing Law. The Plan is incorporated herein by reference. The Plan and this Option Agreement
constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their entirety all prior undertakings and agreements of the Company and Optionee with respect to the subject matter hereof, and may not be
modified adversely to the Optionee’s interest except by means of a writing signed by the Company and Optionee. This agreement is governed by the laws of the Republic of France.
Any claim or dispute arising under the Plan or this Agreement shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the court competent for the place of the registered office of the Company.
7. Tax Obligations. Regardless of any action the Company or Optionee’s employer (the “Employer”) takes with respect to any or
all income tax, social insurance, payroll tax, or other tax-related withholding (“Tax-Related Items”), Optionee acknowledges that the ultimate liability for all Tax-Related Items legally due by Optionee is and remains Optionee’s responsibility and
that the Company and/or the Employer (1) make no representations or undertakings regarding the treatment of any Tax-Related Items in connection with any aspect of the Option grant, including the grant, vesting or exercise of the Option, the
subsequent sale of shares of common stock acquired pursuant to such exercise and the receipt of any dividends; and (2) do not commit to structure the terms of the grant or any aspect of the Option to reduce or eliminate Optionee’s liability for
Tax-Related Items.
Prior to exercise of the Option, Optionee will pay or make adequate arrangements satisfactory to the Company and/or the Employer to satisfy all withholding obligations of the Company and/or the
Employer, if any. In this regard, Optionee authorizes the Company and/or the Employer to withhold all applicable Tax-Related Items legally payable by Optionee from Optionee’s compensation paid to Optionee by the Company and/or Employer or from
proceeds of the sale of Shares. Alternatively, or in addition, if permissible under local law, the Company may sell or arrange for the sale of Shares that Optionee acquires to meet the withholding obligation for Tax-Related Items. Finally, Optionee
will pay to the Company or the Employer any amount of Tax-Related Items that the Company or the Employer may be required to withhold as a result of Optionee’s participation in the Plan or Optionee’s purchase of Shares that cannot be satisfied by
the means previously described. The Company may refuse to honor the exercise and refuse to deliver the Shares issuable upon exercise of the Options if Optionee fails to comply with Optionee’s obligations in connection with the Tax-Related Items as
described in this section.
8. Nature of Grant. In accepting the grant, Optionee acknowledges that:
(a) the Plan is established voluntarily by the Company, it is discretionary in nature and it may be modified, amended, suspended or terminated by the Company at any time, unless otherwise
provided in the Plan and this Agreement;
(b) the grant of the Option is voluntary and occasional and does not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of options, or benefits in lieu of options, even if
options have been granted repeatedly in the past;
(c) all decisions with respect to future option grants, if any, will be at the sole discretion of the Company;
(d) Optionee’s participation in the Plan shall not create a right to further employment with the employer and shall not interfere with the ability of the Employer to terminate Optionee’s
employment relationship at any time with or without cause;
(e) Optionee is voluntarily participating in the Plan;
(f) the Option is an extraordinary item that does not constitute compensation of any kind for services of any kind rendered to the Company or the Employer, and which is outside the scope
of Optionee’s employment contract, if any;
(g) the Option is not part of normal or expected compensation or salary for any purpose, including, but not limited to, calculating any severance, resignation, termination, redundancy,
end of service payments, bonuses, long service awards, pension or retirement benefits or similar payments and in no event should be considered as compensation for, or relating in any way to, past services for the Company or the Employer;
(h) the Option grant will not be interpreted to form an employment contract with the Company, the Employer or any Subsidiary or affiliate of the Company;
(i) the future value of the underlying Shares is unknown and cannot be predicted with certainty;
(j) if the underlying Shares do not increase in value, the Option will have no value;
(k) if Optionee exercises Optionee’s Option and obtains Shares, the value of those Shares acquired upon exercise may increase or decrease in value, even below the exercise price;
(l) in consideration of the grant of the Option, no claim or entitlement to compensation or damages shall arise from termination of the Option or diminution in value of the Option or
Shares purchased through exercise of the Option resulting from termination of Optionee’s employment the Company or the Employer (for any reason whatsoever) and Optionee irrevocably releases the Company and the Employer from any such claim that may
arise; if, notwithstanding the foregoing, any such claim is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to have arisen, then, by signing this Agreement, Optionee shall be deemed irrevocably to have waived Optionee’s entitlement to pursue such claim;
and
(m) in the event of termination of Optionee’s employment, Optionee’s right to receive the Option and vest in the Option under the Plan, if any, will terminate effective as of the date that
Optionee receives notice of termination regardless of when such termination is effective; furthermore, in the event of termination of employment, Optionee’s right to exercise the Option after termination of employment, if any, will be measured by
the date on which the Optionee receives notice of termination; the Company shall have the exclusive discretion to determine when Optionee is no longer actively employed for purposes of Optionee’s Option grant. In addition, any period of notice or
compensation in lieu of such notice, that is given or ought to have been given under any contract, statute, common law or civil law shall be excluded.
9. Data Privacy. Optionee hereby explicitly and unambiguously consents to the collection, use and transfer, in electronic or
other form, of Optionee’s personal data as described in this document by and among, as applicable, the Employer, the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates for the exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and managing Optionee’s
participation in the Plan.
Optionee understands that the Company and the Employer may hold certain personal information about Optionee, including, but not limited to, Optionee’s name, home address and telephone number, date
of birth, social insurance number or other identification number, salary, nationality, job title, any shares of stock or directorships held in the Company, details of all options or any other entitlement to shares of stock awarded, canceled,
exercised, vested, unvested or outstanding in Optionee’s favor, for the exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and managing the Plan (“Data”).
Optionee understands that the recipients of the Data may be located in the United States or elsewhere including outside the EEA, and that the recipients’ country (e.g., the United States) may have
different data privacy laws and protections than Optionee’s country. Optionee understands that Optionee may request a list with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the Data by contacting Optionee’s local human resources
representative. Optionee authorizes the Company and any other possible recipients which may assist the Company (presently or in the future) with implementing, administering and managing the Plan to receive, possess, use, retain and transfer the
Data, in electronic or other form, for the sole purpose of implementing, administering and managing Optionee’s participation in the Plan. Optionee understands that Data will be held only as long as is necessary to implement, administer and manage
Optionee’s participation in the Plan. Optionee understands that Optionee may, at any time, view the Data, request additional information about the storage processing of the Data, require any necessary amendments to Data or refuse or withdraw the
consents herein, in any case without cost, by contacting in writing Optionee’s local human resources representative. Optionee understands, however, that refusing or withdrawing Optionee’s consent may affect Optionee’s ability to participate in the
Plan. For more information on the consequences of Optionee’s refusal to consent or withdrawal of consent, Optionee understands that Optionee may contact Optionee’s local human resources representative.
10. Electronic Delivery. The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the Option and
participation in the Plan or future options that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or to request Optionee’s consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. Optionee hereby consents to receive such documents by electronic
delivery and, if requested, to agree to participate in the Plan through an on-line or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or another third party designated by the Company.
11. Severability. The provisions of this Agreement are severable and if any one or more provisions are determined to be illegal
or otherwise unenforceable, in whole or in part, the remaining provisions shall nevertheless be binding and enforceable.
|
OPTIONEE:
|
NANOBIOTIX
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Signature
|
|
By:
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Print Name
|
|
Title:
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Residence Address
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
NANOBIOTIX
Société Anonyme á directoire et conseil de surveillance having a share capital of EUR. [ ]
Registered office : [ ]
[ o ] R.C.S. [ ]
2017 STOCK OPTION PLAN
EXERCISE NOTICE
(Share subscription form)
NANOBIOTIX
[ ]
[ ]
France
[ ], [ ]
Attention: [ ]
1. Exercise of Options. Effective as of today, _______________, __ , the undersigned (“Optionee”) hereby elects to subscribe
___________________ (_____) ordinary shares (the “Shares”) of the Common Stock of NANOBIOTIX (the “Company”) under and pursuant to the Company’s 2017 Stock Option Plan (the “Plan”) adopted by the board on February [ o ], 2018 and the
Stock Option Agreement dated __________, __ (the “Option Agreement”). The subscription price for the Shares shall be EUR. _________, as required by the Option Agreement.
2. Delivery of Payment. Optionee herewith delivers to the Company the full subscription price for the Shares.
3. Representations of Optionee. The Optionee acknowledges that Optionee has received, read and understood the Plan and the
Option Agreement and agrees to abide by and be bound by their terms and conditions.
4. Rights as Shareholder. Until the issuance (as evidenced by the appropriate entry on the books of the Company) of the
Shares, the Optionee shall have, as an Optionee, no right to vote or receive dividends or any other rights as a shareholder shall exist with respect to the Optioned Stock, except those the Optionee may have as a shareholder of the Company. No
adjustment will be made for rights in respect of which the record date is prior to the issuance date for the Shares, except as provided in Section 11 of the Plan.
5. Tax consultation. The Optionee understands that Optionee may suffer adverse tax consequences as a result of Optionee’s
subscription or disposition of the Shares. Optionee represents that Optionee has consulted with any tax consultants Optionee deems advisable in connection with the subscription or disposition of the Shares. The Optionee is not relying on the
Company for any tax advice.
6. Entire Agreement - Governing Law. The Plan and Option Agreement are incorporated herein by reference. This Exercise
Notice, the Plan and the Option Agreement constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their entirety all prior undertakings and agreements of the Company and Optionee with respect to the
subject matter hereof, and may not be modified adversely to the Optionee’s interest except by means of a writing signed by the Company and Optionee. This agreement is governed by the laws of the Republic of France.
*
* *
This Exercise notice is delivered in two originals one of which shall be returned to the Optionee.
|
Submitted by:
|
Accepted by:
|
|
OPTIONEE (*)
|
NANOBIOTIX
|
| |
|
|
Signature
|
|
Signature
|
|
| |
|
|
Print Name
|
|
Its:
|
|
| |
|
|
Address:
|
|
| |
|
|
* The signature of the Optionee must be preceded by the following manuscript mention “accepted for format and irrevocable
subscription of [__________] ordinary Shares”.
- 23 -
Exhibit 10.12
NANOBIOTIX
2018 STOCK OPTION PLAN
SUMMARY
| |
|
|
Page |
| |
|
|
|
| 1. |
PURPOSES OF THE PLAN |
1 |
| |
|
|
| 2. |
DEFINITIONS |
1 |
| |
|
|
| 3. |
SHARES SUBJECT JO THE PLAN |
4 |
| |
|
|
| 4. |
ADMINISTRATION OF THE PLAN |
5 |
| |
|
|
| |
(a) |
Procedure |
5 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(b) |
Powers of the Administrator |
5 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(c) |
Effect of Administrator’s Decision |
6 |
| |
|
|
|
| 5. |
LIMITATIONS |
6 |
| |
|
|
| 6. |
TERM OF PLAN |
7 |
| |
|
|
| 7. |
TERM OF OPTIONS |
7 |
| |
|
|
| 8. |
OPTIONS EXERCISE PRICE AND CONSIDERATION |
7 |
| |
|
|
| |
(a) |
Subscription or purchase Price |
7 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(b) |
Exercise Dates |
7 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(c) |
Form of Consideration |
7 |
| |
|
|
|
| 9. |
EXERCISE OF OPTIONS |
8 |
| |
|
|
| |
(a) |
Procedure for Exercise; Rights as a Shareholder |
8 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(b) |
Termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as Beneficiary |
9 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(c) |
Disability of Optionee |
9 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(d) |
Death of Optionee |
9 |
| |
|
|
|
| 10. |
NON-TRANSFERABILITY OF OPTIONS |
10 |
| |
|
|
| 11. |
ADJUSTMENTS UPON CHANGES IN CAPITALIZATION, DISSOLUTION |
10 |
| |
|
|
| |
(a) |
Changes in capitalization |
10 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(b) |
Dissolution or Liquidation |
10 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(c) |
Change in Control |
10 |
| |
|
|
|
| 12. |
GRANT |
11 |
| |
|
|
| 13. |
AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION OF THE PLAN |
11 |
| |
|
|
| |
(a) |
Amendment and Termination |
11 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(b) |
Shareholders’ approval |
11 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(c) |
Effect of amendment or termination |
11 |
| |
|
|
|
| 14. |
CONDITIONS UPON ISSUANCE OF SHARES |
11 |
SUMMARY
(continued)
| |
|
|
Page |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Legal Compliance |
11 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(b) |
Investment Representations |
12 |
| |
|
|
|
| 15. |
LIABILITY OF COMPANY |
12 |
| |
|
|
| 16. |
SHAREHOLDERS’ APPROVAL |
12 |
| |
|
|
| 17. |
LAW |
|
12 |
Exhibit – Stock Option Grant Agreement
Part I – Notice of Stock option grant
Part II – Terms and conditions
Exercise notice
NANOBIOTIX
2018 STOCK OPTION PLAN
According to the authorization granted by by the extraordinary shareholders’ general meeting
of May 23, 2018, the management board decided on February 5, 2019, in compliance with the provisions of articles L. 225-177 et. seq. of the French Commercial Code, to adopt the 2018 stock option plan of NANOBIOTIX, the terms and conditions of which
are set out below.
The purposes of the Plan are:
|
- |
to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility; |
|
- |
to provide additional incentive to Beneficiaries; and |
|
- |
to promote the success of the Company’s business. |
Options granted under the Plan to U.S. Beneficiaries are intended to be Incentive Stock
Options or Non-Statutory Stock Options, as determined by the Administrator at the time of grant of an Option, and shall comply in all respects with US Applicable Laws in order that U.S. Beneficiaries may benefit from available tax advantages.
| (a) |
“Administrator” means the management board of the Company which shall administer the Plan in accordance with Section 4 of the Plan. |
| (b) |
“Affiliated Company” means a company which conforms with the criteria set forth in article L. 225-180 of the Commercial Code as
follows: |
|
- |
companies of which at least ten per cent (10%) of the share capital or voting rights is held directly or indirectly by the Company; |
|
- |
companies which own directly or indirectly at least ten per cent (10%) of the share capital or voting rights of the Company; and |
|
- |
companies of which at least fifty per cent (50%) of the share capital or voting rights is held directly or indirectly by a company which owns directly or indirectly at
least fifty percent (50%) of the share capital or voting rights of the Company, |
| (c) |
“Beneficiary” means the president and the members of the management board (président et membres du directoire) or, as the case
may be, the president of the board of directors (président du conseil d’administration), the general manager (directeur général) and the deputy general managers (directeurs généraux délégués) of the Company as well
as any individual employed by the Company or by any Affiliated Company under the terms and |
|
conditions of an employment contract, it being specified that a term of office of member of the supersivory board of the Company or director
of an Affiliated Company (remunerated or not) shall not be deemed to constitute an employment relationship. |
| (d) |
“Board” means the management board of the Company. |
| (e) |
“Commercial Code” means the French Commercial Code. |
| (f) |
“Company” means NANOBIOTIX, a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of France. |
| (g) |
“Continuous Status as a Beneficiary” means as regards the president and the members of the management board or, as the case may be, the
president of the board of directors, the general manager, the deputy general manager(s), that the term of their office has not been terminated and, as regards an employee that the employment relationship between the Beneficiary and the Company
or any Affiliated Company is not terminated. Continuous Status as a Beneficiary shall not be considered terminated in the case of (i) any leave of absence having received a prior approval from the Company or requiring no prior approval under
U.S. laws, or (ii) transfers between locations of the Company or between the Company or any Affiliated Company or the contrary or also from an Affiliated Company to another Affiliated Company. Leaves of absence which must receive a prior
approval from the Company for the non-termination of the Continuous Status as a Beneficiary shall include leaves of more than three (3) months for illnesses or conditions about which the employee has advance knowledge, military leave, or any
other personal leave. For purposes of U.S. Beneficiaries and Incentive Stock Options, no such leave may exceed ninety (90) days, unless reemployment upon expiration of such leave is guaranteed by statute contract or Company policies. If
reemployment upon expiration of a leave of absence approved by the Company is not so guaranteed, on the 91st day of such leave any Incentive Stock Option held by a U.S. Beneficiary shall cease to be treated as an Incentive Stock Option and
shall be treated for U.S. tax purposes as a Non-Statutory Stock Option. |
| (h) |
“Date of Grant” means the date of the decision of the Board to grant the Options. |
| (i) |
“Disability” means a disability declared further to a medical examination provided for in article L. 4624-1 of the French Labour Code
or pursuant to any similar provision applicable to a foreign Affiliated Company. |
| (j) |
“Exchange Act” means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |
| (k) |
“Fair Market Value” means the value for one Share as determined in good faith by the Administrator, according to the following
provisions, as provided in the Shareholder Authorization: |
|
(i) |
the Board may determine the subscription or purchase price of a share in compliance with the provisions of the law. However, the purchase or
subscription price shall in no case be less than ninety five per cent (95%) of the average of the closing sales price for a share as quoted on stock |
|
|
exchange market during the twenty market trading days prior to the day of the Board’s decision to grant the Options, |
|
(ii) |
for US Beneficaries, the subscription or purchase price shall not be less than the fair market value of the Shares on the Date of Grant,
determined as follows (a) if the Shares are listed or quoted for trading on an exchange, the value will be deemed to be the closing or last offer price, as applicable, of the Shares on the principal exchange upon which such securities are
traded or quoted on such date, provided, if such date is not a trading day, on the last market trading day prior to such date; and (b) if the Shares are not listed or quoted for trading on an exchange, the fair market value of the Shares as
determined by the Board, consistent with the requirements of Sections 422 with respect to Incentive Stock Options, and 409A of the US Code with respect to Options not intended to be Incentive Stock Options, it being specified that, when an
Option entitles the holder to purchase shares previously repurchased by the Company, the exercise price, notwithstanding the above provisions and in accordance with applicable law, may not be less than 80% of the average purchase price paid by
the Company for all shares so previously repurchased. |
This price settled for the subscription or purchase of Shares shall not be
modified during the period in which the Option may be exercised. However, if the Company makes one of the operations mentioned in article L 225-181 of the French Commercial Code, it must take all necessary measures to protect Optionee’s interests in
the conditions provided for by article L 228-99 of the French Commercial Code. In case of issuance of securities granting the common stock access, as well as in case of Company’s merger or scission, the Board may decide, for a limited period of time,
to suspend the exercisability of the Options.
| (l) |
“Incentive Stock Option” means an Option intended to qualify as an incentive stock option within the meaning of Section 422 of the US
Code and the regulations promulgated thereunder. |
| (m) |
“Non-Statutory Stock Option” means an Option which does not qualify as an Incentive Stock Option. |
| (n) |
“Notice of Grant” means a written notice evidencing the main terms and conditions of an individual Option grant. The Notice of Grant is
part of the Option Agreement. |
| (o) |
“Option” means an option to purchase or subscribe Shares granted pursuant to the Plan. |
| (p) |
“Optionee” means a Beneficiary who holds at least one outstanding Option. |
| (q) |
“Option Agreement” means a written agreement entered into between the Company and an Optionee evidencing the terms and conditions of an
individual Option grant. The Option Agreement is subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan. |
| (r) |
“Option Exchange Program” means a program whereby outstanding Options are surrendered in exchange for Options with different exercise
conditions. |
| (s) |
“Parent” means a “parent corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(e) of the US Code. |
| (t) |
“Plan” means the 2018 Stock Option Plan as approved by the Board on February 5, 2019. |
| (u) |
“Share” means a share of common stock (action ordinaire) of the Company |
| (v) |
“Shareholders Authorization” means the authorization given by the shareholders of the Company in the extraordinary general meeting held
on May 23, 2018 as increased or amended from time to time by a further general meeting of the shareholders permitting the Board to grant Stock Options. |
| (w) |
“Share Capital” means the issued and paid up capital of the Company. |
| (x) |
“Subsidiary” means a “subsidiary corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(f) of the US Code. |
| (y) |
“US Applicable Laws” means for the US the legal requirements relating to the administration of stock option plans under state corporate
and securities laws and the US Code in force in the United States of America. |
| (z) |
“U.S. Beneficiary” means a Beneficiary of the Company or an Affiliated Company residing in the United States or otherwise subject to
United States’ laws, regulations or taxation. |
| (aa) |
“US Code” means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. |
| (bb) |
“U.S. Optionee” means an Optionee residing in the United States or otherwise subject to United States’ laws, regulations or taxation. |
| 3. |
Shares Subject to the Plan |
Subject to the provisions of Section 11 of the Plan and pursuant to the Shareholder
Authorization, the maximum aggregate number of Shares which may be optioned and issued under the Plan is equal to 648,000 For “Incentive Stock Options”, the maximum number of Shares which may be optioned and issued is equal to 648,000. The Shares
optioned and issued under the Plan may be newly issued Shares, treasury Shares or Shares purchased on the open market.
Should the Option expire or become unexercisable for any reason without having been
exercised in full, the unsubscribed Shares which were subject thereto shall, unless the Plan shall have been terminated, become available again for future grant under the Plan.
| 4. |
Administration of the Plan |
The Plan shall be administered by the Administrator.
|
(b) |
Powers of the Administrator . |
Subject to the provisions of the Commercial Code, the Shareholders Authorization, the Plan,
and the US Applicable Laws, the Administrator shall have the authority, in its discretion:
|
(i) |
to determine the Fair Market Value of the Shares, in accordance with Section 2(k) of the Plan; |
|
(ii) |
to determine the Beneficiaries to whom Options may be granted hereunder; |
|
(iii) |
to select the Beneficiaries and determine whether and to what extent Options are granted hereunder; |
|
(iv) |
to approve or amend forms of agreement for use under the Plan; |
|
(v) |
to determine the terms and conditions of any Options granted hereunder. Such terms and conditions include, but are not limited to, the
exercise price, the time or times when Options may be exercised (which may be based on performance criteria), any vesting acceleration or waiver of forfeiture restrictions, and any restriction or limitation regarding any Option or the Shares
relating thereto, based in each case on such factors as the Administrator, in its sole discretion, shall determine with the exception of the exercise price; it being specified that the Administrator’s discretion remains subject to the rules and
limitations set forth in this Plan and in the Commercial Code; |
|
(vi) |
to construe and interpret the terms of the Plan and Options granted pursuant to the Plan; |
|
(vii) |
to prescribe, amend and rescind rules and regulations relating to the Plan, including rules and regulations relating to sub-plans established
for the purpose of qualifying for preferred tax treatment under foreign tax laws; |
|
(viii) |
to modify or amend each Option (subject to the provisions of Section 13(c) of the Plan), including the discretionary authority to extend the
post-termination exercise period of Options after the termination of the employment agreement or the end of the term of office, longer than is otherwise provided for in the Plan; |
|
(ix) |
to authorize any person to execute on behalf of the Company any instrument required to effect the grant of an Option previously granted by the
Administrator; |
|
(x) |
to implement an Option Exchange Program; |
|
(xi) |
to determine the terms and restrictions applicable to Options; and |
|
(xii) |
to make all other determinations deemed necessary or appropriate for administering the Plan. |
|
(c) |
Effect of Administrator’s Decision. |
The Administrator’s decisions, determinations and interpretations shall be final and binding
on all Optionees.
(a) In the case of U.S. Beneficiaries, each Option shall be designated in the
Notice of Grant either as an “Incentive Stock Option” or as a “Non-Statutory Stock Option”. Incentive Stock Options may only be granted to Beneficiaries of the Company or a Subsidiary who meet the definition of “employees” under
Section 3401(c) of the US Code.
Nevertheless, the aggregate Fair Market Value of the Shares covered by Incentive Stock
Options granted under the Plan or any other stock option program of the Company (or any Parent or subsidiary of the Company) that become exercisable for the first time in any calendar year shall not exceed U.S. $100,000: to the extent the aggregate
Fair Market Value of such Shares exceeds U.S. $100,000, the Options covering those Shares the Fair Market Values of which causes the aggregate Fair Market Value of all such Shares to be in excess of U.S. $100,000 shall be treated as Non-Statutory
Options. Incentive Stock Options shall be taken into account in the order in which they were granted, and the aggregate Fair Market Value of the Shares shall be determined as of the Date of the Grant.
(b) The Options are governed by articles L. 225-177 and following of the
Commercial Code. They are not part of the employment agreement or of the office which has allowed the Optionee to be granted the Option. Neither do they constitute an element of the Optionee’s remuneration.
Neither the Plan nor any Option shall confer upon an Optionee any right with respect to
continuing the Optionee’s employment or his term of office with the Company or any Affiliated Company, nor shall they interfere in any way with the Optionee’s right or the Company’s or Affiliated Company’s right, as the case may be, to terminate such
employment or such term of office at any time, with or without cause.
(c) Other than as expressly provided hereunder, no member of the board of
directors of the Company or of the supervisory board (in the event of change of management formula of the Company) or of an equivalent management body of an Affiliated Company shall be as such eligible to receive Options under the Plan.
Subject to the approval of the shareholders of the Company in accordance with Section 16 of
the Plan, the Plan shall be effective and Options may be granted as of February 5, 2019; date of its adoption by the Board. Options may be granted hereunder until July 23, 2021. It shall continue in effect until the date of termination of the last
Option in force, unless terminated earlier under Section 13 of the Plan.
The term of each Option shall be stated in the Notice of Grant as ten (10) years from the
Date of Grant, in accordance with the Shareholders Authorization or, in case of death or Disability of the Optionee during such 10-year period, six (6) months from the death or Disability of the Optionee in accordance with French law, it being
however specified, for the avoidance of doubt, that no Option granted to any U.S. Optionee shall be exercised after the 10th anniversary of the Date of Grant.
| 8. |
Options Exercise Price and Consideration |
|
(a) |
Subscription or purchase Price |
The per Share subscription or purchase price for the Shares to be issued or sold pursuant to
exercise of an Option shall be determined by the Administrator on the basis of the Fair Market Value.
(i) In the case of an “Incentive Stock Option” granted to
a U.S. Beneficiary who, at the time the Incentive Stock Option is granted, owns stock representing more than ten percent (10%) of the voting rights of all classes of stock of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary of the Company and, to the extent
such Beneficiary is permitted by the Commercial Code to receive Option grants, (x) the per Share subscription or purchase price shall be no less than 110% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the Date of Grant as defined in Section 2(k)(ii) and (y)
the date of termination of the Option shall not exceed 5 years;
(ii) In the case of a “Non-Statutory Stock Option” or
“Incentive Stock Option”, not covered by Section B(a)(i) above, granted to any U.S. Beneficiary, the per Share subscription or purchase price shall be no less than 100% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the Date of Grant as defined in
Section 2(k)(ii).
At the time an Option is granted, the Administrator shall fix the period within which the
Option may be exercised and shall determine any conditions which must be satisfied before the Option may be exercised. In so doing, the Administrator may specify that an Option may not be exercised until the completion of a service period in the
Company or an Affiliated Company.
|
(c) |
Form of Consideration |
The consideration to be paid for the Shares to be issued or purchased upon exercise of
Options, including the method of payment, shall be determined by the Administrator. Such consideration shall consist entirely of an amount in Euro corresponding to the exercise price which shall be paid by wire transfer.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether
due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the
Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the
full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
|
(a) |
Procedure for Exercise; Rights as a Shareholder |
Any Option granted hereunder shall be exercisable according to the terms of the Plan and at
such times and under such conditions as determined by the Administrator and set forth in the Option Agreement.
An Option may not be exercised for a fraction of a Share.
An Option shall be deemed exercised when the Company receives: (i) written notice of
exercise (in accordance with the provisions of the Option Agreement) together with a share subscription or purchase form (bulletin de souscription ou d’achat) duly executed by the person entitled to exercise the Option, and (ii) full payment
for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised. Full payment may consist of any consideration and method of payment authorized by the Administrator and permitted by the Option Agreement and the Plan.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether
due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the
Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the
full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
Upon exercise of an Option, the Shares issued or sold to the Optionee shall be assimilated
with all other Shares of the Company of the same class and shall be entitled to dividends once the Shares are issued for the fiscal year during which the Option is exercised.
In the event that a Beneficiary infringes one of the above mentioned
commitments, such Beneficiary shall be liable for any consequences resulting from such infringement for the Company and undertakes to indemnify the Company in respect of all amounts payable by the Company in connection with such infringement.
Granting of an Option in any manner shall result in a decrease in the number of Shares which
thereafter may be available for purposes of the Plan, by the number of Shares as to which the Option may be exercised.
| |
(b) |
Termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as Beneficiary |
Upon termination of an Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary, other than upon the
Optionee’s death or Disability, the Optionee may exercise his or her Options, but only within such period of time as is specified in the Notice of Grant, and only for the part of the Options that the Optionee was entitled to exercise at the date of
termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of such Options as set forth in the Notice of Grant). Unless a longer period is specified in the Notice of Grant or otherwise resolved by the Board, an Option shall remain exercisable
for six (6) months following the Optionee’s termination of Continuous Status as a Beneficiary. In the case of an “Incentive Stock Option”, such a period cannot exceed three (3) months following the Optionee’s termination of Continuous Status as a
Beneficiary. If, at the date of termination, the Optionee is not entitled to exercise all his or her Options, the Shares covered by the unexercisable portion of Options shall revert to the Plan. If, after termination, the Optionee does not exercise
all of his or her Options within the time specified by the Administrator, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall revert to the Plan.
| |
(c) |
Disability of Optionee |
In the event that an Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary terminates as a result of
the Optionee’s Disability, unless otherwise resolved by the Board, the Optionee may exercise his or her Options at any time within six (6) months from the date of such termination, but only to the extent these Options are exercisable at the time of
termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of such Options as set forth in the Notice of Grant). If, at the date of termination, the Optionee is not entitled to exercise all of his or her Options, the Shares covered by the
unexercised portion of Options shall revert to the Plan. If, after termination, the Optionee does not exercise all of his or her Options within the time specified herein, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall
revert to the Plan.
In the event of the death of an Optionee during the term of the Options, unless otherwise
resolved by the Board, the Options may be exercised at any time within six (6) months following the date of death, by the Optionee’s estate or by a person who acquired the right to exercise the Option by bequest or inheritance, but only to the extent
these Options are exercisable at the time of death. If, at the time of death, the Optionee was not entitled to exercise all of his or her Options, the Shares covered by the unexercised portion of Options shall immediately revert to the Plan. If,
after death, the Optionee’s estate or a person who acquired the right to exercise the Options by bequest or inheritance does not exercise the Options within the time specified herein, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such
Options shall revert to the Plan.
| 10. |
Non-Transferability of Options |
An Option may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred or disposed of in
any manner other than by will or by laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised, during the lifetime of the Optionee, only by the Optionee.
| 11. |
Adjustments Upon Changes in Capitalization, Dissolution |
|
(a) |
Changes in capitalization |
In the event of the carrying out by the Company of any of the financial operations pursuant
to article L.225-181 of the Commercial Code as follows:
|
- |
amortization or reduction of the share capital, |
|
- |
amendment of the allocation of profits, |
|
- |
distribution of free shares, |
|
- |
capitalization of reserves, profits, issuance premiums, |
|
- |
the issuance of shares or securities giving right to shares to be subscribed for in cash or by set-off of existing indebtedness offered exclusively to the shareholders; |
the Company shall take the required measures to protect the interest of the Optionees in the
conditions set forth in article L. 228-99 of the Commercial Code.
|
(b) |
Dissolution or Liquidation |
In the event of the proposed dissolution or liquidation of the Company, to the extent that
an Option has not been previously exercised, it will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed action. The Administrator may, in the exercise of its sole discretion in such instances, declare that any Option shall terminate as
of a date determined by the Administrator and give each Optionee the right to exercise his or her Options as to Shares for which the Options would not otherwise be exercisable.
No later than immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event (as
defined below):
- in the event of a merger of the Company into another corporation or of the sale by one or
several shareholders, acting alone or in concert, of the Company to one or several third parties of a number of Shares resulting in a transfer of more than fifty per cent (50%) of the Shares of the Company to said third parties (a “Liquidity Event”),
the Optionee’s right to exercise the Options will be accelerated so that the Optionee may exercise all of them with effect immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event;
- the Options that may be exercised shall have to be exercised no later than immediately
prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event, it being specified that the Company shall inform the Optionee of any proposed Liquidity Event at least 15 days prior to the completion thereof; and
- any Options not exercised for any reason on or prior to the date of completion of a
Liquidity Event will automatically lapse.
*********
For Incentive Stock Options, all assumptions, substitutions and adjustments shall be
determined in accordance with Sections 422 and 424 of the US Code and the regulations promogated thereunder and for Non Statutory Options for US Beneficiaries in accordance with the Section 424 of the US Code.
12.1. The Date of Grant of an Option shall be, for all purposes, the date on which the
Administrator decides to grant such Option. A notice of grant shall be provided to each Optionee within a reasonable time after the Date of Grant.
12.2. In the event of any tax liability arising on account of the grant of the
Options, the liability to pay such taxes shall be that of the Beneficiary alone.
The Beneficiary shall enter into such agreements of indemnity and execute any and all
documents as the Company may specify for this purpose, if so required at the Date of Grant and at any other time at the discretion of the Company, on such terms and conditions as the Company may think fit, for recovery of the tax due, from the
Beneficiary.
| 13. |
Amendment and Termination of the Plan |
|
(a) |
Amendment and Termination |
The Administrator may at any time amend, alter, suspend or terminate the Plan.
|
(b) |
Shareholders’ approval |
The Company shall obtain shareholders’ approval of any Plan amendment to the extent
necessary and desirable to comply with US Applicable Laws (including the requirements of any exchange or quotation system on which Shares may then be listed or quoted). Such shareholders approval, if required, shall be obtained in such a manner and
to such a degree as is required by the applicable law, rule or regulation.
|
(c) |
Effect of amendment or termination |
No amendment, alteration, suspension or termination of the Plan shall impair the rights of
any Optionee, unless mutually agreed otherwise between the Optionee and the Administrator, which agreement must be in writing and signed by the Optionee and the Company.
| 14. |
Conditions Upon Issuance of Shares |
Shares held by a US Beneficiary shall not be sold or issued pursuant to the exercise of an
Option unless the exercise of such Option, and the issuance or sale and delivery of such Shares shall comply with all relevant provisions of law including, without limitation, the Commercial Code, the “Securities Act” of 1933, as amended, the
“Exchange Act”, the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, US Applicable Laws and the requirements of any stock exchange or quotation system upon which the Shares may then be listed or quoted.
|
(b) |
Investment Representations |
As a condition to the exercise of an Option by a US Beneficiary, the Company may require the
person exercising such Option to represent and warrant at the time of any such exercise that the Shares are being subscribed or purchased only for investment and without any present intention to sell or distribute such Shares if, in the opinion of
counsel for the Company, such a representation is required.
15.1. The inability of the Company to obtain authority from any regulatory body having
jurisdiction, which authority is deemed by any counsel to the Company to be necessary to the lawful issuance or sale of any Shares hereunder, shall relieve the Company of any liability in respect of the failure to issue or sell such Shares as to
which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained.
15.2. The Company and its Affiliated Companies may not be held responsible in any way
if the Beneficiary for any reason not attributable to the Company or its Affiliated Companies was not able to exercise the Options or acquire the Shares.
| 16. |
Shareholders’ Approval |
The Plan shall be subject to approval by the shareholders of the Company within twelve (12)
months of the date the Plan is adopted by the Board. Such shareholder approval shall be obtained in the manner and to the degree required under the Commercial Code and US Applicable Laws.
This Plan shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of France.
The relevant court of the registered office of the Company shall be exclusively competent to
determine any claim or dispute arising in connection herewith.
The grant of Options under this Plan shall entitle the Company to require the Beneficiary to
comply with such requirements of law as may be necessary in the Options of the Company from time to time.
*
* * *
Exhibit
NANOBIOTIX
STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT
Part I
NOTICE OF STOCK OPTION GRANT
[Optionee’s Name and Address]
You have been granted Options to subscribe ordinary Shares of the Company, subject to the
terms and conditions of the 2018 Stock Option Plan (the “Plan”) and this Option Agreement. Options are governed by articles L. 225-177 and following of the French Commercial Code. They are not part of the employment agreement or of the office which
has allowed the Optionee to be granted the Options. Neither do they constitute an element of the Optionee’s remuneration. Unless otherwise defined herein, the terms defined in the Plan shall have the same defined meanings in this Option Agreement.
| |
Date of Grant1: |
______ |
| |
Vesting Commencement Date2 |
______ |
| |
Exercise Price per Share: |
EUR_______________ |
| |
Total Number of Shares Granted: |
___________________ |
| |
Total Exercise Price: |
EUR____________ |
| |
Type of Options3 |
Incentive Stock Option
subject to provisions of article 5 (b) of the Plan.
|
| |
|
|
| |
Term/Expiration Date4 |
________________________ |
Where the exercise of an Option, as described under Article 9.(a) of the Plan, would lead
the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is
exercised is executed by the Optionee and the Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of
the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
In the event that you infringe the above mentioned commitment, you shall be
liable for any consequences resulting from such infringement for the Company and undertake to indemnify
1 date of the board meeting
having allocated the Option.
2 date chosen by the Board as
the Vesting Commencement Date; failing that, Date of Grant.
3 for U.S. Beneficiaries only.
4 date of termination of the
Option (article 7 of the Plan), which shall not exceed 5 years for an ISO granted to a 10% owner and 10 years for a U.S. Optionee.
the Company in respect of all amounts payable by the Company in connection
with such infringement.
Validity of the Options:
The Options will be valid as from the Date of Grant.
Vesting Schedule:
Unless otherwise determined or adapted by the Board, the Options may be exercised by the
Optionee on the basis of the following initial vesting schedule subject to the condition precedent that the Optionee shall have previously returned to the Company the documents referred to under Section 2. of Part II of the Stock Option Grant
Agreement duly initialed and signed:
[___°___]
| - |
at the latest within ten (10) years as from the Date of Grant or in case of death or Disability of the Optionee during such then (10) year
period, six (6) months as from the death or Disability of the Optionee (it being hovewer specified, for the avoidance of doubt, that no Option granted to any U.S. Optionnee shall be exercised after the 10th anniversary of the Date of Grant). |
The number of Options that could be exercised pursuant to the above vesting schedule will
always be rounded down to the nearest full number.
If the Optionee fails to exercise the Options in whole or in part within the said period of
ten (10) years (as may be extended to six (6) months from the death or Disability of the Optionee, the Options will lapse automatically.
Termination Period:
Unless otherwise decided by the Board, in case of termination of the Optionee’s Continuous
Status as a Beneficiary, the Options exercisable at the time of termination may be exercised for six (6) months, three (3) months for Incentive Stock Options after such termination, being specified that all other Options shall automatically expire at
the time of termination.
Unless otherwise decided by the Board, upon the death or Disability of the Optionee, the
Options may be exercised during a period of six (6) months as provided in the Plan.
Save as provided in the Plan, in no event shall the Options be exercised later than the
Term/Expiration Date as provided above. Should the Options expire or become unexercisable for any reason without having been exercised in full, the unsubscribed Shares which were subject thereto shall, unless the Plan shall have been terminated,
become available for future grant under the Plan.
By his signature and the signature of the Company’s representative below, the Optionee and
the Company agree that the Options are granted under and governed by the terms and conditions of the Plan and this Option Agreement. The Optionee has reviewed the Plan and this Option
Agreement in their entirely, has had the opportunity to obtain the advice of counsel prior to executing this
Option Agreement and fully understands all provisions of the Plan and Option Agreement. The Optionee hereby agrees to accept as binding, conclusive and final all decisions or interpretations of the Administrator upon any questions relating to the
Plan and Option Agreement. The Optionee further agrees to notify the Company upon any change in the residence address indicated below.
NANOBIOTIX
STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT
Part II
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
1. Grant of Options.
1.1 The Administrator
of the Company hereby grants to the Optionee named in the Notice of Grant attached as Part I of this Agreement (the “Optionee”), [___•___] options (the “Options”) to subscribe the number of ordinary Shares, as set forth in the Notice
of Grant, at the exercise price per Share set forth in the Notice of Grant (the “Exercise Price”), subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In the event of a conflict between the terms and conditions of the Plan and the terms and
conditions of this Option Agreement, the terms and conditions of the Plan shall prevail.
If designated in the Notice of Grant as an Incentive Stock Option, this Option is
intended to qualify as an Incentive Stock Option under Section 422 of the US Code although the Company makes no representation as to the tax status of the Option. However, if this Option is intended to be an Incentive Stock Option,
to the extent that it exceeds the U.S.$ 100,000 rule of US Code Section 422(d) the excess shall be treated as a Non-Statutory Stock Option
1.2 An Option will be valid as from the Date of Grant.
1.3 In the event of any tax liability arising on account of
the Grant of the Options, the liability to pay such taxes shall be that of the Beneficiary alone. The Beneficiary shall enter into such agreements of indemnity and execute any and all documents as the Company may specify for this purpose, if so
required at the time of the Grant and at any other time at the discretion of the Company, on such terms and conditions as the Company may think fit, for recovery of the tax due, from the Beneficiary.
2. Exercise of Options
(a) Right to Exercise. An Option is exercisable during its term in accordance
with the Vesting Schedule set out in the Notice of Grant and the applicable provisions of the Plan and this Option Agreement, subject to the condition precedent that the Optionee shall have previously returned to the Company, by electronic delivery
under the conditions set forth in Article 10 below:
- Part I and Part II of the Stock Option Grant Agreement (Exhibit), duly initialed (all
pages but for the signature page) and signed (signature page).
In the event of Optionee’s death, Disability or other termination of Optionee’s Continuous
Status as a Beneficiary, the exercisability of an Option is governed by the applicable provisions of the Plan and this Option Agreement.
(b) Method of Exercise. An Option is exercisable by delivery of an exercise
notice, in the form attached hereto (the “Exercise Notice”) stating the election to exercise the Option, the
number of Shares in respect of which the Option is being exercised (the “Exercised Shares”), and such other
representations and agreements as may be required by the Company pursuant to the provisions of the Plan. The Exercise Notice shall be signed by the Optionee and shall be delivered in person or by certified mail to the Company or its designated
representative or by facsimile message to be immediately confirmed by certified mail to the Company. The Exercise Notice shall be accompanied by payment of the aggregate Exercise Price as to all Exercised Shares. An Option shall be deemed to be
exercised upon receipt by the Company of such fully executed Exercise Notice accompanied by the proof of payment of such aggregate Exercise Price.
No Share shall be issued pursuant to the exercise of an Option unless such issuance and
exercise complies with all relevant provisions of law as set out under Section 14(a) of the Plan.
Upon exercise of an Option, the Shares issued to the Optionee shall be assimilated with all
other Shares of the Company and shall be entitled to dividends for the fiscal year in course during which the Option is exercised.
3. Method of Payment. Payment of the aggregate
Exercise Price shall be made by wire transfer with the execution of the corresponding exchange contract.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether
due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when (a) the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and (b)
the Optionee provides the Company with either (i) the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or,
(ii) the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
The Company and its Affiliated Companies may not be held responsible in any way
if the Beneficiary for any reason not attributable to the Company or its Affiliated Companies was not able to exercise the Option or purchase the Shares. The payment for the purchase of the shares shall be made by the Optionee under his/her own
responsibility according to these Terms and Conditions.
4. Non-Transferability of Option. An Option may not
be transferred in any manner otherwise than by will or by the laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised during the lifetime of the Optionee only by the Optionee. The terms of the Plan and this Option Agreement shall be binding upon the
executors, administrators, heirs, successors and assigns of the Optionee.
5. Term of Options. Subject as provided in the Plan,
an Option may be exercised only within the term set out in the Notice of Grant, and may be exercised during such term only in accordance with the Plan and the terms of this Option Agreement.
6. Entire Agreement - Governing Law. The Plan is
incorporated herein by reference. The Plan and this Option Agreement constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their entirety all prior undertakings and
agreements of the Company and
Optionee with respect to the subject matter hereof, and may not be modified adversely to the Optionee’s interest except by means of a writing signed by the Company and Optionee. This agreement is governed by the laws of the Republic of France.
Any claim or dispute arising under the Plan or this Agreement shall be subject to the exclusive
jurisdiction of the court competent for the place of the registered office of the Company.
7. Tax Obligations. Regardless of any action the
Company or Optionee’s employer (the “Employer”) takes with respect to any or all income tax, social insurance, payroll tax, or other tax-related withholding (“Tax-Related Items”), Optionee acknowledges that the ultimate liability for all Tax-Related
Items legally due by Optionee is and remains Optionee’s responsibility and that the Company and/or the Employer (1) make no representations or undertakings regarding the treatment of any Tax-Related Items in connection with any aspect of the Option
grant, including the grant, vesting or exercise of the Option, the subsequent sale of shares of common stock acquired pursuant to such exercise and the receipt of any dividends; and (2) do not commit to structure the terms of the grant or any aspect
of the Option to reduce or eliminate Optionee’s liability for Tax-Related Items.
Prior to exercise of the Option, Optionee will pay or make adequate
arrangements satisfactory to the Company and/or the Employer to satisfy all withholding obligations of the Company and/or the Employer, if any. In this regard, Optionee authorizes the Company and/or the Employer to withhold all applicable Tax-Related
Items legally payable by Optionee from Optionee’s compensation paid to Optionee by the Company and/or Employer or from proceeds of the sale of Shares. Alternatively, or in addition, if permissible under local law, the Company may sell or arrange for
the sale of Shares that Optionee acquires to meet the withholding obligation for Tax-Related Items. Finally, Optionee will pay to the Company or the Employer any amount of Tax-Related Items that the Company or the Employer may be required to withhold
as a result of Optionee’s participation in the Plan or Optionee’s purchase of Shares that cannot be satisfied by the means previously described. The Company may refuse to honor the exercise and refuse to deliver the Shares issuable upon exercise of
the Options if Optionee fails to comply with Optionee’s obligations in connection with the Tax-Related Items as described in this section.
8. Nature of Grant. In accepting the grant, Optionee
acknowledges that:
(a) the Plan is established voluntarily by the Company, it is
discretionary in nature and it may be modified, amended, suspended or terminated by the Company at any time, unless otherwise provided in the Plan and this Agreement;
(b) the grant of the Option is voluntary and occasional and does
not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of options, or benefits in lieu of options, even if options have been granted repeatedly in the past;
(c) all decisions with respect to future option grants, if any,
will be at the sole discretion of the Company;
(d) Optionee’s participation in the Plan shall not create a
right to further employment with the employer and shall not interfere with the ability of the Employer to terminate Optionee’s employment relationship at any time with or without cause;
(e) Optionee is voluntarily participating in the Plan;
(f) the Option is an extraordinary item that does not
constitute compensation of any kind for services of any kind rendered to the Company or the Employer, and which is outside the scope of Optionee’s employment contract, if any;
(g) the Option is not part of normal or expected compensation or
salary for any purpose, including, but not limited to, calculating any severance, resignation, termination, redundancy, end of service payments, bonuses, long service awards, pension or retirement benefits or similar payments and in no event should
be considered as compensation for, or relating in any way to, past services for the Company or the Employer;
(h) the Option grant will not be interpreted to form an
employment contract with the Company, the Employer or any Subsidiary or affiliate of the Company;
(i) the future value of the underlying Shares is unknown and
cannot be predicted with certainty;
(j) if the underlying Shares do not increase in value, the
Option will have no value;
(k) if Optionee exercises Optionee’s Option and obtains Shares,
the value of those Shares acquired upon exercise may increase or decrease in value, even below the exercise price;
(l) in consideration of the grant of the Option, no claim or
entitlement to compensation or damages shall arise from termination of the Option or diminution in value of the Option or Shares purchased through exercise of the Option resulting from termination of Optionee’s employment the Company or the Employer
(for any reason whatsoever) and Optionee irrevocably releases the Company and the Employer from any such claim that may arise; if, notwithstanding the foregoing, any such claim is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to have arisen, then, by
signing this Agreement, Optionee shall be deemed irrevocably to have waived Optionee’s entitlement to pursue such claim; and
(m) in the event of termination of Optionee’s employment,
Optionee’s right to receive the Option and vest in the Option under the Plan, if any, will terminate effective as of the date that Optionee receives notice of termination regardless of when such termination is effective; furthermore, in the event of
termination of employment, Optionee’s right to exercise the Option after termination of employment, if any, will be measured by the date on which the Optionee receives notice of termination; the Company shall have the exclusive discretion to
determine when Optionee is no longer actively employed for purposes of Optionee’s Option grant. In addition, any period of notice or compensation in lieu of such notice, that is given or ought to have been given under any contract, statute, common
law or civil law shall be excluded.
9. Data Privacy. Optionee hereby explicitly and
unambiguously consents to the collection, use and transfer, in electronic or other form, of Optionee’s personal data as described in this document by and among, as applicable, the Employer, the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates for the
exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and managing Optionee’s participation in the Plan.
Optionee understands that the Company and the Employer may hold certain
personal information about Optionee, including, but not limited to, Optionee’s name, home address and telephone number, date of birth, social insurance number or other identification number, salary, nationality, job title, any shares of stock or
directorships held in the Company, details of all options or any other entitlement to shares of stock awarded, canceled, exercised, vested, unvested or outstanding in Optionee’s favor, for the exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and
managing the Plan (“Data”).
Optionee understands that the recipients of the Data may be located in
the United States or elsewhere including outside the EEA, and that the recipients’ country (e.g., the United States) may have different data privacy laws and protections than Optionee’s country. Optionee understands that Optionee may request a list
with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the Data by contacting Optionee’s local human resources representative. Optionee authorizes the Company and any other possible recipients which may assist the Company (presently or in the
future) with implementing, administering and managing the Plan to receive, possess, use, retain and transfer the Data, in electronic or other form, for the sole purpose of implementing, administering and managing Optionee’s participation in the Plan.
Optionee understands that Data will be held only as long as is necessary to implement, administer and manage Optionee’s participation in the Plan. Optionee understands that Optionee may, at any time, view the Data, request additional information
about the storage processing of the Data, require any necessary amendments to Data or refuse or withdraw the consents herein, in any case without cost, by contacting in writing Optionee’s local human resources representative. Optionee understands,
however, that refusing or withdrawing Optionee’s consent may affect Optionee’s ability to participate in the Plan. For more information on the consequences of Optionee’s refusal to consent or withdrawal of consent, Optionee understands that Optionee
may contact Optionee’s local human resources representative.
10. Electronic Delivery. The Company may, in its sole
discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the Option and participation in the Plan or future options that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or to request Optionee’s consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means.
Optionee hereby consents to receive such documents by electronic delivery and, if requested, to agree to participate in the Plan through an on-line or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or another third party designated by
the Company.
11. Severability. The provisions of this Agreement are
severable and if any one or more provisions are determined to be illegal or otherwise unenforceable, in whole or in part, the remaining provisions shall nevertheless be binding and enforceable.
| OPTIONEE: |
|
NANOBIOTIX |
|
| |
|
|
|
| Signature |
|
By: |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Print Name |
|
Title: |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Residence Address |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
NANOBIOTIX
Societe Anonyme a directoire et conseil de surveillance having a share capital of
EUR.[_____] Registered office: [______]
[_o_]R.C.S. [____]
2018 STOCK OPTION PLAN
EXERCISE NOTICE
(Share subscription form)
| NANOBIOTIX |
|
| [______] |
|
| [______] |
|
| France |
|
| |
[_______________], [__] |
| Attention: [____________] |
|
1. Exercise of Options. Effective as of today,
__________________, ____, the undersigned (“Optionee”) hereby elects to subscribe _________________ (_________) ordinary shares (the “Shares”) of the Common Stock of NANOBIOTIX (the “Company”) under and pursuant to the Company’s 2018 Stock Option
Plan (the “Plan”) adopted by the board on February 5, 2019 and the Stock Option Agreement dated ___________, ___ (the “Option Agreement”). The subscription price for the Shares shall be EUR. ______, as required by the Option Agreement.
2. Delivery of Payment. Optionee herewith delivers to
the Company the full subscription price for the Shares.
3. Representations of Optionee. The Optionee
acknowledges that Optionee has received, read and understood the Plan and the Option Agreement and agrees to abide by and be bound by their terms and conditions.
4. Rights as Shareholder. Until the issuance (as
evidenced by the appropriate entry on the books of the Company) of the Shares, the Optionee shall have, as an Optionee, no right to vote or receive dividends or any other rights as a shareholder shall exist with respect to the Optioned Stock, except
those the Optionee may have as a shareholder of the Company. No adjustment will be made for rights in respect of which the record date is prior to the issuance date for the Shares, except as provided in Section 11 of the Plan.
5. Tax consultation. The Optionee understands that
Optionee may suffer adverse tax consequences as a result of Optionee’s subscription or disposition of the Shares. Optionee represents that Optionee has consulted with any tax consultants Optionee deems advisable in connection with the subscription or
disposition of the Shares. The Optionee is not relying on the Company for any tax advice.
6. Entire Agreement - Governing Law. The Plan and
Option Agreement are incorporated herein by reference. This Exercise Notice, the Plan and the Option Agreement constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their entirety all prior
undertakings and agreements of the Company and Optionee with respect to the subject matter hereof, and may not be modified adversely to the Optionee’s interest except by means of a writing signed by the Company and Optionee. This agreement is
governed by the laws of the Republic of France.
*
* *
This Exercise notice is delivered in two originals one of which shall be returned to
the Optionee.
Submitted by:
OPTIONEE(*) |
|
Accepted by:
NANOBIOTIX |
|
| |
|
|
|
| Signature |
|
Signature
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Its: |
|
|
| Print Name |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| Address: |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
* The signature of the Optionee
must be preceded by the following manuscript mention “accepted for formal and irrevocable subscription of [__________________]ordinary Shares”.
- 23 -
Exhibit 10.13
NANOBIOTIX
2019 STOCK OPTION PLAN
SUMMARY
| |
|
|
Page |
| |
|
|
|
| 1. |
PURPOSES OF THE PLAN |
1 |
| |
|
|
| 2. |
DEFINITIONS |
1 |
| |
|
|
| 3. |
SHARES SUBJECT TO THE PLAN |
4 |
| |
|
|
| 4. |
ADMINISTRATION OF THE PLAN |
4 |
| |
|
|
| |
(a) |
Procedure |
4 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(b) |
Powers of the Administrator |
5 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(c) |
Effect of Administrator’s Decision |
6 |
| |
|
|
|
| 5. |
LIMITATIONS |
6 |
| |
|
|
| 6. |
TERM OF PLAN |
6 |
| |
|
|
| 7. |
TERM OF OPTIONS |
7 |
| |
|
|
| 8. |
OPTIONS EXERCISE PRICE AND CONSIDERATION |
7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
(a) |
Subscription or purchase Price |
7 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(b) |
Exercise Dates |
7 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(c) |
Form of Consideration |
7 |
| |
|
|
|
| 9. |
EXERCISE OF OPTIONS |
8 |
| |
|
|
| |
(a) |
Procedure for Exercise; Rights as a Shareholder |
8 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(b) |
Termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as Beneficiary |
8 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(c) |
Disability of Optionee |
9 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(d) |
Death of Optionee |
9 |
| |
|
|
|
| 10. |
NON-TRANSFERABILITY OF OPTIONS |
9 |
| |
|
|
| 11. |
ADJUSTMENTS UPON CHANGES IN CAPITALIZATION, DISSOLUTION |
9 |
| |
|
|
| |
(a) |
Changes in capitalization |
9 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(b) |
Dissolution or Liquidation |
10 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(c) |
Change in Control |
10 |
| |
|
|
|
| 12. |
GRANT |
11 |
| |
|
|
| 13. |
AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION OF THE PLAN |
11 |
| |
|
|
| |
(a) |
Amendment and Termination |
11 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(b) |
Shareholders’ approval |
11 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(c) |
Effect of amendment or termination |
11 |
| |
|
|
|
| 14. |
CONDITIONS UPON ISSUANCE OF SHARES |
11 |
SUMMARY
(continued)
| |
|
|
Page |
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a) |
Legal Compliance |
12 |
| |
|
|
|
| 15. |
LIABILITY OF COMPANY |
12 |
| |
|
|
| 16. |
SHAREHOLDERS’ APPROVAL |
12 |
| |
|
|
| 17. |
LAW, JURISDICTION |
12 |
| |
|
|
| Exhibit – Stock Option Grant Agreement |
|
| |
|
| |
|
Part I – Notice of Stock option grant |
|
| |
|
Part II – Terms and conditions |
|
| |
|
Exercise notice |
|
NANOBIOTIX
2019 STOCK OPTION PLAN
According to the authorization granted by by the extraordinary shareholders’ general meeting
of April 11, 2019, the management board decided on March 11, 2020, in compliance with the provisions of articles L. 225-177 et. seq. of the French Commercial Code, to adopt the 2019 stock option plan of NANOBIOTIX, the terms and conditions of which
are set out below.
The purposes of the Plan are:
|
- |
to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility; |
|
- |
to provide additional incentive to Beneficiaries; and |
|
- |
to promote the success of the Company’s business. |
Options granted under the Plan to U.S. Beneficiaries are intended to be Incentive Stock
Options or Non-Statutory Stock Options, as determined by the Administrator at the time of grant of an Option, and shall comply in all respects with US Applicable Laws in order that U.S. Beneficiaries may benefit from available tax advantages.
|
(a) |
“Administrator” means the management board of the Company which shall administer the Plan in
accordance with Section 4 of the Plan. |
|
(b) |
“Affiliated Company” means a company which conforms with the criteria set forth in
article L. 225-180 of the Commercial Code as follows: |
|
- |
companies of which at least ten per cent (10%) of the share capital or voting rights is held directly or indirectly by the Company; |
|
- |
companies which own directly or indirectly at least ten per cent (10%) of the share capital or voting rights of the Company; and |
|
- |
companies of which at least fifty per cent (50%) of the share capital or voting rights is held directly or indirectly by a company which owns directly or indirectly at
least fifty percent (50%) of the share capital or voting rights of the Company, |
|
(c) |
“Beneficiary” means the president and the members of the management board (président et
membres du directoire) or, as the case may be, the president of the board of directors (président du conseil d’administration), the general manager (directeur général) and the deputy general managers (directeurs
généraux délégués) of the Company as well as any individual employed by the Company or by any Affiliated Company under the terms and |
| |
conditions of an employment contract, it being specified that a term of office of member of the supersivory board of the Company or director of an Affiliated Company
(remunerated or not) shall not be deemed to constitute an employment relationship. |
|
(d) |
“Board” means the management board of the Company. |
|
(e) |
“Commercial Code” means the French Commercial Code. |
|
(f) |
“Company” means NANOBIOTIX, a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of France. |
|
(g) |
“Continuous Status as a Beneficiary” means as regards the president and the members of the
management board or, as the case may be, the president of the board of directors, the general manager, the deputy general manager(s), that the term of their office has not been terminated and, as regards an employee that the employment
relationship between the Beneficiary and the Company or any Affiliated Company is not terminated. Continuous Status as a Beneficiary shall not be considered terminated in the case of (i) any leave of absence having received a prior approval
from the Company or requiring no prior approval under U.S. laws, or (ii) transfers between locations of the Company or between the Company or any Affiliated Company or the contrary or also from an Affiliated Company to another Affiliated
Company. Leaves of absence which must receive a prior approval from the Company for the non-termination of the Continuous Status as a Beneficiary shall include leaves of more than three (3) months for illnesses or conditions about which the
employee has advance knowledge, military leave, or any other personal leave. For purposes of U.S. Beneficiaries and Incentive Stock Options, no such leave may exceed ninety (90) days, unless reemployment upon expiration of such leave is
guaranteed by statute contract or Company policies. If reemployment upon expiration of a leave of absence approved by the Company is not so guaranteed, on the 91st day of such leave any Incentive Stock Option held by a U.S. Beneficiary shall
cease to be treated as an Incentive Stock Option and shall be treated for U.S. tax purposes as a Non-Statutory Stock Option. |
|
(h) |
“Date of Grant” means the date of the decision of the Board to grant the Options. |
|
(i) |
“Disability” means a disability declared further to a medical examination provided for in
article L. 4624-1 of the French Labour Code or pursuant to any similar provision applicable to a foreign Affiliated Company. |
|
(j) |
“Exchange Act” means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. |
|
(k) |
“Fair Market Value” means the value for one Share as determined in good faith by the
Administrator, according to the following provisions, as provided in the Shareholder Authorization: |
(i) the Board may determine the subscription or purchase price of a
share in compliance with the provisions of the law. However, the purchase or subscription price shall in no case be less than ninety five per cent (95%) of the average of the closing sales price for a share as quoted on stock exchange market during
the
twenty market trading days prior to the day of the Board’s decision to grant the Options,
(ii) for US Beneficaries, the subscription or
purchase price shall not be less than the fair market value of the Shares on the Date of Grant, determined as follows (a) if the Shares are listed or quoted for trading on an exchange, the value will be deemed to be the closing or last offer price,
as applicable, of the Shares on the principal exchange upon which such securities are traded or quoted on such date, provided, if such date is not a trading day, on the last market trading day prior to such date; and (b) if the Shares are not listed
or quoted for trading on an exchange, the fair market value of the Shares as determined by the Board, consistent with the requirements of Sections 422 with respect to Incentive Stock Options, and 409A of the US Code with respect to Options not
intended to be Incentive Stock Options, it being specified that, when an Option entitles the holder to purchase shares previously repurchased by the Company, the exercise price, notwithstanding the above provisions and in accordance with applicable
law, may not be less than 80% of the average purchase price paid by the Company for all shares so previously repurchased.
This price settled for the subscription or purchase of Shares shall not be modified
during the period in which the Option may be exercised. However, if the Company makes one of the operations mentioned in article L. 225-181 of the French Commercial Code, it must take all necessary measures to protect Optionee’s interests in the
conditions provided for by article L 228-99 of the French Commercial Code. In case of issuance of securities granting the common stock access, as well as in case of Company’s merger or scission, the Board may decide, for a limited period of time, to
suspend the exercisability of the Options.
|
(l) |
“Incentive Stock Option” means an Option intended to qualify as an incentive stock option
within the meaning of Section 422 of the US Code and the regulations promulgated thereunder. |
|
(m) |
“Non-Statutory Stock Option” means an Option which does not qualify as an Incentive Stock
Option. |
|
(n) |
“Notice of Grant” means a written notice evidencing the main terms and conditions of an
individual Option grant. The Notice of Grant is part of the Option Agreement. |
|
(o) |
“Option” means an option to purchase or subscribe Shares granted pursuant to the Plan. |
|
(p) |
“Optionee” means a Beneficiary who holds at least one outstanding Option. |
|
(q) |
“Option Agreement” means a written agreement entered into between the Company and an Optionee
evidencing the terms and conditions of an individual Option grant. The Option Agreement is subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan. |
|
(r) |
“Option Exchange Program” means a program whereby outstanding Options are surrendered in
exchange for Options with different exercise conditions. |
|
(s) |
“Parent” means a “parent corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in
Section 424(e) of the US Code. |
|
(t) |
“Plan” means the 2019 Stock Option Plan as approved by the Board on March 11, 2020. |
|
(u) |
“Share” means a share of common stock (action ordinaire) of the Company |
|
(v) |
“Shareholders Authorization” means the authorization given by the shareholders of the Company
in the extraordinary general meeting held on April 11, 2019 as increased or amended from time to time by a further general meeting of the shareholders permitting the Board to grant Stock Options. |
|
(w) |
“Share Capital” means the issued and paid up capital of the Company. |
|
(x) |
“Subsidiary” means a “subsidiary corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined
in Section 424(f) of the US Code. |
|
(y) |
“US Applicable Laws” means for the US the legal requirements relating to the administration
of stock option plans under state corporate and securities laws and the US Code in force in the United States of America. |
|
(z) |
“U.S. Beneficiary” means a Beneficiary of the Company or an Affiliated Company residing in
the United States or otherwise subject to United States’ laws, regulations or taxation. |
|
(aa) |
“US Code” means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. |
|
(bb) |
“U.S. Optionee” means an Optionee residing in the United States or otherwise subject to
United States’ laws, regulations or taxation. |
|
3. |
Shares
Subject to the Plan |
Subject to the provisions of Section 11 of the Plan and pursuant to the Shareholder
Authorization, the maximum aggregate number of Shares which may be optioned and issued under the Plan is equal to 500,000. For “Incentive Stock Options”, the maximum number of Shares which may be optioned and issued is equal to 500,000. The Shares
optioned and issued under the Plan may be newly issued Shares, treasury Shares or Shares purchased on the open market.
Should the Option expire or become unexercisable for any reason without having been
exercised in full, the unsubscribed Shares which were subject thereto shall, unless the Plan shall have been terminated, become available again for future grant under the Plan.
|
4. |
Administration
of the Plan |
The Plan shall be administered by the Administrator.
|
(b) |
Powers of the Administrator. |
Subject to the provisions of the Commercial Code, the Shareholders Authorization, the Plan,
and the US Applicable Laws, the Administrator shall have the authority, in its discretion:
|
(i) |
to determine the Fair Market Value of the Shares, in accordance with Section 2(k) of the Plan; |
|
(ii) |
to determine the Beneficiaries to whom Options may be granted hereunder; |
|
(iii) |
to select the Beneficiaries and determine whether and to what extent Options are granted hereunder; |
|
(iv) |
to approve or amend forms of agreement for use under the Plan; |
|
(v) |
to determine the terms and conditions of any Options granted hereunder. Such terms and conditions
include, but are not limited to, the exercise price, the time or times when Options may be exercised (which may be based on performance criteria), any vesting acceleration or waiver of forfeiture restrictions, and any restriction or limitation
regarding any Option or the Shares relating thereto, based in each case on such factors as the Administrator, in its sole discretion, shall determine with the exception of the exercise price; it being specified that the Administrator’s
discretion remains subject to the rules and limitations set forth in this Plan and in the Commercial Code; |
|
(vi) |
to construe and interpret the terms of the Plan and Options granted pursuant to the Plan; |
|
(vii) |
to prescribe, amend and rescind rules and regulations relating to the Plan, including rules and
regulations relating to sub-plans established for the purpose of qualifying for preferred tax treatment under foreign tax laws; |
|
(viii) |
to modify or amend each Option (subject to the provisions of Section 13(c) of the Plan), including
the discretionary authority to extend the post-termination exercise period of Options after the termination of the employment agreement or the end of the term of office, longer than is otherwise provided for in the Plan; |
|
(ix) |
to authorize any person to execute on behalf of the Company any instrument required to effect the
grant of an Option previously granted by the Administrator; |
|
(x) |
to implement an Option Exchange Program; |
|
(xi) |
to determine the terms and restrictions applicable to Options; and |
|
(xii) |
to make all other determinations deemed necessary or appropriate for administering the Plan. |
|
(c) |
Effect of Administrator’s Decision. |
The Administrator’s decisions, determinations and interpretations shall be final and binding
on all Optionees.
(a) In the case of U.S. Beneficiaries, each Option
shall be designated in the Notice of Grant either as an “Incentive Stock Option” or as a “Non-Statutory Stock Option”. Incentive Stock Options may only be granted to Beneficiaries of the Company or a Subsidiary who meet the
definition of “employees” under Section 3401(c) of the US Code.
Nevertheless, the aggregate Fair Market Value of the Shares covered by Incentive Stock
Options granted under the Plan or any other stock option program of the Company (or any Parent or subsidiary of the Company) that become exercisable for the first time in any calendar year shall not exceed U.S. $100,000: to the extent the aggregate
Fair Market Value of such Shares exceeds U.S. $100,000, the Options covering those Shares the Fair Market Values of which causes the aggregate Fair Market Value of all such Shares to be in excess of U.S. $100,000 shall be treated as Non-Statutory
Options. Incentive Stock Options shall be taken into account in the order in which they were granted, and the aggregate Fair Market Value of the Shares shall be determined as of the Date of the Grant.
(b) The Options are governed by articles L. 225-177
and following of the Commercial Code. They are not part of the employment agreement or of the office which has allowed the Optionee to be granted the Option. Neither do they constitute an element of the Optionee’s remuneration.
Neither the Plan nor any Option shall confer upon an Optionee any right with respect to
continuing the Optionee’s employment or his term of office with the Company or any Affiliated Company, nor shall they interfere in any way with the Optionee’s right or the Company’s or Affiliated Company’s right, as the case may be, to terminate such
employment or such term of office at any time, with or without cause.
(c) Other than as expressly provided hereunder, no
member of the board of directors of the Company or of the supervisory board (in the event of change of management formula of the Company) or of an equivalent management body of an Affiliated Company shall be as such eligible to receive Options under
the Plan.
The Plan shall be effective and Options may be granted as of March 11, 2020; date of its
adoption by the Board. Options may be granted hereunder until June 11, 2022. It shall continue in effect until the date of termination of the last Option in force, unless terminated earlier under Section 13 of the Plan.
The term of each Option shall be stated in the Notice of Grant as ten (10) years from the
Date of Grant, in accordance with the Shareholders Authorization or, in case of death or Disability of the Optionee during such 10-year period, six (6) months from the death or Disability of the Optionee in accordance with French law, it being
however specified, for the avoidance of doubt, that no Option granted to any U.S. Optionee shall be exercised after the 10th anniversary of the Date of Grant.
|
8. |
Options
Exercise Price and Consideration |
|
(a) |
Subscription or purchase Price |
The per Share subscription or purchase price for the Shares to be issued or sold pursuant to
exercise of an Option shall be determined by the Administrator on the basis of the Fair Market Value.
(i) In the case of an “Incentive Stock Option” granted to
a U.S. Beneficiary who, at the time the Incentive Stock Option is granted, owns stock representing more than ten percent (10%) of the voting rights of all classes of stock of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary of the Company and, to the extent
such Beneficiary is permitted by the Commercial Code to receive Option grants, (x) the per Share subscription or purchase price shall be no less than 110% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the Date of Grant as defined in Section 2(k)(ii) and (y)
the date of termination of the Option shall not exceed 5 years;
(ii) In the case of a “Non-Statutory Stock Option” or
“Incentive Stock Option”, not covered by Section 8(a)(i) above, granted to any U.S. Beneficiary, the per Share subscription or purchase price shall be no less than 100% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the Date of Grant as defined in
Section 2(k)(ii).
At the time an Option is granted, the Administrator shall fix the period within which the
Option may be exercised and shall determine any conditions which must be satisfied before the Option may be exercised. In so doing, the Administrator may specify that an Option may not be exercised until the completion of a service period in the
Company or an Affiliated Company.
|
(c) |
Form of Consideration |
The consideration to be paid for the Shares to be issued or purchased upon exercise of
Options, including the method of payment, shall be determined by the Administrator. Such consideration shall consist entirely of an amount in Euro corresponding to the exercise price which shall be paid by wire transfer.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether
due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the
Optionee provides the Company with
either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that
would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
|
(a) |
Procedure for Exercise; Rights as a Shareholder |
Any Option granted hereunder shall be exercisable according to the terms of the Plan and at
such times and under such conditions as determined by the Administrator and set forth in the Option Agreement.
An Option may not be exercised for a fraction of a Share.
An Option shall be deemed exercised when the Company receives: (i) written notice of
exercise (in accordance with the provisions of the Option Agreement) together with a share subscription or purchase form (bulletin de souscription ou d’achat) duly executed by the person entitled to exercise the Option, and (ii) full payment
for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised. Full payment may consist of any consideration and method of payment authorized by the Administrator and permitted by the Option Agreement and the Plan.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether
due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the
Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the
full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
Upon exercise of an Option, the Shares issued or sold to the Optionee shall be assimilated
with all other Shares of the Company of the same class and shall be entitled to dividends once the Shares are issued for the fiscal year during which the Option is exercised.
In the event that a Beneficiary infringes one of the above mentioned
commitments, such Beneficiary shall be liable for any consequences resulting from such infringement for the Company and undertakes to indemnify the Company in respect of all amounts payable by the Company in connection with such infringement.
Granting of an Option in any manner shall result in a decrease in the number of Shares which
thereafter may be available for purposes of the Plan, by the number of Shares as to which the Option may be exercised.
|
(b) |
Termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as Beneficiary |
Upon termination of an Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary, other than upon the
Optionee’s death or Disability, the Optionee may exercise his or her Options, but only within
such period of time as is specified in the Notice of Grant, and only for the part of the Options that the
Optionee was entitled to exercise at the date of termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of such Options as set forth in the Notice of Grant). Unless a longer period is specified in the Notice of Grant or otherwise resolved
by the Board, an Option shall remain exercisable for six (6) months following the Optionee’s termination of Continuous Status as a Beneficiary. In the case of an “Incentive Stock Option”, such a period cannot exceed three (3) months following the
Optionee’s termination of Continuous Status as a Beneficiary. If, at the date of termination, the Optionee is not entitled to exercise all his or her Options, the Shares covered by the unexercisable portion of Options shall revert to the Plan. If,
after termination, the Optionee does not exercise all of his or her Options within the time specified by the Administrator, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall revert to the Plan.
|
(c) |
Disability of Optionee |
In the event that an Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary terminates as a result of
the Optionee’s Disability, unless otherwise resolved by the Board, the Optionee may exercise his or her Options at any time within six (6) months from the date of such termination, but only to the extent these Options are exercisable at the time of
termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of such Options as set forth in the Notice of Grant). If, at the date of termination, the Optionee is not entitled to exercise all of his or her Options, the Shares covered by the
unexercised portion of Options shall revert to the Plan. If, after termination, the Optionee does not exercise all of his or her Options within the time specified herein, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall
revert to the Plan.
In the event of the death of an Optionee during the term of the Options, unless otherwise
resolved by the Board, the Options may be exercised at any time within six (6) months following the date of death, by the Optionee’s estate or by a person who acquired the right to exercise the Option by bequest or inheritance, but only to the extent
these Options are exercisable at the time of death. If, at the time of death, the Optionee was not entitled to exercise all of his or her Options, the Shares covered by the unexercised portion of Options shall immediately revert to the Plan. If,
after death, the Optionee’s estate or a person who acquired the right to exercise the Options by bequest or inheritance does not exercise the Options within the time specified herein, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such
Options shall revert to the Plan.
|
10. |
Non-Transferability of Options |
An Option may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred or disposed of in
any manner other than by will or by laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised, during the lifetime of the Optionee, only by the Optionee.
|
11. |
Adjustments
Upon Changes in Capitalization, Dissolution |
|
(a) |
Changes in capitalization |
In the event of the carrying out by the Company of any of the financial operations pursuant
to article L. 225-181 of the Commercial Code as follows:
|
- |
amortization or reduction of the share capital, |
|
- |
amendment of the allocation of profits, |
|
- |
distribution of free shares, |
|
- |
capitalization of reserves, profits, issuance premiums, |
|
- |
the issuance of shares or securities giving right to shares to be subscribed for in cash or by set-off of existing indebtedness offered exclusively to the shareholders; |
the Company shall take the required measures to protect the interest of the Optionees in the
conditions set forth in article L. 228-99 of the Commercial Code.
|
(b) |
Dissolution or Liquidation |
In the event of the proposed dissolution or liquidation of the Company, to the extent that
an Option has not been previously exercised, it will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed action. The Administrator may, in the exercise of its sole discretion in such instances, declare that any Option shall terminate as
of a date determined by the Administrator and give each Optionee the right to exercise his or her Options as to Shares for which the Options would not otherwise be exercisable.
No later than immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event (as
defined below):
- in the event of a merger of the Company into another corporation or of the sale by one or
several shareholders, acting alone or in concert, of the Company to one or several third parties of a number of Shares resulting in a transfer of more than fifty per cent (50%) of the Shares of the Company to said third parties (a “Liquidity Event”),
the Optionee’s right to exercise the Options will be accelerated so that the Optionee may exercise all of them with effect immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event;
- the Options that may be exercised shall have to be exercised no later than immediately
prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event, it being specified that the Company shall inform the Optionee of any proposed Liquidity Event at least 15 days prior to the completion thereof; and
- any Options not exercised for any reason on or prior to the date of completion of a
Liquidity Event will automatically lapse.
*********
For Incentive Stock Options, all assumptions, substitutions and adjustments shall be
determined in accordance with Sections 422 and 424 of the US Code and the regulations promogated thereunder and for Non Statutory Options for US Beneficiaries in accordance with the Section 424 of the US Code.
12.1 The Date of Grant of an Option shall be, for all purposes, the date on which the
Administrator decides to grant such Option. A notice of grant shall be provided to each Optionee within a reasonable time after the Date of Grant.
12.2 In the event of any tax liability arising on account of the grant of the Options,
the liability to pay such taxes shall be that of the Beneficiary alone.
The Beneficiary shall enter into such agreements of indemnity and
execute any and all documents as the Company may specify for this purpose, if so required at the Date of Grant and at any other time at the discretion of the Company, on such terms and conditions as the Company may think fit, for recovery of the tax
due, from the Beneficiary.
|
13. |
Amendment
and Termination of the Plan |
|
(a) |
Amendment and Termination |
The Administrator may at any time amend, alter, suspend or terminate the Plan.
|
(b) |
Shareholders’ approval |
The Company shall obtain shareholders’ approval of any Plan amendment to the extent
necessary and desirable to comply with US Applicable Laws (including the requirements of any exchange or quotation system on which Shares may then be listed or quoted). Such shareholders approval, if required, shall be obtained in such a manner and
to such a degree as is required by the applicable law, rule or regulation.
|
(c) |
Effect of amendment or termination |
No amendment, alteration, suspension or termination of the Plan shall impair the rights of
any Optionee, unless mutually agreed otherwise between the Optionee and the Administrator, which agreement must be in writing and signed by the Optionee and the Company.
|
14. |
Conditions
Upon Issuance of Shares |
Shares held by a US Beneficiary shall not be sold or issued pursuant to the exercise of an
Option unless the exercise of such Option, and the issuance or sale and delivery of such Shares shall comply with all relevant provisions of law including, without limitation, the Commercial Code, the “Securities Act” of 1933, as amended, the
“Exchange Act”, the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, US Applicable Laws and the requirements of any stock exchange or quotation system upon which the Shares may then be listed or quoted.
|
(b) |
Investment Representations |
As a condition to the exercise of an Option by a US Beneficiary, the Company may require the
person exercising such Option to represent and warrant at the time of any such exercise that the Shares are being subscribed or purchased only for investment and without any present intention to sell or distribute such Shares if, in the opinion of
counsel for the Company, such a representation is required.
15.1 The inability of the Company to obtain authority from any regulatory body having
jurisdiction, which authority is deemed by any counsel to the Company to be necessary to the lawful issuance or sale of any Shares hereunder, shall relieve the Company of any liability in respect of the failure to issue or sell such Shares as to
which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained.
15.2 The Company and its Affiliated Companies may not be held responsible in any way
if the Beneficiary for any reason not attributable to the Company or its Affiliated Companies was not able to exercise the Options or acquire the Shares.
|
16. |
Shareholder’s
Approval |
The Plan shall be subject to approval by the shareholders of the Company within twelve (12)
months of the date the Plan is adopted by the Board. Such shareholder approval shall be obtained in the manner and to the degree required under the Commercial Code and US Applicable Laws.
This Plan shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of France.
The relevant court of the registered office of the Company shall be exclusively competent to
determine any claim or dispute arising in connection herewith.
The grant of Options under this Plan shall entitle the Company to require the Beneficiary to
comply with such requirements of law as may be necessary in the Options of the Company from time to time.
*
* * *
Exhibit
NANOBIOTIX
STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT
Part I
NOTICE OF STOCK OPTION GRANT
[Optionnee’s Name and Address]
You have been granted Options to subscribe ordinary Shares of the Company, subject to the
terms and conditions of the 2019 Stock Option Plan (the “Plan”) and this Option Agreement. Options are governed by articles L. 225-177 and following of the French Commercial Code. They are not part of the employment agreement or of the office which
has allowed the Optionee to be granted the Options. Neither do they constitute an element of the Optionee’s remuneration. Unless otherwise defined herein, the terms defined in the Plan shall have the same defined meanings in this Option Agreement.
| Date of Grant1: |
[ o ] |
| Vesting Commencement Date2 |
[ o ] |
| Exercise Price per Share: |
EUR_______________ |
| Total Number of Shares Granted: |
[ o ] |
| Total Exercise Price: |
EUR____________ |
| Type of Options3 |
Non statutory Stock Options |
| |
|
| Term/Expiration Date4 |
[ o ] |
Where the exercise of an Option, as described under Article 9.(a) of the Plan, would lead
the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is
exercised is executed by the Optionee and the Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of
the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
1 date of the board meeting
having allocated the Option.
2 date chosen by the Board as
the Vesting Commencement Date; failing that, Date of Grant.
3 for U.S. Beneficiaries only.
4 date of termination of the
Option (article 7 of the Plan), which shall not exceed 5 years for an ISO granted to a 10% owner and 10 years for a U.S. Optionee.
In the event that you infringe the above mentioned commitment, you shall be
liable for any consequences resulting from such infringement for the Company and undertake to indemnify the Company in respect of all amounts payable by the Company in connection with such infringement.
Validity of the Options:
The Options will be valid as from the Date of Grant.
Vesting Schedule:
Unless otherwise determined or adapted by the Board, the Options may be exercised by the
Optionee on the basis of the following initial vesting schedule subject to the condition precedent that the Optionee shall have previously returned to the Company the documents referred to under section 2. of Part II of the Stock Option Grant
Agreement duly initialed and signed:
|
- |
up to one third of the Options, as March 11, 2021, |
|
- |
then up to an additional tranche equal to one third of the Options, as of each year elapsed as from March 11, 2021, i.e. as of March 11, 2022 for one third and as of
March 11, 2023 for the last third, and |
subject, for each tranche to the continuous presence of the Optionee in the group during the
corresponding reference period,
|
- |
at the latest within ten (10) years as from the Date of Grant or in case of death or Disability of the Optionee during such then (10) year period, six (6) months as from
the death or Disability of the Optionee (it being hovewer specified, for the avoidance of doubt, that no Option granted to any U.S. Optionnee shall be exercised after the 10th anniversary of the Date of Grant). |
The number of Options that could be exercised pursuant to the above vesting schedule will
always be rounded up to the nearest full number.
If the Optionee fails to exercise the Options in whole or in part within the said period of
ten (10) years (as may be extended to six (6) months from the death or Disability of the Optionee, the Options will lapse automatically.
Termination Period:
Unless otherwise decided by the Board, in case of termination of the Optionee’s Continuous
Status as a Beneficiary, the Options exercisable at the time of termination may be exercised for six (6) months, three months for Incentive Stock Options after such termination, being specified that all other Options shall automatically expire at the
time of termination.
Unless otherwise decided by the Board, upon the death of the Optionee, the Options may be
exercised during a period of six (6) months as provided in the Plan.
Save as provided in the Plan, in no event shall the Options be exercised later than the
Term/Expiration Date as provided above. Should the Options expire or become unexercisable for any reason without having been exercised in full, the unsubscribed Shares which were subject thereto shall, unless the Plan shall have been terminated,
become available for future grant under the Plan.
By his signature and the signature of the Company’s representative below, the Optionee and
the Company agree that the Options are granted under and governed by the terms and conditions of the Plan and this Option Agreement. The Optionee has reviewed the Plan and this Option Agreement in their entirely, has had the opportunity to obtain the
advice of counsel prior to executing this Option Agreement and fully understands all provisions of the Plan and Option Agreement. The Optionee hereby agrees to accept as binding, conclusive and final all decisions or interpretations of the
Administrator upon any questions relating to the Plan and Option Agreement. The Optionee further agrees to notify the Company upon any change in the residence address indicated below.
NANOBIOTIX
STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT
Part II
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
1. Grant of Options.
1.1 The Administrator of the Company hereby grants to the
Optionee named in the Notice of Grant attached as Part I of this Agreement (the “Optionee”), [ o ] options (the “Options”) to subscribe the number of ordinary Shares, as set forth in the Notice of Grant, at the exercise price per Share set forth in
the Notice of Grant (the “Exercise Price”), subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In the event of a conflict between the terms and conditions of the Plan and the terms and
conditions of this Option Agreement, the terms and conditions of the Plan shall prevail.
If designated in the Notice of Grant as an Incentive Stock Option, this Option is
intended to qualify as an Incentive Stock Option under Section 422 of the US Code although the Company makes no representation as to the tax status of the Option. However, if this Option is intended to be an Incentive Stock Option,
to the extent that it exceeds the U.S. $100,000 rule of US Code Section 422(d) the excess shall be treated as a Non-Statutory Stock Option
1.2 An Option will be valid as from the Date of Grant.
1.3 In the event of any tax liability arising on account of
the Grant of the Options, the liability to pay such taxes shall be that of the Beneficiary alone. The Beneficiary shall enter into such agreements of indemnity and execute any and all documents as the Company may specify for this purpose, if so
required at the time of the Grant and at any other time at the discretion of the Company, on such terms and conditions as the Company may think fit, for recovery of the tax due, from the Beneficiary.
2. Exercise of Options
(a) Right to Exercise. An Option is exercisable during its term in accordance
with the Vesting Schedule set out in the Notice of Grant and the applicable provisions of the Plan and this Option Agreement, subject to the condition precedent that the Optionee shall have previously returned to the Company, by electronic delivery
under the conditions set forth in Article 10 below:
- Part I and Part II of the Stock Option Grant Agreement (Exhibit), duly initialed (all
pages but for the signature page) and signed (signature page).
In the event of Optionee’s death, Disability or other termination of Optionee’s Continuous
Status as a Beneficiary, the exercisability of an Option is governed by the applicable provisions of the Plan and this Option Agreement.
(b) Method of Exercise. An Option is exercisable by delivery of an exercise
notice, in the form attached hereto (the “Exercise Notice”) stating the election to exercise the Option, the
number of Shares in respect of which the Option is being exercised (the “Exercised Shares”), and such other
representations and agreements as may be required by the Company pursuant to the provisions of the Plan. The Exercise Notice shall be signed by the Optionee and shall be delivered in person or by certified mail to the Company or its designated
representative or by facsimile message to be immediately confirmed by certified mail to the Company. The Exercise Notice shall be accompanied by payment of the aggregate Exercise Price as to all Exercised Shares. An Option shall be deemed to be
exercised upon receipt by the Company of such fully executed Exercise Notice accompanied by the proof of payment of such aggregate Exercise Price.
No Share shall be issued pursuant to the exercise of an Option unless such issuance and
exercise complies with all relevant provisions of law as set out under Section 14(a) of the Plan.
Upon exercise of an Option, the Shares issued to the Optionee shall be assimilated with all
other Shares of the Company and shall be entitled to dividends for the fiscal year in course during which the Option is exercised.
3. Method of Payment. Payment of the aggregate
Exercise Price shall be made by wire transfer with the execution of the corresponding exchange contract.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether
due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when (a) the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and (b)
the Optionee provides the Company with either (i) the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or,
(ii) the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the Company.
The Company and its Affiliated Companies may not be held responsible in any way
if the Beneficiary for any reason not attributable to the Company or its Affiliated Companies was not able to exercise the Option or purchase the Shares. The payment for the purchase of the shares shall be made by the Optionee under his/her own
responsibility according to these Terms and Conditions.
4. Non-Transferability of Option. An Option may
not be transferred in any manner otherwise than by will or by the laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised during the lifetime of the Optionee only by the Optionee. The terms of the Plan and this Option Agreement shall be binding upon the
executors, administrators, heirs, successors and assigns of the Optionee.
5. Term of Options. Subject as provided in the
Plan, an Option may be exercised only within the term set out in the Notice of Grant, and may be exercised during such term only in accordance with the Plan and the terms of this Option Agreement.
6. Entire Agreement - Governing Law. The Plan is
incorporated herein by reference. The Plan and this Option Agreement constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their entirety all prior undertakings and
agreements of the Company and Optionee with respect to the subject matter hereof, and may not be modified
adversely to the Optionee’s interest except by means of a writing signed by the Company and Optionee. This agreement is governed by the laws of the Republic of France.
Any claim or dispute arising under the Plan or this Agreement shall be
subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the court competent for the place of the registered office of the Company.
7. Tax Obligations. Regardless of any action the
Company or Optionee’s employer (the “Employer”) takes with respect to any or all income tax, social insurance, payroll tax, or other tax-related withholding (“Tax-Related Items”), Optionee acknowledges that the ultimate liability for all Tax-Related
Items legally due by Optionee is and remains Optionee’s responsibility and that the Company and/or the Employer (1) make no representations or undertakings regarding the treatment of any Tax-Related Items in connection with any aspect of the Option
grant, including the grant, vesting or exercise of the Option, the subsequent sale of shares of common stock acquired pursuant to such exercise and the receipt of any dividends; and (2) do not commit to structure the terms of the grant or any aspect
of the Option to reduce or eliminate Optionee’s liability for Tax-Related Items.
Prior to exercise of the Option, Optionee will pay or make adequate
arrangements satisfactory to the Company and/or the Employer to satisfy all withholding obligations of the Company and/or the Employer, if any. In this regard, Optionee authorizes the Company and/or the Employer to withhold all applicable Tax-Related
Items legally payable by Optionee from Optionee’s compensation paid to Optionee by the Company and/or Employer or from proceeds of the sale of Shares. Alternatively, or in addition, if permissible under local law, the Company may sell or arrange for
the sale of Shares that Optionee acquires to meet the withholding obligation for Tax-Related Items. Finally, Optionee will pay to the Company or the Employer any amount of Tax-Related Items that the Company or the Employer may be required to withhold
as a result of Optionee’s participation in the Plan or Optionee’s purchase of Shares that cannot be satisfied by the means previously described. The Company may refuse to honor the exercise and refuse to deliver the Shares issuable upon exercise of
the Options if Optionee fails to comply with Optionee’s obligations in connection with the Tax-Related Items as described in this section.
8. Nature of Grant. In accepting the grant, Optionee
acknowledges that:
(a) the Plan is established voluntarily by the Company, it
is discretionary in nature and it may be modified, amended, suspended or terminated by the Company at any time, unless otherwise provided in the Plan and this Agreement;
(b) the grant of the Option is voluntary and occasional and
does not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of options, or benefits in lieu of options, even if options have been granted repeatedly in the past;
(c) all decisions with respect to future option grants, if
any, will be at the sole discretion of the Company;
(d) Optionee’s participation in the Plan shall not create a
right to further employment with the employer and shall not interfere with the ability of the Employer to terminate Optionee’s employment relationship at any time with or without cause;
(e) Optionee is voluntarily participating in the Plan;
(f) the Option is an extraordinary item that does not
constitute compensation of any kind for services of any kind rendered to the Company or the Employer, and which is outside the scope of Optionee’s employment contract, if any;
(g) the Option is not part of normal or expected compensation or
salary for any purpose, including, but not limited to, calculating any severance, resignation, termination, redundancy, end of service payments, bonuses, long service awards, pension or retirement benefits or similar payments and in no event should
be considered as compensation for, or relating in any way to, past services for the Company or the Employer;
(h) the Option grant will not be interpreted to form an
employment contract with the Company, the Employer or any Subsidiary or affiliate of the Company;
(i) the future value of the underlying Shares is unknown and
cannot be predicted with certainty;
(j) if the underlying Shares do not increase in value, the
Option will have no value;
(k) if Optionee exercises Optionee’s Option and obtains
Shares, the value of those Shares acquired upon exercise may increase or decrease in value, even below the exercise price;
(l) in consideration of the grant of the Option, no claim or
entitlement to compensation or damages shall arise from termination of the Option or diminution in value of the Option or Shares purchased through exercise of the Option resulting from termination of Optionee’s employment the Company or the Employer
(for any reason whatsoever) and Optionee irrevocably releases the Company and the Employer from any such claim that may arise; if, notwithstanding the foregoing, any such claim is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to have arisen, then, by
signing this Agreement, Optionee shall be deemed irrevocably to have waived Optionee’s entitlement to pursue such claim; and
(m) in the event of termination of Optionee’s employment,
Optionee’s right to receive the Option and vest in the Option under the Plan, if any, will terminate effective as of the date that Optionee receives notice of termination regardless of when such termination is effective; furthermore, in the event of
termination of employment, Optionee’s right to exercise the Option after termination of employment, if any, will be measured by the date on which the Optionee receives notice of termination; the Company shall have the exclusive discretion to
determine when Optionee is no longer actively employed for purposes of Optionee’s Option grant. In addition, any period of notice or compensation in lieu of such notice, that is given or ought to have been given under any contract, statute, common
law or civil law shall be excluded.
9. Data Privacy. Optionee hereby explicitly and
unambiguously consents to the collection, use and transfer, in electronic or other form, of Optionee’s personal data as described in this document by and among, as applicable, the Employer, the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates for the
exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and managing Optionee’s participation in the Plan.
Optionee understands that the Company and the Employer may hold certain
personal information about Optionee, including, but not limited to, Optionee’s name, home address and telephone number, date of birth, social insurance number or other identification number, salary, nationality, job title, any shares of stock or
directorships held in the Company, details of all options or any other entitlement to shares of stock awarded, canceled, exercised, vested, unvested or outstanding in Optionee’s favor, for the exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and
managing the Plan (“Data”).
Optionee understands that the recipients of the Data may be located in
the United States or elsewhere including outside the EEA, and that the recipients’ country (e.g., the United States) may have different data privacy laws and protections than Optionee’s country. Optionee understands that Optionee may request a list
with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the Data by contacting Optionee’s local human resources representative. Optionee authorizes the Company and any other possible recipients which may assist the Company (presently or in the
future) with implementing, administering and managing the Plan to receive, possess, use, retain and transfer the Data, in electronic or other form, for the sole purpose of implementing, administering and managing Optionee’s participation in the Plan.
Optionee understands that Data will be held only as long as is necessary to implement, administer and manage Optionee’s participation in the Plan. Optionee understands that Optionee may, at any time, view the Data, request additional information
about the storage processing of the Data, require any necessary amendments to Data or refuse or withdraw the consents herein, in any case without cost, by contacting in writing Optionee’s local human resources representative. Optionee understands,
however, that refusing or withdrawing Optionee’s consent may affect Optionee’s ability to participate in the Plan. For more information on the consequences of Optionee’s refusal to consent or withdrawal of consent, Optionee understands that Optionee
may contact Optionee’s local human resources representative.
10. Electronic Delivery. The Company may, in its
sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the Option and participation in the Plan or future options that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or to request Optionee’s consent to participate in the Plan by electronic
means. Optionee hereby consents to receive such documents by electronic delivery and, if requested, to agree to participate in the Plan through an on-line or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or another third party
designated by the Company.
11. Severability. The provisions of this Agreement
are severable and if any one or more provisions are determined to be illegal or otherwise unenforceable, in whole or in part, the remaining provisions shall nevertheless be binding and enforceable.
| OPTIONEE: |
|
NANOBIOTIX |
| |
|
|
|
| Signature |
|
By: |
|
| |
|
|
|
| Print Name |
|
Title: |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
[ o ]
|
|
|
|
NANOBIOTIX
Société Anonyme à directoire et conseil de surveillance having a share capital of EUR. [__o__]
Registered office: [___]
[ o ] R.C.S. [__]
2019 STOCK OPTION PLAN
EXERCISE NOTICE
(Share subscription form)
| NANOBIOTIX |
|
| [______] |
|
| [______] |
|
| France |
|
| |
[_______________], [__] |
| Attention: [____________] |
|
1. Exercise of Options. Effective as of today, _______, , the undersigned (“Optionee”) hereby elects to subscribe _______________________ (______) ordinary shares (the “Shares”) of the Common Stock
of NANOBIOTIX (the “Company”) under and pursuant to the Company’s 2019 Stock Option Plan (the “Plan”) adopted by the board on January [__o__], 2020 and the Stock Option Agreement dated ______________, __ (the “Option Agreement”). The subscription
price for the Shares shall be EUR. ________, as required by the Option Agreement.
2. Delivery of Payment. Optionee herewith delivers to the Company the full subscription price for the Shares.
3. Representations of Optionee. The Optionee acknowledges that Optionee has received, read and understood the Plan and the Option Agreement and agrees to abide by and be bound by their terms and conditions.
4. Rights as Shareholder. Until the issuance (as
evidenced by the appropriate entry on the books of the Company) of the Shares, the Optionee shall have, as an Optionee, no right to vote or receive dividends or any other rights as a shareholder shall exist with respect to the Optioned Stock, except
those the Optionee may have as a shareholder of the Company. No adjustment will be made for rights in respect of which the record date is prior to the issuance date for the Shares, except as provided in Section 11 of the Plan.
5. Tax consultation. The Optionee understands that
Optionee may suffer adverse tax consequences as a result of Optionee’s subscription or disposition of the Shares. Optionee represents that Optionee has consulted with any tax consultants Optionee deems advisable in connection with the subscription or
disposition of the Shares. The Optionee is not relying on the Company for any tax advice.
6. Entire Agreement - Governing Law. The Plan and
Option Agreement are incorporated herein by reference. This Exercise Notice, the Plan and the Option Agreement
constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in
their entirety all prior undertakings and agreements of the Company and Optionee with respect to the subject matter hereof, and may not be modified adversely to the Optionee’s interest except by means of a writing signed by the Company and Optionee.
This agreement is governed by the laws of the Republic of France.
*
* *
This Exercise notice is delivered in two originals one of which shall be returned to
the Optionee.
Submitted by:
OPTIONEE(*) |
|
Accepted by:
NANOBIOTIX |
| |
|
|
| Signature |
|
Signature |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Its: |
|
Print Name
[__o__] |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| Address: |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
* The signature of the Optionee
must be preceded by the following manuscript mention “accepted for formal and irrevocable subscription of [__________________] ordinary Shares”.
23
Exhibit 10.14
NANOBIOTIX
LLY 2019 STOCK OPTION PLAN
| |
|
Page
|
| |
|
|
|
1.
|
PURPOSES OF THE PLAN
|
1
|
| |
|
|
|
2.
|
DEFINITIONS
|
1
|
| |
|
|
|
3.
|
SHARES SUBJECT TO THE PLAN
|
4
|
| |
|
|
|
4.
|
ADMINISTRATION OF THE PLAN
|
4
|
| |
|
|
| |
(a)
|
Procedure
|
4
|
| |
(b)
|
Powers of the Administrator
|
5
|
| |
(c)
|
Effect of Administrator’s Decision
|
6
|
| |
|
|
|
5.
|
LIMITATIONS
|
6
|
| |
|
|
|
6.
|
TERM OF PLAN
|
6
|
| |
|
|
|
7.
|
TERM OF OPTIONS
|
7
|
| |
|
|
|
8.
|
OPTIONS EXERCISE PRICE AND CONSIDERATION
|
7
|
| |
|
|
| |
(a)
|
Subscription or Purchase Price
|
7
|
| |
(b)
|
Exercise Dates
|
7
|
| |
(c)
|
Form of Consideration
|
7
|
| |
|
|
|
9.
|
EXERCISE OF OPTIONS
|
8
|
| |
|
|
| |
(a)
|
Procedure for Exercise; Rights as a Shareholder
|
8
|
| |
(b)
|
Termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as Beneficiary
|
9
|
| |
(c)
|
Disability of Optionee
|
9
|
| |
(d)
|
Death of Optionee
|
9
|
| |
|
|
|
10.
|
NON-TRANSFERABILITY OF OPTIONS
|
9
|
| |
|
|
|
11.
|
ADJUSTMENTS UPON CHANGES IN CAPITALIZATION, DISSOLUTION
|
10
|
| |
|
|
| |
(a)
|
Changes in Capitalization
|
10
|
| |
(b)
|
Dissolution or Liquidation
|
10
|
| |
(c)
|
Change in Control
|
10
|
| |
|
|
|
12.
|
GRANT
|
11
|
| |
|
|
|
13.
|
AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION OF THE PLAN
|
11
|
| |
|
|
| |
(a)
|
Amendment and Termination
|
11
|
| |
(b)
|
Shareholders’ Approval
|
11
|
| |
(c)
|
Effect of Amendment or Termination
|
11
|
| |
|
Page |
| |
|
|
|
14.
|
CONDITIONS UPON ISSUANCE OF SHARES
|
11
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
(a)
|
Legal Compliance
|
11
|
| |
(b)
|
Investment Representations
|
12
|
| |
|
|
|
15.
|
LIABILITY OF COMPANY
|
12
|
| |
|
|
|
16.
|
SHAREHOLDERS’ APPROVAL
|
12
|
| |
|
|
|
17.
|
LAW, JURISDICTION
|
12
|
Exhibit – Stock Option Grant Agreement
Part I – Notice of Stock option grant
Part II – Terms and conditions
Exercise notice
NANOBIOTIX
LLY 2019 STOCK OPTION PLAN
According to the authorization granted by the extraordinary shareholders’ general meeting of April 11, 2019, the management board decided on October, 24, 2019, in compliance with the provisions of articles L. 225-177
et. seq. of the French Commercial Code, to adopt the LLY 2019 stock option plan of NANOBIOTIX, the terms and conditions of which are set out below.
The purposes of the Plan are:
|
-
|
to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility;
|
|
-
|
to provide additional incentive to Beneficiaries; and
|
|
-
|
to promote the success of the Company’s business.
|
Options granted under the Plan to U.S. Beneficiaries are intended to be Incentive Stock Options or Non-Statutory Stock Options, as determined by the Administrator at the time of grant of an Option, and shall comply
in all respects with US Applicable Laws in order that U.S. Beneficiaries may benefit from available tax advantages.
|
(a)
|
“Administrator” means the management board of the Company which shall administer the Plan in accordance with Section 4 of the Plan.
|
|
(b)
|
“Affiliated Company” means a company which conforms with the criteria set forth in article L. 225-180 of the Commercial Code as follows:
|
|
-
|
companies of which at least ten per cent (10%) of the share capital or voting rights is held directly or indirectly by the Company;
|
|
-
|
companies which own directly or indirectly at least ten per cent (10%) of the share capital or voting rights of the Company; and
|
|
-
|
companies of which at least fifty per cent (50%) of the share capital or voting rights is held directly or indirectly by a company which owns directly or indirectly at least fifty percent (50%) of the share capital or voting rights of
the Company,
|
|
(c)
|
“Beneficiary” means the president and the members of the management board (président et membres du directoire) or, as the
case may be, the president of the board of directors (président du conseil d’administration), the general manager (directeur général) and the deputy general
managers (directeurs généraux délégués) of the Company as well as any individual employed by the Company or by any Affiliated Company under the terms and
conditions of an employment contract, it being specified that a term of office of member of the supervisory board of the Company or director of an Affiliated Company (remunerated or not) shall not be deemed to constitute an employment
relationship.
|
|
(d)
|
“Board” means the management board of the Company.
|
|
(e)
|
“Commercial Code” means the French Commercial Code.
|
|
(f)
|
“Company” means NANOBIOTIX, a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of France.
|
|
(g)
|
“Continuous Status as a Beneficiary” means as regards the president and the members of the management board or, as the case may be, the president of the board of
directors, the general manager, the deputy general manager(s), that the term of their office has not been terminated and, as regards an employee that the employment relationship between the Beneficiary and the Company or any Affiliated
Company is not terminated. Continuous Status as a Beneficiary shall not be considered terminated in the case of (i) any leave of absence having received a prior approval from the Company or requiring no prior approval under U.S. laws, or
(ii) transfers between locations of the Company or between the Company or any Affiliated Company or the contrary or also from an Affiliated Company to another Affiliated Company. Leaves of absence which must receive a prior approval from
the Company for the non-termination of the Continuous Status as a Beneficiary shall include leaves of more than three (3) months for illnesses or conditions about which the employee has advance knowledge, military leave, or any other
personal leave. For purposes of U.S. Beneficiaries and Incentive Stock Options, no such leave may exceed ninety (90) days, unless reemployment upon expiration of such leave is guaranteed by statute contract or Company policies. If
reemployment upon expiration of a leave of absence approved by the Company is not so guaranteed, on the 91st day of such leave any Incentive Stock Option held by a U.S. Beneficiary shall cease to be treated as an Incentive Stock Option
and shall be treated for U.S. tax purposes as a Non-Statutory Stock Option.
|
|
(h)
|
“Date of Grant” means the date of the decision of the Board to grant the Options.
|
|
(i)
|
“Disability” means a disability declared further to a medical examination provided for in article L. 4624-1 of the French Labour Code or pursuant to any similar
provision applicable to a foreign Affiliated Company.
|
|
(j)
|
“Exchange Act” means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
|
|
(k)
|
“Fair Market Value” means the value for one Share as determined in good faith by the Administrator, according to the following provisions, as provided in the
Shareholder Authorization:
|
|
(i)
|
the Board may determine the subscription or purchase price of a share in compliance with the provisions of the law. However, the purchase or subscription price shall in no case be less than ninety five per
cent (95%) of the average of the closing sales price for a share as quoted on stock exchange market during the twenty market trading days prior to the day of the Board’s decision to grant the Options,
|
|
(ii)
|
for US Beneficiaries, the subscription or purchase price shall not be less than the fair market value of the Shares on the Date of Grant, determined as follows (a) if the Shares are listed or quoted for
trading on an exchange, the value will be deemed to be the closing or last offer price, as applicable, of the Shares on the principal exchange upon which such securities are traded or quoted on such date, provided, if such date is not a
trading day, on the last market trading day prior to such date; and (b) if the Shares are not listed or quoted for trading on an exchange, the fair market value of the Shares as determined by the Board, consistent with the requirements of
Sections 422 with respect to Incentive Stock Options, and 409A of the US Code with respect to Options not intended to be Incentive Stock Options, it being specified that, when an Option entitles the holder to purchase shares previously
repurchased by the Company, the exercise price, notwithstanding the above provisions and in accordance with applicable law, may not be less than 80% of the average purchase price paid by the Company for all shares so previously
repurchased.
|
This price settled for the subscription or purchase of Shares shall not be modified during the period in which the Option may be exercised. However, if the Company makes one of the operations
mentioned in article L. 225-181 of the French Commercial Code, it must take all necessary measures to protect Optionee’s interests in the conditions provided for by article L 228-99 of the French Commercial Code. In case of issuance of securities
granting the common stock access, as well as in case of Company’s merger or scission, the Board may decide, for a limited period of time, to suspend the exercisability of the Options.
|
(l)
|
“Incentive Stock Option” means an Option intended to qualify as an incentive stock option within the meaning of Section 422 of the US Code and the regulations
promulgated thereunder.
|
|
(m)
|
“Non-Statutory Stock Option” means an Option which does not qualify as an Incentive Stock Option.
|
|
(n)
|
“Notice of Grant” means a written notice evidencing the main terms and conditions of an individual Option grant. The Notice of Grant is part of the Option Agreement.
|
|
(o)
|
“Option” means an option to purchase or subscribe Shares granted pursuant to the Plan.
|
|
(p)
|
“Optionee” means a Beneficiary who holds at least one outstanding Option.
|
|
(q)
|
“Option Agreement” means a written agreement entered into between the Company and an Optionee evidencing the terms and conditions of an individual Option grant. The
Option Agreement is subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan.
|
|
(r)
|
“Option Exchange Program” means a program whereby outstanding Options are surrendered in exchange for Options with different exercise conditions.
|
|
(s)
|
“Parent” means a “parent corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(e) of the US Code.
|
|
(t)
|
“Plan” means the LLY 2019 Stock Option Plan as approved by the Board on October 24, 2019.
|
|
(u)
|
“Share” means a share of common stock (action ordinaire) of the Company
|
|
(v)
|
“Shareholders Authorization” means the authorization given by the shareholders of the Company in the extraordinary general meeting held on April 11, 2019 as increased
or amended from time to time by a further general meeting of the shareholders permitting the Board to grant Stock Options.
|
|
(w)
|
“Share Capital” means the issued and paid up capital of the Company.
|
|
(x)
|
“Subsidiary” means a “subsidiary corporation”, whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(f) of the US Code.
|
|
(y)
|
“US Applicable Laws” means for the US the legal requirements relating to the administration of stock option plans under state corporate and securities laws and the US
Code in force in the United States of America.
|
|
(z)
|
“U.S. Beneficiary” means a Beneficiary of the Company or an Affiliated Company residing in the United States or otherwise subject to United States’ laws, regulations
or taxation.
|
|
(aa)
|
“US Code” means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
|
|
(bb)
|
“U.S. Optionee” means an Optionee residing in the United States or otherwise subject to United States’ laws, regulations or taxation.
|
|
3.
|
SHARES SUBJECT TO THE PLAN
|
Subject to the provisions of Section 11 of the Plan and pursuant to the Shareholders Authorization, the maximum aggregate number of Shares which may be optioned and issued under the Plan is equal to 500,000. For
“Incentive Stock Options”, the maximum number of Shares which may be optioned and issued is equal to 500,000. The Shares optioned and issued under the Plan may be newly issued Shares, treasury Shares or Shares purchased on the open market.
Should the Option expire or become unexercisable for any reason without having been exercised in full, the unsubscribed Shares which were subject thereto shall, unless the Plan shall have been terminated, become
available again for future grant under the Plan.
|
4.
|
ADMINISTRATION OF THE PLAN
|
The Plan shall be administered by the Administrator.
(b) Powers of the Administrator.
Subject to the provisions of the Commercial Code, the Shareholders Authorization, the Plan, and the US Applicable Laws, the Administrator shall have the authority, in its discretion:
|
(i)
|
to determine the Fair Market Value of the Shares, in accordance with Section 2(k) of the Plan;
|
|
(ii)
|
to determine the Beneficiaries to whom Options may be granted hereunder;
|
|
(iii)
|
to select the Beneficiaries and determine whether and to what extent Options are granted hereunder;
|
|
(iv)
|
to approve or amend forms of agreement for use under the Plan;
|
|
(v)
|
to determine the terms and conditions of any Options granted hereunder. Such terms and conditions include, but are not limited to, the exercise price, the time or times when Options may be exercised (which
may be based on performance criteria), any vesting acceleration or waiver of forfeiture restrictions, and any restriction or limitation regarding any Option or the Shares relating thereto, based in each case on such factors as the
Administrator, in its sole discretion, shall determine with the exception of the exercise price; it being specified that the Administrator’s discretion remains subject to the rules and limitations set forth in this Plan and in the
Commercial Code;
|
|
(vi)
|
to construe and interpret the terms of the Plan and Options granted pursuant to the Plan;
|
|
(vii)
|
to prescribe, amend and rescind rules and regulations relating to the Plan, including rules and regulations relating to sub-plans established for the purpose of qualifying for preferred tax treatment under
foreign tax laws;
|
|
(viii)
|
to modify or amend each Option (subject to the provisions of Section 13(c) of the Plan), including the discretionary authority to extend the post-termination exercise period of Options after the termination
of the employment agreement or the end of the term of office, longer than is otherwise provided for in the Plan;
|
|
(ix)
|
to authorize any person to execute on behalf of the Company any instrument required to effect the grant of an Option previously granted by the Administrator;
|
|
(x)
|
to implement an Option Exchange Program;
|
|
(xi)
|
to determine the terms and restrictions applicable to Options; and
|
|
(xii)
|
to make all other determinations deemed necessary or appropriate for administering the Plan.
|
(c) Effect of Administrator’s Decision.
The Administrator’s decisions, determinations and interpretations shall be final and binding on all Optionees.
(a) In the case of U.S. Beneficiaries, each Option shall be designated in the Notice of Grant either as an “Incentive Stock Option” or as a “Non-Statutory Stock Option”. Incentive Stock Options may only be granted to Beneficiaries of the Company or a Subsidiary who meet the definition of “employees” under Section 3401(c) of the US Code.
Nevertheless, the aggregate Fair Market Value of the Shares covered by Incentive Stock Options granted under the Plan or any other stock option program of the Company (or any Parent or subsidiary of the Company) that
become exercisable for the first time in any calendar year shall not exceed U.S. $100,000: to the extent the aggregate Fair Market Value of such Shares exceeds U.S. $100,000, the Options covering those Shares the Fair Market Values of which causes
the aggregate Fair Market Value of all such Shares to be in excess of U.S. $100,000 shall be treated as Non-Statutory Options. Incentive Stock Options shall be taken into account in the order in which they were granted, and the aggregate Fair
Market Value of the Shares shall be determined as of the Date of the Grant.
(b) The Options are governed by articles L. 225-177 and following of the Commercial Code. They are not part of the employment agreement or of the office which has allowed the Optionee to be
granted the Option. Neither do they constitute an element of the Optionee’s remuneration.
Neither the Plan nor any Option shall confer upon an Optionee any right with respect to continuing the Optionee’s employment or his term of office with the Company or any Affiliated Company, nor shall they interfere
in any way with the Optionee’s right or the Company’s or Affiliated Company’s right, as the case may be, to terminate such employment or such term of office at any time, with or without cause.
(c) Other than as expressly provided hereunder, no member of the board of directors of the Company or of the supervisory board (in the event of change of management formula of the Company) or of
an equivalent management body of an Affiliated Company shall be as such eligible to receive Options under the Plan.
Subject to the approval of the shareholders of the Company in accordance with Section 16 of the Plan, the Plan shall be effective and Options may be granted as of October 24, 2019; date of its adoption by the Board.
Options may be granted hereunder until September 23, 2022. It shall continue in effect until the date of termination of the last Option in force, unless terminated earlier under Section 13 of the Plan.
The provisions of article 9 (b) and 9 (c) of the Plan will not apply to Options granted to the Beneficiary on October 24, 2019
The term of each Option shall be stated in the Notice of Grant as ten (10) years from the Date of Grant, in accordance with the Shareholders Authorization or, in case of death or Disability of the Optionee during
such 10-year period, six (6) months from the death or Disability of the Optionee in accordance with French law, it being however specified, for the avoidance of doubt, that no Option granted to any U.S. Optionee shall be exercised after the 10th
anniversary of the Date of Grant.
|
8.
|
OPTIONS EXERCISE PRICE AND CONSIDERATION
|
(a) Subscription or Purchase Price
The per Share subscription or purchase price for the Shares to be issued or sold pursuant to exercise of an Option shall be determined by the Administrator on the basis of the Fair Market Value.
(i) In the case of an “Incentive Stock Option” granted to a U.S. Beneficiary who, at the time the Incentive Stock Option is granted, owns stock representing more than ten percent (10%) of the voting rights of
all classes of stock of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary of the Company and, to the extent such Beneficiary is permitted by the Commercial Code to receive Option grants, (x) the per Share subscription or purchase price shall be no less than
110% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the Date of Grant as defined in Section 2(k)(ii) and (y) the date of termination of the Option shall not exceed 5 years;
(ii) In the case of a “Non-Statutory Stock Option” or “Incentive Stock Option”, not covered by Section 8(a)(i) above, granted to any U.S. Beneficiary, the per Share subscription or purchase price shall be no
less than 100% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the Date of Grant as defined in Section 2(k)(ii).
At the time an Option is granted, the Administrator shall fix the period within which the Option may be exercised and shall determine any conditions which must be satisfied before the Option may be exercised. In so
doing, the Administrator may specify that an Option may not be exercised until the completion of a service period in the Company or an Affiliated Company.
(c) Form of Consideration
The consideration to be paid for the Shares to be issued or purchased upon exercise of Options, including the method of payment, shall be determined by the Administrator. Such consideration shall consist entirely of
an amount in Euro corresponding to the exercise price which shall be paid by wire transfer.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly
exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or
charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the
Company.
(a) Procedure for Exercise; Rights as a Shareholder
Any Option granted hereunder shall be exercisable according to the terms of the Plan and at such times and under such conditions as determined by the Administrator and set forth in the Option Agreement.
An Option may not be exercised for a fraction of a Share.
An Option shall be deemed exercised when the Company receives: (i) written notice of exercise (in accordance with the provisions of the Option Agreement) together with a share subscription or purchase form (bulletin de souscription au d’achat) duly executed by the person entitled to exercise the Option, and (ii) full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised. Full payment may consist
of any consideration and method of payment authorized by the Administrator and permitted by the Option Agreement and the Plan.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly
exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee, tax or
charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne by the
Company.
Upon exercise of an Option, the Shares issued or sold to the Optionee shall be assimilated with all other Shares of the Company of the same class and shall be entitled to dividends once the Shares are issued for the
fiscal year during which the Option is exercised.
In the event that a Beneficiary infringes one of the above mentioned commitments, such Beneficiary shall be liable for any consequences resulting from such infringement for the Company and
undertakes to indemnify the Company in respect of all amounts payable by the Company in connection with such infringement.
Granting of an Option in any manner shall result in a decrease in the number of Shares which thereafter may be available for purposes of the Plan, by the number of Shares as to which the Option may be exercised.
(b) Termination of the Optionee’s Continuous Status as Beneficiary
Upon termination of an Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary, other than upon the Optionee’s death or Disability, the Optionee may exercise his or her Options, but only within such period of time as is
specified in the Notice of Grant, and only for the part of the Options that the Optionee was entitled to exercise at the date of termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of such Options as set forth in the Notice of
Grant). Unless a longer period is specified in the Notice of Grant or otherwise resolved by the Board, an Option shall remain exercisable for six (6) months following the Optionee’s termination of Continuous Status as a Beneficiary. In the case
of an “Incentive Stock Option”, such a period cannot exceed three (3) months following the Optionee’s termination of Continuous Status as a Beneficiary. If, at the date of termination, the Optionee is not entitled to exercise all his or her
Options, the Shares covered by the unexercisable portion of Options shall revert to the Plan. If, after termination, the Optionee does not exercise all of his or her Options within the time specified by the Administrator, the Options shall
terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall revert to the Plan.
(c) Disability of Optionee
In the event that an Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary terminates as a result of the Optionee’s Disability, unless otherwise resolved by the Board, the Optionee may exercise his or her Options at any time
within six (6) months from the date of such termination, but only to the extent these Options are exercisable at the time of termination (but in no event later than the expiration of the term of such Options as set forth in the Notice of Grant).
If, at the date of termination, the Optionee is not entitled to exercise all of his or her Options, the Shares covered by the unexercised portion of Options shall revert to the Plan. If, after termination, the Optionee does not exercise all of his
or her Options within the time specified herein, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall revert to the Plan.
In the event of the death of an Optionee during the term of the Options, unless otherwise resolved by the Board, the Options may be exercised at any time within six (6) months following the date of death, by the
Optionee’s estate or by a person who acquired the right to exercise the Option by bequest or inheritance, but only to the extent these Options are exercisable at the time of death. If, at the time of death, the Optionee was not entitled to
exercise all of his or her Options, the Shares covered by the unexercised portion of Options shall immediately revert to the Plan. If, after death, the Optionee’s estate or a person who acquired the right to exercise the Options by bequest or
inheritance does not exercise the Options within the time specified herein, the Options shall terminate, and the Shares covered by such Options shall revert to the Plan.
|
10.
|
NON-TRANSFERABILITY OF OPTIONS
|
An Option may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred or disposed of in any manner other than by will or by laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised, during the lifetime of the Optionee,
only by the Optionee.
|
11.
|
ADJUSTMENTS UPON CHANGES IN CAPITALIZATION, DISSOLUTION
|
(a) Changes in Capitalization
In the event of the carrying out by the Company of any of the financial operations pursuant to article L. 225-181 of the Commercial Code as follows:
|
-
|
amortization or reduction of the share capital,
|
|
-
|
amendment of the allocation of profits,
|
|
-
|
distribution of free shares,
|
|
-
|
capitalization of reserves, profits, issuance premiums,
|
|
-
|
the issuance of shares or securities giving right to shares to be subscribed for in cash or by set-off of existing indebtedness offered exclusively to the shareholders;
|
the Company shall take the required measures to protect the interest of the Optionees in the conditions set forth in article L. 228-99 of the Commercial Code.
(b) Dissolution or Liquidation
In the event of the proposed dissolution or liquidation of the Company, to the extent that an Option has not been previously exercised, it will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed
action. The Administrator may, in the exercise of its sole discretion in such instances, declare that any Option shall terminate as of a date determined by the Administrator and give each Optionee the right to exercise his or her Options as to
Shares for which the Options would not otherwise be exercisable.
No later than immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event (as defined below):
- in the event of a merger of the Company into another corporation or of the sale by one or several shareholders, acting alone or in concert, of the Company to one or several third parties of a number of Shares
resulting in a transfer of more than fifty per cent (50%) of the Shares of the Company to said third parties (a “Liquidity Event”), the Optionee’s right to exercise the Options will be accelerated so that the Optionee may exercise all of them with
effect immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event;
- the Options that may be exercised shall have to be exercised no later than immediately prior to the completion of the relevant Liquidity Event, it being specified that the Company shall inform the Optionee of any
proposed Liquidity Event at least 15 days prior to the completion thereof; and
- any Options not exercised for any reason on or prior to the date of completion of a Liquidity Event will automatically lapse.
*********
For Incentive Stock Options, all assumptions, substitutions and adjustments shall be determined in accordance with Sections 422 and 424 of the US Code and the regulations promulgated thereunder and for Non Statutory
Options for US Beneficiaries in accordance with the Section 424 of the US Code.
12.1. The Date of Grant of an Option shall be, for all purposes, the date on which the Administrator decides to grant such Option. A notice of grant shall be provided to each Optionee within a reasonable
time after the Date of Grant.
12.2. In the event of any tax liability arising on account of the grant of the Options, the liability to pay such taxes shall be that of the Beneficiary alone.
The Beneficiary shall enter into such agreements of indemnity and execute any and all documents as the Company may specify for this purpose, if so required at the Date of Grant and at any other
time at the discretion of the Company, on such terms and conditions as the Company may think fit, for recovery of the tax due, from the Beneficiary.
|
13.
|
AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION OF THE PLAN
|
(a) Amendment and Termination
The Administrator may at any time amend, alter, suspend or terminate the Plan.
(b) Shareholders’ Approval
The Company shall obtain shareholders’ approval of any Plan amendment to the extent necessary and desirable to comply with US Applicable Laws (including the requirements of any exchange or quotation system on which
Shares may then be listed or quoted). Such shareholders’ approval, if required, shall be obtained in such a manner and to such a degree as is required by the applicable law, rule or regulation.
(c) Effect of Amendment or Termination
No amendment, alteration, suspension or termination of the Plan shall impair the rights of any Optionee, unless mutually agreed otherwise between the Optionee and the Administrator, which agreement must be in writing
and signed by the Optionee and the Company.
|
14.
|
CONDITIONS UPON ISSUANCE OF SHARES
|
Shares held by a US Beneficiary shall not be sold or issued pursuant to the exercise of an Option unless the exercise of such Option, and the issuance or sale and delivery of such Shares shall comply with all
relevant provisions of law including, without limitation, the Commercial Code, the “Securities Act” of 1933, as amended, the “Exchange Act”, the rules and
regulations promulgated thereunder, US Applicable Laws and the requirements of any stock exchange or quotation system upon which the Shares may then be listed or quoted.
(b) Investment Representations
As a condition to the exercise of an Option by a US Beneficiary, the Company may require the person exercising such Option to represent and warrant at the time of any such exercise that the Shares are being
subscribed or purchased only for investment and without any present intention to sell or distribute such Shares if, in the opinion of counsel for the Company, such a representation is required.
15.1 The inability of the Company to obtain authority from any regulatory body having jurisdiction, which authority is deemed by any counsel to the Company to be necessary to the lawful issuance or sale of
any Shares hereunder, shall relieve the Company of any liability in respect of the failure to issue or sell such Shares as to which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained.
15.2 The Company and its Affiliated Companies may not be held responsible in any way if the Beneficiary for any reason not attributable to the Company or its Affiliated Companies was not able to exercise the
Options or acquire the Shares.
The Plan shall be subject to approval by the shareholders of the Company within twelve (12) months of the date the Plan is adopted by the Board. Such shareholder approval shall be obtained in the manner and to the
degree required under the Commercial Code and US Applicable Laws.
This Plan shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of France.
The relevant court of the registered office of the Company shall be exclusively competent to determine any claim or dispute arising in connection herewith.
The grant of Options under this Plan shall entitle the Company to require the Beneficiary to comply with such requirements of law as may be necessary in the Options of the Company from time to time.
*
* * *
Exhibit
NANOBIOTIX
STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT
Part I
NOTICE OF STOCK OPTION GRANT
Mr. Laurent Lévy
246 boulevard Raspail
75014 Paris
You have been granted Options to subscribe ordinary Shares of the Company, subject to the terms and conditions of the 2019 Stock Option Plan (the “Plan”) and this Option Agreement. Options are governed by articles
L. 225-177 and following of the French Commercial Code. They are not part of the employment agreement or of the office which has allowed the Optionee to be granted the Options. Neither do they constitute an element of the Optionee’s
remuneration. Unless otherwise defined herein, the terms defined in the Plan shall have the same defined meanings in this Option Agreement.
|
Date of Grant1:
|
24 Oct 22, 2019
|
|
Vesting Commencement Date2
|
Oct 24, 2019
|
|
Exercise Price per Share:
|
EUR 6.41
|
|
Total Number of Shares Granted:
|
500,000
|
|
Total Exercise Price:
|
EUR 3,205,000
|
| |
|
|
Type of Options3
|
Non statutory Stock Options
|
| |
|
|
Term/Expiration Date4
|
Oct 24, 2029
|
Where the exercise of an Option, as described under Article 9.(a) of the Plan, would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the
Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly exercised when the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and the Optionee provides the Company with either the receipt stating the payment by
the Optionee of any such fee, tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise
of the Option to be borne by the Company.
1 date of the board meeting having allocated the Option.
2 date chosen by the Board as the Vesting Commencement Date; failing that, Date of Grant.
3 for U.S. Beneficiaries only.
4 date of termination of the Option (article 7 of the Plan), which shall not exceed 5 years for an ISO granted to a 10% owner and 10 years for a U.S. Optionee.
In the event that you infringe the above mentioned commitment, you shall be liable for any consequences resulting from such infringement for the Company and undertake to indemnify the Company in
respect of all amounts payable by the Company in connection with such infringement.
Validity of the Options:
The Options will be valid as from the Date of Grant.
Vesting Schedule:
Unless otherwise determined or adapted by the Board, the Options may be exercised by the Optionee on the basis of the following initial vesting schedule subject to the condition precedent that the Optionee shall have
previously returned to the Company the documents referred to under section 2. of Part II of the Stock Option Grant Agreement duly initialed and signed:
|
-
|
10% of the Options could be exercised when the price of one share of the Company on the Euronext market in Paris reaches EUR. 24,
|
|
-
|
an additional 10% of the Options could be exercised when the price of one share of the Company on the Euronext Paris market reaches EUR. 30,
|
|
-
|
an additional 40% of the Options could be exercised when the price of one share of the Company on the Euronext Paris market reaches EUR. 40, and
|
|
-
|
an additional 40% of the Options could be exercised when the price of one share of the Company on the Euronext Paris market reaches EUR. 60.
|
|
-
|
at the latest within ten (10) years as from the Date of Grant or in case of death or Disability of the Optionee during such then (10) year period, six (6) months as from the death or Disability of the
Optionee (it being hovewer specified, for the avoidance of doubt, that no Option granted to any U.S. Optionnee shall be exercised after the 10th anniversary of the Date of Grant).
|
The number of Options that could be exercised pursuant to the above vesting schedule will always be rounded up to the nearest full number.
If the Optionee fails to exercise the Options in whole or in part within the said period of ten (10) years (as may be extended to six (6) months from the death or Disability of the Optionee), the Options will lapse
automatically.
Change in Control:
In the event of Change in Control as provided in article 11 (c) of the Plan, the performance conditions regarding the price of the Company’s share price on the Euronext Paris market will be automatically waived.
Termination Period:
Unless otherwise decided by the Board, upon the death of the Optionee, the Options may be exercised during a period of six (6) months as provided in the Plan.
Save as provided in the Plan, in no event shall the Options be exercised later than the Term/Expiration Date as provided above. Should the Options expire or become unexercisable for any reason without having been
exercised in full, the unsubscribed Shares which were subject thereto shall, unless the Plan shall have been terminated, become available for future grant under the Plan.
By his signature and the signature of the Company’s representative below, the Optionee and the Company agree that the Options are granted under and governed by the terms and conditions of the Plan and this Option
Agreement. The Optionee has reviewed the Plan and this Option Agreement in their entirety, has had the opportunity to obtain the advice of counsel prior to executing this Option Agreement and fully understands all provisions of the Plan and Option
Agreement. The Optionee hereby agrees to accept as binding, conclusive and final all decisions or interpretations of the Administrator upon any questions relating to the Plan and Option Agreement. The Optionee further agrees to notify the Company
upon any change in the residence address indicated below.
NANOBIOTIX
STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT
Part II
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
1. Grant of Options.
1.1 The Administrator of the Company hereby grants to the Optionee named in the Notice of Grant attached as Part I of this Agreement (the “Optionee”), 500,000 options (the “Options”) to subscribe the number of
ordinary Shares, as set forth in the Notice of Grant, at the exercise price per Share set forth in the Notice of Grant (the “Exercise Price”), subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In the event of a conflict between the terms and conditions of the Plan and the terms and conditions of this Option Agreement, the terms and conditions of the Plan shall prevail.
If designated in the Notice of Grant as an Incentive Stock Option, this Option is intended to qualify as an Incentive Stock Option under
Section 422 of the US Code although the Company makes no representation as to the tax status of the Option. However, if this Option is intended to be an Incentive Stock Option, to the extent that it
exceeds the U.S. $100,000 rule of US Code Section 422(d) the excess shall be treated as a Non-Statutory Stock Option.
1.2 An Option will be valid as from the Date of Grant.
1.3 In the event of any tax liability arising on account of the Grant of the Options, the liability to pay such taxes shall be that of the Beneficiary alone. The Beneficiary shall enter into such agreements
of indemnity and execute any and all documents as the Company may specify for this purpose, if so required at the time of the Grant and at any other time at the discretion of the Company, on such terms and conditions as the Company may think fit,
for recovery of the tax due, from the Beneficiary.
2. Exercise of Options.
(a) Right to Exercise. An Option is exercisable during its term in accordance with the Vesting Schedule set out in the
Notice of Grant and the applicable provisions of the Plan and this Option Agreement, subject to the condition precedent that the Optionee shall have previously returned to the Company, by electronic delivery under the conditions set forth in
Article 10 below:
- Part I and Part II of the Stock Option Grant Agreement (Exhibit), duly initialed (all pages but for the signature page) and signed (signature page).
In the event of Optionee’s death, Disability or other termination of Optionee’s Continuous Status as a Beneficiary, the exercisability of an Option is governed by the applicable provisions of the Plan and this Option
Agreement.
(b) Method of Exercise. An Option is exercisable by delivery of an exercise notice, in the form attached hereto (the
“Exercise Notice”) stating the election to exercise the Option, the number of Shares in respect of which the Option is being exercised (the “Exercised Shares”), and such other representations and agreements as may be required by the Company
pursuant to the provisions of the Plan. The Exercise Notice shall be signed by the Optionee and shall be delivered in person or by certified mail to the Company or its designated representative or by facsimile message to be immediately confirmed
by certified mail to the Company. The Exercise Notice shall be accompanied by payment of the aggregate Exercise Price as to all Exercised Shares. An Option shall be deemed to be exercised upon receipt by the Company of such fully executed
Exercise Notice accompanied by the proof of payment of such aggregate Exercise Price.
No Share shall be issued pursuant to the exercise of an Option unless such issuance and exercise complies with all relevant provisions of law as set out under Section 14(a) of the Plan.
Upon exercise of an Option, the Shares issued to the Optionee shall be assimilated with all other Shares of the Company and shall be entitled to dividends for the fiscal year in course during which the Option is
exercised.
3. Method of Payment. Payment of the aggregate Exercise Price shall be made by wire transfer with the execution of the
corresponding exchange contract.
Where the exercise of an Option would lead the Company to be liable for any payment, whether due to fees, taxes or to charges of any nature whatsoever, in place of the Optionee, such Option shall be deemed duly
exercised when (a) the full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised is executed by the Optionee and (b) the Optionee provides the Company with either (i) the receipt stating the payment by the Optionee of any such fee,
tax or charge, as above described that would otherwise be paid by the Company upon exercise of the Option, in place of the Optionee or, (ii) the full payment, under the same conditions, of any amount due upon the exercise of the Option to be borne
by the Company.
The Company and its Affiliated Companies may not be held responsible in any way if the Beneficiary for any reason not attributable to the Company or its Affiliated Companies was
not able to exercise the Option or purchase the Shares. The payment for the purchase of the Shares shall be made by the Optionee under his/her own responsibility according to these Terms and Conditions.
4. Non-Transferability of Option. An Option may not be transferred in any manner otherwise than by will or by the laws of
descent or distribution and may be exercised during the lifetime of the Optionee only by the Optionee. The terms of the Plan and this Option Agreement shall be binding upon the executors, administrators, heirs, successors and assigns of the
Optionee.
5. Term of Options. Subject as provided in the Plan, an Option may be exercised only within the term set out in the Notice of
Grant, and may be exercised during such term only in accordance with the Plan and the terms of this Option Agreement.
6. Entire Agreement - Governing Law. The Plan is incorporated herein by reference. The Plan and this Option Agreement
constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their entirety all prior undertakings and agreements of the Company and Optionee with respect to the subject matter hereof, and may not be
modified adversely to the Optionee’s interest except by means of a writing signed by the Company and Optionee. This agreement is governed by the laws of the Republic of France.
Any claim or dispute arising under the Plan or this Agreement shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the court competent for the place of the registered office of the Company.
7. Tax Obligations. Regardless of any action the Company or Optionee’s employer (the “Employer”) takes with respect to any or
all income tax, social insurance, payroll tax, or other tax-related withholding (“Tax-Related Items”), Optionee acknowledges that the ultimate liability for all Tax-Related Items legally due by Optionee is and remains Optionee’s responsibility and
that the Company and/or the Employer (1) make no representations or undertakings regarding the treatment of any Tax-Related Items in connection with any aspect of the Option grant, including the grant, vesting or exercise of the Option, the
subsequent sale of shares of common stock acquired pursuant to such exercise and the receipt of any dividends; and (2) do not commit to structure the terms of the grant or any aspect of the Option to reduce or eliminate Optionee’s liability for
Tax-Related Items.
Prior to exercise of the Option, Optionee will pay or make adequate arrangements satisfactory to the Company and/or the Employer to satisfy all withholding obligations of the Company and/or the
Employer, if any. In this regard, Optionee authorizes the Company and/or the Employer to withhold all applicable Tax-Related Items legally payable by Optionee from Optionee’s compensation paid to Optionee by the Company and/or Employer or from
proceeds of the sale of Shares. Alternatively, or in addition, if permissible under local law, the Company may sell or arrange for the sale of Shares that Optionee acquires to meet the withholding obligation for Tax-Related Items. Finally,
Optionee will pay to the Company or the Employer any amount of Tax-Related Items that the Company or the Employer may be required to withhold as a result of Optionee’s participation in the Plan or Optionee’s purchase of Shares that cannot be
satisfied by the means previously described. The Company may refuse to honor the exercise and refuse to deliver the Shares issuable upon exercise of the Options if Optionee fails to comply with Optionee’s obligations in connection with the
Tax-Related Items as described in this section.
8. Nature of Grant. In accepting the grant, Optionee acknowledges that:
(a) the Plan is established voluntarily by the Company, it is discretionary in nature and it may be modified, amended, suspended or terminated by the Company at any time, unless otherwise provided in the Plan
and this Agreement;
(b) the grant of the Option is voluntary and occasional and does not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of options, or benefits in lieu of options, even if options have been granted
repeatedly in the past;
(c) all decisions with respect to future option grants, if any, will be at the sole discretion of the Company;
(d) Optionee’s participation in the Plan shall not create a right to further employment with the employer and shall not interfere with the ability of the Employer to terminate Optionee’s employment
relationship at any time with or without cause;
(e) Optionee is voluntarily participating in the Plan;
(f) the Option is an extraordinary item that does not constitute compensation of any kind for services of any kind rendered to the Company or the Employer, and which is outside the scope of Optionee’s
employment contract, if any;
(g) the Option is not part of normal or expected compensation or salary for any purpose, including, but not limited to, calculating any severance, resignation, termination, redundancy, end of service payments,
bonuses, long service awards, pension or retirement benefits or similar payments and in no event should be considered as compensation for, or relating in any way to, past services for the Company or the Employer;
(h) the Option grant will not be interpreted to form an employment contract with the Company, the Employer or any Subsidiary or affiliate of the Company;
(i) the future value of the underlying Shares is unknown and cannot be predicted with certainty;
(j) if the underlying Shares do not increase in value, the Option will have no value;
(k) if Optionee exercises Optionee’s Option and obtains Shares, the value of those Shares acquired upon exercise may increase or decrease in value, even below the exercise price;
(l) in consideration of the grant of the Option, no claim or entitlement to compensation or damages shall arise from termination of the Option or diminution in value of the Option or Shares purchased through
exercise of the Option resulting from termination of Optionee’s employment, and the Company or the Employer (for any reason whatsoever) and Optionee irrevocably releases the Company and the Employer from any such claim that may arise; if,
notwithstanding the foregoing, any such claim is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to have arisen, then, by signing this Agreement, Optionee shall be deemed irrevocably to have waived Optionee’s entitlement to pursue such claim; and
(m) in the event of termination of Optionee’s employment, Optionee’s right to receive the Option and vest in the Option under the Plan, if any, will terminate effective as of the date that Optionee receives
notice of termination regardless of when such termination is effective; furthermore, in the event of termination of employment, Optionee’s right to exercise the Option after termination of employment, if any, will be measured by the date on which
the Optionee receives notice of termination; the Company shall have the exclusive discretion to determine when Optionee is no longer actively employed for purposes of Optionee’s Option grant. In addition, any period of notice or compensation in
lieu of such notice, that is given or ought to have been given under any contract, statute, common law or civil law shall be excluded.
9. Data Privacy. Optionee hereby explicitly and unambiguously consents to the collection, use and transfer, in electronic or
other form, of Optionee’s personal data as described in this document by and among, as applicable, the Employer, the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates for the exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and managing Optionee’s
participation in the Plan.
Optionee understands that the Company and the Employer may hold certain personal information about Optionee, including, but not limited to, Optionee’s name, home address and telephone number, date
of birth, social insurance number or other identification number, salary, nationality, job title, any shares of stock or directorships held in the Company, details of all options or any other entitlement to shares of stock awarded, canceled,
exercised, vested, unvested or outstanding in Optionee’s favor, for the exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and managing the Plan (“Data”).
Optionee understands that the recipients of the Data may be located in the United States or elsewhere including outside the EEA, and that the recipients’ country (e.g., the United States) may have
different data privacy laws and protections than Optionee’s country. Optionee understands that Optionee may request a list with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the Data by contacting Optionee’s local human resources
representative. Optionee authorizes the Company and any other possible recipients which may assist the Company (presently or in the future) with implementing, administering and managing the Plan to receive, possess, use, retain and transfer the
Data, in electronic or other form, for the sole purpose of implementing, administering and managing Optionee’s participation in the Plan. Optionee understands that Data will be held only as long as is necessary to implement, administer and manage
Optionee’s participation in the Plan. Optionee understands that Optionee may, at any time, view the Data, request additional information about the storage processing of the Data, require any necessary amendments to Data or refuse or withdraw the
consents herein, in any case without cost, by contacting in writing Optionee’s local human resources representative. Optionee understands, however, that refusing or withdrawing Optionee’s consent may affect Optionee’s ability to participate in the
Plan. For more information on the consequences of Optionee’s refusal to consent or withdrawal of consent, Optionee understands that Optionee may contact Optionee’s local human resources representative.
10. Electronic Delivery. The Company may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to the Option and
participation in the Plan or future options that may be granted under the Plan by electronic means or to request Optionee’s consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. Optionee hereby consents to receive such documents by electronic
delivery and, if requested, to agree to participate in the Plan through an on-line or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or another third party designated by the Company.
11. Severability. The provisions of this Agreement are severable and if any one or more provisions are determined to be illegal
or otherwise unenforceable, in whole or in part, the remaining provisions shall nevertheless be binding and enforceable.
|
OPTIONEE:
|
|
NANOBIOTIX
|
| |
|
|
|
Signature
|
|
By:
|
|
|
Print Name
|
|
Title:
|
|
|
246 boulevard Raspail
75014 Paris
|
|
|
|
NANOBIOTIX
Société Anonyme à directoire et conseil de surveillance having a share capital of EUR. [__o__]
Registered office: [_____]
[___o___] R.C.S. [____]
LLY 2019 STOCK OPTION PLAN
EXERCISE NOTICE
(Share subscription form)
|
NANOBIOTIX
|
|
|
[______]
|
|
|
[______]
|
|
|
France
|
|
| |
[_______________], [__]
|
|
Attention: [____________]
|
|
1. Exercise of Options. Effective as of today, __________________, _, the undersigned (“Optionee”) hereby elects to
subscribe ______________ (____) ordinary shares (the “Shares”) of the Common Stock of NANOBIOTIX (the “Company”) under and pursuant to the Company’s LLY 2019 Stock Option Plan (the “Plan”) adopted by the board on October 24, 2019 and the
Stock Option Agreement dated ________, ___ (the “Option Agreement”). The subscription price for the Shares shall be EUR. _________, as required by the Option Agreement.
2. Delivery of Payment. Optionee herewith delivers to the Company the full subscription price for the Shares.
3. Representations of Optionee. The Optionee acknowledges that Optionee has received, read and understood the Plan and the
Option Agreement and agrees to abide by and be bound by their terms and conditions.
4. Rights as Shareholder. Until the issuance (as evidenced by the appropriate entry on the books of the Company) of the
Shares, the Optionee shall have, as an Optionee, no right to vote or receive dividends or any other rights as a shareholder shall exist with respect to the Optioned Stock, except those the Optionee may have as a shareholder of the Company. No
adjustment will be made for rights in respect of which the record date is prior to the issuance date for the Shares, except as provided in Section 11 of the Plan.
5. Tax consultation. The Optionee understands that Optionee may suffer adverse tax consequences as a result of Optionee’s
subscription or disposition of the Shares. Optionee represents that Optionee has consulted with any tax consultants Optionee deems advisable in connection with the subscription or disposition of the Shares. The Optionee is not relying on the
Company for any tax advice.
6. Entire Agreement - Governing Law. The Plan and Option Agreement are incorporated herein by reference. This Exercise
Notice, the Plan and the Option Agreement constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their entirety all prior undertakings and agreements of the Company and Optionee with respect to the
subject matter hereof, and may not be modified adversely to the Optionee’s interest except by means of a writing signed by the Company and Optionee. This agreement is governed by the laws of the Republic of France.
*
* *
This Exercise notice is delivered in two originals one of which shall be returned
to the Optionee.
|
Submitted by:
OPTIONEE(*)
|
|
Accepted by:
NANOBIOTIX
|
| |
|
|
|
Signature
|
|
Signature
|
| |
|
|
|
|
Its:
|
|
|
Print Name
Laurent Lévy
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
Address:
|
|
|
| |
|
|
* The signature of the Optionee must be preceded by the following manuscript mention “accepted for formal and irrevocable
subscription of [__________________]ordinary Shares”.
23
Exhibit 99.1
Summary of HSBC France Loan
On June 22, 2020, the Company entered into a State-guaranteed loan agreement (prêt garanti par l’Etat) with HSBC France (“HSBC”) to be applied to the Company’s general business needs (the “HSBC PGE Loan”). The €5 million loan is 90% guaranteed by the French State. The loan has an initial maturity
of 12 months and an interest rate of 0.00% for this initial 12-month period. No amount is required to be paid during this initial 12-month period.
The Company is required to pay to a “guarantee fee” equal to 0.25% of the €5 million principal amount, which amount is payable on the initial maturity
date.
The Company has the option to decide, at the end of the first year, whether to repay the loan amount or to amortize the loan over an additional period of
one, two, three, four or five years. Prior to giving effect to an election to extend the amortization period, HSBC will notify the Company of the interest rate applicable to the amortization period. Such interest rate for the extended amortization
period, if elected by the Company, will be limited to HSBC’s refinancing costs for the amortization period selected. In addition to such refinancing costs, an additional guarantee fee will be payable over the amortization period at a legal rate,
which will vary depending on the duration of the amortization period, being 0.50% per annum for the first two years of amortization and 1% per annum for the third, fourth and fifth year of amortization. The loan is prepayable, at the Company’s
option, upon three months’ prior notice.
HSBC may declare the loan repayable upon eight days’ prior notice as a result of the occurrence of certain events, which remain unremediated by the
Company, including (i) the Company’s failure to pay any amounts due under the HSBC loan, (ii) a merger or demerger with, or the winding-up of, the Company, (iii) the disposition of a Company, (iv) a significant decrease in the value of Company’s
assets or an event likely to alter the Company’s financial capacity to meet its obligations under the HSBC loan, and (v) the default by the Company in the payment of an amount due under any other loan agreement to which the Company is a party, or
(vi) the acceleration of any of any amount due under any other loan pursuant to any other HSBC or third-party loan agreement.
The loan will become immediately repayable upon the occurrence of certain other events of default, including the use of the loaned funds for a purpose not
authorized by the HSBC loan, any breach of international sanctions regulations and the occurrence of certain bankruptcy or insolvency events.
Exhibit 99.2
Summary of Bpifrance Loan
On July 10, 2020, the Company entered into a State-guaranteed loan agreement (prêt garanti par l’Etat) with Bpifrance Financement to be applied to the Company’s cash flow
needs. The €5 million loan has a six-year term and is 90% guaranteed by the French State. The loan will bear no interest for the first 12 month period but, following such 12 month period and for the subsequent five years, will bear an interest rate
of 2.25% per annum, inclusive of an annual State guarantee fee of 1.61% per annum. The principal and interest of the Bpifrance PGE Loan will be repaid in 20 quarterly installments from October 31, 2021 until July 26, 2026.
The loan is prepayable, at the Company’s option, upon one month’s prior notice. Any early repayment of the loan, be it voluntary or involuntary, shall be subject to a lump-sum indemnity equal to 5% of the prepaid
principal amount during the first year and reduced to 3% after this period. Bpifrance Financement’s acceptance of the early repayment is subject to the payment of the indemnity.
Bpifrance Financement may declare the loan repayable upon eight days’ prior notice as a result of the occurrence of certain events, including (i) use of the loaned funds for a purpose not authorized by the Bpifrance
Financement loan, (ii) the Company’s failure to pay any amounts due under the Bpifrance Financement loan, (ii) the transfer or pledging by Company of all or part of the shares or voting rights of the Company or one of its subsidiaries without
Bpifrance Financement’s prior approval, (iv) a merger, demerger or partial asset contribution with, or the winding-up of, the Company, (v) the suspension of or change in the Company’s business activities, (vi) a breach of the provisions of the
Bpifrance Financement loan and (vii) misrepresentation under the Bpifrance Financement loan agreement.
The loan will become immediately repayable upon the occurrence of certain other events, including (i) a share capital reduction of the Company that is not motivated by losses, the distribution of reserves outstanding
on the date of execution of the Bpifrance Financement loan or the reimbursement of a shareholders’ loan without the prior approval of Bpifrance Financement, (ii) the seizure of Company assets or the transfer of Company business undertakings and
(iii) the occurrence of a material event of a legal or financial nature with significant consequences regarding the Company’s business or profitability.
